2012考研英语预测试题(3)【海文版】

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A , B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) During the 1980s, unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 per cent. Some countries did not 1 enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not 2 . Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations 3 solutions. 4 , problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very 5 . It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly 6 workers are needed to 7 and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, 8 many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the 9 of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to 10 vocational and professional training. 11 . just to begin training, the students must 12 learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and 13 do not return home. All nations agree that science and technology 14 be shared. The point is: countries 15 the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look care-fully 16 the costs, because many of these costs are 17 . Students from these nations should 18 the problems of the industrialized countries closely. 19 care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, 20 the benefits.

1.[A] generate 2.[A] answered 3.[A] for 4.[A] Moreover 5.[A] expensive 6.[A] gifted 7.[A] keep

[B] raise [B] met [B] without [B] Therefore [B] mechanical [B] skilled [B] maintain

[C] product [D] manufacture [C] calculated [D] remembered [C] as

[D] about

[C] Anyway [D] However [C] flourishing [D] complicated [C] trained [D] versatile [C] retain

[D] protect

8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet 9.[A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value

10.[A] accept 11.[A] Frequently 12.[A] soon 13.[A] some 14.[A] might 15.[A] adopting 16.[A] to 17.[A] opaque 18.[A] tackle 19.[A] In 20.[A] except

[B] gain [B] Incidentally [B] quickly [B] others [B] should [B] conducting [B] at [B] secret [B] learn [B] Through [B] nor

[C] receive [C] Deliberately [C] immediately [C] several [C] would [C] receiving [C] on [C] sealed [C] study [C] With [C] or

[D] absorb [D] Eventually [D] first [D] few [D] will [D] adjusting [D] about [D] hidden [D] manipulate [D] Under [D] but

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A , B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Every year around this time the middle kingdom undergoes a profound transformation as millions migrate back to their family homes to reunite with loved ones for the start of the Chinese New Year in what is surely the world’s greatest non-disaster exodus. China's railways ministry forecast they would carry 178.6 million passengers during the travel rush from January 23 to March 2.

Like ants to honey the population feeds and thrives on this devotion to the family, which is at the core of Chinese New Year celebrations. It underpins and feeds China’s charge into the 21st century. Undeniably it is a source of sustenance and fiber that many western nations lack and are grappling to come to grips with. Behind the glitz and glory of the upcoming Olympics China still has millions of workers slaving away, saving their salaries to send back to loved ones who are struggling in the village or less prosperous rural areas. For these workers who have been building the physical infrastructure for the nation they have been looking forward to the upcoming weeks with a pained longing.

University students around the country have also been obsessing on the Chinese New Year after slogging away for months and they too are converging on train stations en masse to travel, often several thousands of kilometers, back to their hometowns. For these two groups, students and migrant worker, who are less wealthy, it usually means first lining up, often for hours before ticketing booths open. Most will be content just to be able to stand, even a day and a half, as long as they get home to be with their family. You will see them sleeping under train seats, among

pumpkin seeds and empty noodle bowls, while others even snore standing or lock themselves away inside fetid lavatories just trying to steal a few moments peace away from the crowded carriage conditions.

Though amid all this hardship and bother the desire to sit around the circular table and share dinner with family on Chinese New Year Eve erases any built up resentment. It is this commitment and sacrifice to the family institution that many westerners admire and envy about the Chinese. Ask any social worker, psychologist, community leader, police or prison officer and they will remind you that at the heart of a good member of society there will usually be found a solid character nurtured by a loving support network.

Definitely the best thing many will be doing here in China is going home over the next few weeks to see their families, no matter what it takes to get there - push, shove, bribe – whatever. This food for the soul is at the heart of the world’s greatest exodus and it is a fuel that sustains, regulates and revitalizes a people that are now more than ever changing the world landscape.

1，The following statements from the Para 2, and Para 3 are all mentioned except:

[A], Chinese people, including migrant workers and students, value Spring Festival very much. [B], the migrant workers, students bounding for home experienced bitter journey. [C], China is still a developing country with a great amount of poverty-stricken areas. [D], train service has been terrible and train compartments are always dirty and fetid.

2, from the passage, we can draw that the author’s attitude towards Chinese spring festival travel ―rush hour‖, is: [A], regardless. [B], appreciative [C], subjective [D], objective.

