1. Notes on Guide to Reading
1) …the only superpower with its interests projected to nearly every corner of the world. (1.5-6) project =cast ?
project next year's expenses and income ? projector
译:世界上唯一的超级大国,?
2)…confuse his own tidy models with the vast, turbulent, unpredictable, and untidy reality which is the stuff of human existence. (3.3-4) tidy model: ?的模式 untidy reality: ?
the stuff of human existence: 人的存在的?
confuse…with…把…和…混淆起来
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把其僵化的模式和现实混同起来,而现实却是无所不包、动荡不已、变幻莫测的,因为它是人的存在的产物。
或:把其僵化的模式和包容极广、动荡不已、变幻莫测的现实--人的存在的产物--混同起来。
3) seeking truth from reality (3.5)? 4) cast away (3.6) throw away 2.Text Analysis
From paragraph 1 to paragraph 13
A.必备语汇 (preparatory words and expressions) 见 词汇测试表 B. 段落大意
Para 1: 引出主题:recall the development
of America
Para 2: 指出美国的发展有几大根本因素。 Para 3: 指出其中一个因素是教育。 Para 4:阐述教育的重要性,所谓科教兴国。 Para 5:另一个因素是民主和代议制度。 Para 6: 指出最重要的因素是反教条,不受
意识形态体系的束缚。
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Para 7: 解释Ideology,即一堆有系统的、
僵化的教条。讲其与empiricism之争。 Para 8:指出美国也曾受Ideology影响。 Para 9: 但多数时候,美国对Ideology持
怀疑态度,美国人更重实干,务实,美国是一个喜欢创新和实验的国家。
Para 10: 讲Pragmatism和ideology的异
同,以美国为例。
Para 11:讲Ideals 与Ideology的区别,
以杰弗逊为例。
Para 12: 讲杰弗逊更重ideals, 而非
ideology。
Para 13: 讲ideology的问题所在:not a
picture of actuality, but a model derived from actuality.
C. 难句理解与翻译
1.In an epoch dominated by the aspirations of new states for national development, it is instructive to recall that the United States itself began as an underdeveloped country. (1) 词:
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(1)Epoch: Era
(2) Dominate: influence;control;have a commanding, controlling position in
(3)Aspiration: Ambition; a strong desire for
achieving something (4)Instructive: Enlightening (5)Underdeveloped: Developing (6) Recall: Remember 翻译思考:
(1)new states 新国家;新兴国家;新的国
家;新生国家? (2) Dominated by: ?
(3) national development: 国家发展?民
族发展?
(4) recall that the United States itself began as an underdeveloped country recall: 回忆;记起;想起? began as an underdeveloped
country: ?
译文比较: (1): 在一个以新国家渴求国家富强为主旋
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律的时代,记住美国开始时也是一个不发达国家,是有启迪的。
(2): 在一个以新诞生的国家渴求国家富强
为主要特征的时代,想一下美国原来的不发达,会予人启发。
(3): 新国家纷纷诞生,渴求国家富强,在
这样一个时代,回顾一下美国的强国之路,不无启迪。
(4): 在这样一个新国家纷纷诞生、渴求国
家富强的时代,回顾一下美国的强国之路,颇为令人深思。
2.The country was blessed by notable advantages—above all, by the fact that population was scarce in relation to available resources. (2.2-3) 词:
(1) be blessed by (with): enjoy; boast
bless:favor 翻译思考:
(1) was blessed by notable advantages: 享有
显著的优势?
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(2) above all: 最重要的是? 译文比较:
(1) 这个国家有着显而易见的优势,最重要
的是,人口相对资源来讲极为稀少。 (2) 这个国家有着得天独厚的优势-主要是
人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富。
(3) 美国得天独厚,条件优越,尤其是资源
丰富,人口不多。 3.Several elements seemed fundamental to the philosophy which facilitated the rapid social and economic development of the American continent. (2.9-11) 词:
(1) philosophy: a basic theory ? 思想?体系?
(2) Facilitate:Promote; to make easier Facilitator:
workshop facilitator = 讲座主讲人?
training course facilitator = 训练班培训师? program facilitator = 项目主持人? group facilitator = 小组(讨论)主持人?
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consultation facilitator = 咨询活动负责人? 译文比较:
(1)有几个因素似乎对促进美国的快速的社会经济发展的思想是最根本的。 (2)在促使美国社会经济迅速发展的思想体系中,似乎有几个根本因素。 (3) 美国社会经济迅速发展,似乎得益于其思想体系中的几个根本因素。
4. The belief that investment in people is the most essential way for a society to devote its resources existed from the earliest days of the American colonies. (3. 1-3) 句子分析:
The belief (that-…resources同位语从句) existed …
5. It arose originally from a philosophical rather than an economic commitment—from a faith in the dignity of man and from the resulting belief that it is the responsibility of society to offer man the opportunity to develop his highest potentialities. (3.3-6)
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翻译思考:
(1)a philosophical rather than an economic commitment:
Philosophical: 哲学的?哲理的?思想的? Commitment:承诺?义务?致力于…? (2)a faith in the dignity of man: 对人的尊严的信任?对人的自尊的信仰? (3) the resulting belief: Belief:信念? 译文比较:
(1) 它最初源于一种思想的责任而不是经济
上的义务,源于对人的尊严的相信以及由此产生的一个信念,即社会有责任提供人发挥最大潜力的机会。
(2) 它的产生,最初源于思想上而非经济上
的执着追求,源于对人类尊严的坚定信念以及由此产生的一个理念,即社会应予人发挥最大潜力的机会。
(3) 它源自对思想原则的信仰,而不是出于
对经济利益的追求…(教参)
(4) 【殖民地早期就已存在社会资源应当先
用来培养人的理念】最初这一理念的产
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生,是因为当时更重思想,而不是经济,坚信以人为本,认为社会应人尽其材。
4.Another factor in the process of American development has been the commitment to self-government and representative institutions. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill man’s talents and release his energies. (5. 1-3) 词:
(1) Commitment: loyalty;a pledge to do
翻译思考:
Self-government: 自治?…?