3, what is the best title for this passage: [A], Longing for going home. [B], the world’s great exodus.

[C], bitter experience of going home. [D], migrant worker and student.

4, from the whole passage, we can conclude that:

[A], all the migrant worker and student will go home during the Spring Festival.

[B], students are less tolerant of terrible atmosphere in compartment than migrant worker. [C], the journey toil and discomfort will be greatly eased after successfully arriving at home. [D], nostalgia is the exceptional and unique phenomenon in China.

5, the passage properly is excerpted from: [A], commentary. [B], novel. [C], textbook. [D], anecdotage.

Text 2

MODERN economies are not built with capital or labor as much as by ideas. Nearly half America's gross domestic product is based on intellectual property, one estimate found. Japan has called the husbanding of such property a national priority. A raft of United Nations agencies, covering health or development or trade, are squabbling over how best to enforce patents and copyrights while also promoting innovation. The latest contribution to this feverish debate is a report released this week by Britain's Treasury, called the ―Gowers Review of Intellectual Property‖. It follows a year-long study led by Andrew Gowers, an ex-editor of the Financial Times. Its aim was to take a rational, evidence-based view of intellectual property and ways to safeguard it. To the dismay of some and the delight of others, it calls for a balance between the interests of creators and the public.

This idea of balance will anger the entertainment industry, which has tried to win over politicians with some siren songs. For example, the music company EMI enlisted ageing crooners to back its campaign for the length of copyright for sound recordings in Europe to be extended from 50 to 95 years, following America's lead. The study rejects this. It wants much firmer enforcement of the rules, but also says copying material for private use should be made easier. The report urges a reform of the patent system. Going to court to uphold a patent costs a company a minimum of $1.5m; that may oblige innocent firms to pay to settle and prevents infringed parties from seeking redress. A system to protect intellectual property is meaningless if only the rich can use (or abuse) it. The study provided a chance for all sides in the debate to lay out their cases—so it is affecting the climate of opinion all over the world. In Australia this week, a Copyright Amendment Bill passed both houses of parliament, but only after some draconian features—like stiff fines for unintentional infringement—were removed at the last minute.

In many places there is a problem over intellectual property because of an imbalance of power between copyright and patent holders on the one hand, and the public on the other. The new review, by sifting evidence rather than taking the lobbyists' guinea, seems to have pushed the global debate forward.

6, all the statements are included in the paragraph 1, except:

[A], both America and Japan attach importance to intellectual property. [B], ideas are not as important as capital and labor in modern economies. [C], protecting patens and promoting innovation has been the hot topic in US. [D], balance between the interests of different parties is the key to protect patent.

7, from the paragraph 2, the entertainment industry wants to: [A], win the election campaign. [B], compose some siren songs. [C], get extended music copyright. [D], enforce the copyright rules.

8, the key concern behind the intellectual property lies in: [A], the flimsy governance over intellectual property. [B], people’s indifference toward copyright protection. [C], the fragmented intellectual property system. [D], imbalanced interests distribution institution.

9, from the whole passage, we can draw:

[A], stiff fines or punishment for intellectual property infringement is feasible. [B], intellectual property protection contributes most to America’s GDP growth. [C], promoting innovation and protecting copyright is an unavoidable contradiction. [D], the controversy between all the concerned parties will continue as always.

10, the author’s tone of narrating intellectual property protection is: [A], biased, [B], subjective.

[C], candid. [D], slanted.

Text 3

My friend Xiao Wang should have scored a 40,000-yuan ($5,256) a month job as a sales director at a top US company. Instead he became yet another victim of East meets West culture clash. The American company was a major international player and was hunting for a top sales manager who could fire up its new Chinese operations. Chinese-born, US educated Xiao Wang was more than qualified having worked in America in the same industry, but living most of his life in China. He knew the local market well. The mid 30s Beijinger is a naturally charming fellow and after dining with him a few times I could understand why he had carved out a successful sales career. He is a great listener, and always gives his undivided attention to whoever is speaking. He has the knack of making you feel special and rarely speaks about himself. The US firm flew Xiao Wang to Shanghai for the main interview and the feedback was positive. Xiao Wang had one more hurdle, a final telephone meeting with the Asia Pacific sales director, who was based in the United States. After the hook-up, Xiao Wang felt confident. Interestingly, the interviewer did not ask many questions, however Xiao Wang believed it was simply a confirmation call. But he failed to be hired.

This was the classic West meets East cultural dilemma in which the Aggressive meets the Passive. I have found that many Chinese are not direct. My Chinese friends tell me that speaking your mind in front of others may cause disharmony to the group. Although there are exceptions to this rule, and the younger generation is becoming more forthright, many Chinese still believe that it is better to agree face-to-face and negotiate afterwards, than blatantly disagree at a meeting.

The US sales director may have been expecting a typical \"go-getter\" sales guy like himself. He may have been expecting the candidate to behave like he once had in previous job interviews. He wanted a sales manager who oozed confidence, and was powered by aggression. He wanted someone who was willing to knock down doors and explain why he was the right man for the job. Xiao Wang was not on the same page. He was waiting for questions and expected the mood and pace of the conversation to be dictated by the interviewer.

Body language expert Albert Mehrabian found that only 7 percent of communication was verbal (words only) and 38 percent vocal (tone of voice, inflection, and other sounds). More than half of the communication process - 55 percent - was non-verbal, including body language, facial expressions and gestures. If only the American big shot had enjoyed a hotpot with Xiao Wang, he

would have met the real man, would have probably hired him and guaranteed the success of his China operations.

11, from the interviewer’s point of view, Xiao Wang’s failure to land the job just because: [A], Xiao Wang is a local in Beijing and doesn’t have the relevant working experience. [B], Xiao Wang is too active and outspoken to be accepted by the company. [C], Xiao Wang did not have the drive and passion to lead a new business. [D], Xiao Wang didn’t disagree with his interviewer face to face.

12, in author’s opinion, Chinese people:

[A], can’t confidently express themselves at all. [B], are not good at expression.

[C], express themselves in a detoured way. [D] bravely disagrees with their boss.

13, in paragraph 3, the word ―go-getter‖ generally means: [A], Passive and useless. [B], enterprising and capable, [C], tame and compliant. [D], brave and radical.

14, from the last sentence of the passage, the author implies:

[A], Xiao Wang is a nice guy; the interviewer should have made friend with Xiao Wang. [B], Xiao Wang is a not qualified candidate; the interviewer had made a right decision.

[C], Xiao Wang is an underestimated; the interviewer missed the chance to hire the most eligible guy.

[D], Xiao Wang is misread, the interviewer should have known more him and Chinese culture.

15, the whole passage tells us all but:

[A], in order to guarantee the success of Chinese operation, international company should attach equal importance to talent and culture.

[B], besides verbalization, non-verbal, including body language, facial expression and gesture are all involved in communication process.

[C], Chinese people can’t be an international talent just because their indirect and passive character.

[D], the cultural difference between West and East should be taken into consideration for both Chinese and foreigner.

Text 4

….SOMETHING has gone terribly wrong with Japanese education—or so say the Japanese. They fret that Japan has slipped down the international rankings for high-school literacy, mathematics and science. In the OECD's last assessment of 15-year-olds in 41 countries, Japan remained a healthy second in science, but had fallen from first to sixth in maths and from eighth to fourteenth in reading ability. Parents are also worried about the resurgence of bullying and suicides among schoolchildren. Facing probable defeat in next summer's upper-house election, the fledgling

government of Shinzo Abe has been casting around desperately for something—anything—to prove that it really is listening to people's concerns. Education is seen as a handy distraction. The kind of reforms the government has in mind, however, are not designed to help young people make critical judgments in a fast-changing, information-driven, global environment. Instead, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and its coalition partner, the New Komeito, have rewritten Japan's post-war education law with the aim of boosting patriotism among the young. Bunmei Ibuki, the education minister, also believes elementary schools have no place teaching foreign languages such as English. The first requirement, he insists, is that pupils acquire what he calls a ―Japanese passport‖—i.e., a thorough grasp of the country's history and culture, and perfection in their own language.

Parliament's lower house has approved legislation which, besides stressing the importance of

parental guidance, requires schools to instill ―a love of one's country‖ in children. The opposition parties boycotted the recent lower-house vote, but the ruling coalition's majority in the upper chamber has allowed the bill to scrape through and become law. Because it was used in the past to fan the flames of militarism, teaching patriotism has long been taboo in Japan. With its heavy emphasis on morality and nationalism, the new legislation bears some resemblance to the Imperial Rescript on Education of 10. In the decades up to the end of the Second World War, children were forced to memories the rescript and recite it, word for word, before a portrait of the emperor. Following Japan's surrender, the allied occupiers ended the practice, appalled by its demands for juvenile self-sacrifice in the name of the emperor.

The paradox is that Japan does need serious education reform. The school system and curriculum were designed 60 years ago, when a generation of children from farming communities was being trained for long, uncomplaining hours on production lines. In the intervening years the economy has changed out of all recognition. Yet the education system—with its continued emphasis on facts and figures and drilling of mental arithmetic—has remained stubbornly rooted in the past. Its continued economic success suggests that Japan's teenagers are paying less heed to all this, as they quietly master the creative skills needed to prosper in a modern world. In this context, perhaps those perplexing slippages in formal grades, mirrored in other post-industrial countries, ought actually to raise a cheer.

16, what can we draw from Para, 1:

[A], Japan has slipped down the international rankings, including: mathematics and science, reading ability.

[B], bullying and suicides among schoolchildren used to be a headache faced in Japanese society in the past.

[C], the education reform of Japanese government is dedicated to creative thinking and critical judgments

[D], Japanese government has been forbidding teachers to teach English in Japanese elementary and high school.

17, in Para 1, ―Japanese passport‖ called by Bunmei Ibuki, generally means:

[A], the legal document issued by Japanese government when someone wants to travel to Japan. [B], the travelers who want to go to Japan must have a high command of Japanese or her culture. [C], the precondition of being Japanese, the equivalent to Japanese citizenship.

[D], Japanese government has attached more importance to her immigration policy.

18, From Para 2, the controversy between the two parties indicates all, except: [A], militarism and nationalism have been the hot topic in Japanese society. [B], Japanese education in 10 bore deep imprint of imperialism.

[C], in the past, teaching patriotism was encouraged in order not to fan militarism.

[D], during the Second World War, Japanese student must be self-sacrificed in the name of emperor.

19, in the last paragraph, the word ―paradox‖ can be replaced by: [A], absurdity.

[B], self-contradiction. [C], reasonableness. [D], strangeness.

20, from the last sentence, we know that the author’s attitude towards Japanese education reform is:

[A], radical. [B], supportive. [C], uninterested. [D], disapproved.

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (1-5).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as ―Person of the Century by Time magazine on Sunday.

A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

―The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,‖ wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a time essay explaining Einstein’s significance. 41) __________ .

Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism , and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom’s fight against totalitarianism , Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,‖ said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

Einstein was born in Ulm , Germany in 1879. 42) __________ .He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.

In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43) __________ . Everything else----mass, weight, space, even time itself ----is a variable. And he offered the world his now –famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc2 44) __________ .

45) __________ . Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.

A) ―Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,‖ Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time’s choices.‖ There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.‖ Einstein’s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.

B) How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public’s view about Albert Einstein.

C) ―Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.‖

D) Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the ―Manhattan Project‖ that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

E) In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.

F) In his ―Special Theory of Relativity,‖ Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light..

G) It is said that Einstein’s success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.

Part C Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese.

Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 1) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, the court found in the plaintiffs' favor, rapid change is unlikely. By the time the EPA had i however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 2) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 3) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting ―good‖ as opposed to ―bad‖ science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 4) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 5) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. Section III Writing

Part A Directions:

You are the chairman of the student society of your university. One of the candidates wanted to apply for a position as a coordinator in foreign affair department. After several times of selection, you have to decline the candidate just because there is more qualified applicant.

You are required to write a letter of rejection in no more than 120 words, you should highlight the following point: 1), present your acknowledgement for his application. 2), tell me the reason why he was not chosen. 3), some necessary suggestions for his further application, or so on.

Don’t use your own name, using Director Li instead. Part B Direction:

谁来救救我的宝贝儿子？

Your composition should be well-organized, appropriately-phrased. Your composition should be limited to no more than 250 words.

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