Representative institutions: 代表机构?代表制度?代议制机构(教参)? Institution:制度
Marriage is an age-old social institution. 婚姻是一种古老的社会制度。
译:决定美国发展过程的另一个因素是坚持民主和代议制度。我们发现民主是使人
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的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得到充分发挥的最好方式。
5. Another has been the understanding of the role of cooperative activity, public as well as voluntary. (5.5-6)
翻译思考:
Public: 公众的?公开的?
Cooperative activity:合作行为?
译文:
另一相关因素是对协作的重要性的理解,不论是应国家要求或者个人志愿的协作。
6.Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation—to the temptation, that is, to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive, and permanent way. (8.1-3) 句子分析:
to the temptation, that is, to define national
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goals…
=that is, to the temptation to define national goals … 译法比较:
(1)也不能说美国从来没有过意识形态方面的诱惑-也就是说,以一种有序、全面、永恒的方式来确定国家目标的诱惑。
(2)美国也曾受过意识形态体系的诱惑,试图有条不紊、全面彻底、一劳永逸地确定国家目标。
7. After all, the American mind was conditioned by one of the noblest and most formidable structures of analysis ever devised, Calvinist theology, and any intellect so shaped was bound to have certain vulnerability to secular ideology ever after. (8.3-5) 词汇:
(1) mind: 思维方式
(2) Condition: to affect, modify or influence (3) Formidable: strikingly impressive
(4) Structure of analysis: 分析问题的理论体系
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(5) Intellect: mind
(6) Be bound to: be sure to (8) Vulnerability: weakness (9) Secular: not religious 译:
毕竟,美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响,这种神学是有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的体系之一,受其影响的人不免会受到此后其他世俗意识形态的影响。
8. Yet most of the time Americans have foxily mistrusted abstract rationalism and rigid a priori doctrine. (9.1-2) 词:
(1) Mistrust: doubt (2) Distrust: not trust
(3) Rationalism:理性主义 (4) Rigid:僵硬的
a priori: 见课本注解
a priori doctrine: 先验理论 译:
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(1)但多数时候美国人对抽象的理性主义
和僵化的先验理论持明智的不信任态度。
(2)但多数时候美国人对抽象的理性主义
和僵化的先验理论持怀疑态度,实是聪明之举。
9. Our national faith has been not in propositions but in processes. (9.2) 翻译思考:
National faith: 国家信仰?国家信念?国民信念? 译法:
词性转换:national=美国人 Faith=信 译文比较:
(1)我们国民的信仰在于过程而不是主张。 (2)我们美国人信奉的是实际过程,而不
是主张之类的东西。
(3)美国人注重的是实际过程,而不是空谈构想。
(4)美国人不是空头理论家,而是实干家。
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(5)美国人深知空谈误国,实干兴邦。 修辞翻译:
not in propositions but in processes alliteration 头韵,目的是达到醒目的文字效果。
译成中文一般押尾韵,或者用其他醒目的译法。
例:I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; Her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (1)我爱我的那个伊,因为她的美貌让我依恋不已。我恨我的那个伊,因为她又依顺投奔他人门第。我们曾经依计而行乘风比翼,到过那依山傍水的秀美之地。我说的那位名叫做伊米丽,它的府上依稀可记在东方某地。(丁衡祁) (2)我爱我的那个“丽”,可爱迷人有魅力;我恨我的那个“丽”,要和他人结伉俪;她文雅大方又美丽,和我出逃去游历;她芳名就叫爱米丽,家住东方人俏丽。(马红军译)
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(3) 我爱我的心上人,因为她那样地叫人入迷;我恨我的心上人,因为她已订婚将作他人妻;她花容月貌无可比拟,我劝她私奔跟我在一起;她的名字叫埃米莉,她的家就在东城里。我为我的心上人呀,一切都因为这个E!(陆乃圣译)
(以上三个译文,哪个最忠实于原文?) (4)
姑娘我爱她啊那叫一个晕, 姑娘迷人啊让我脑袋发昏; 恨她要嫁人啊那叫一个村, 没有办法呀她跟人订了婚; 姑娘那个漂亮啊害我怀春, 看我把她勾走啊咱去逃婚; 姑娘芳名艾弥妮爱迷你魂, 她住东边偶在这边丢了魂。 (拙译) (5)
我爱我的最爱,因为她迷人可爱;我恨我的最爱,别人和她订婚横刀夺爱;她漂亮大方人见人爱,我和她私奔多么欢爱;她名叫爱弥妮,住在东城我们两地相爱。
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10. It has not permitted dogma to falsify reality, imprison experience, or narrow the spectrum of choice. (9.3-5) 词:
(1) Falsify: misrepresent; present a wrong picture of actual situation due to looking at things dogmatically
(2) Imprison experience: to restrict what people can do; to limit the practice of people (3) Spectrum: 光谱;范围 译文比较:
(1) 没有允许教条呈现假的现实,禁锢经验,或者缩小选择范围。
(2) 没有允许教条给人带来假象,约束人们的行为,或者使选择范围变得十分狭小。 (3)【在其最佳时期,美国可以说是超越了所有的意识形态体系】没有因教条而被假象迷惑,而束手束脚,或者看不到选择的余地。
11. The most vital American social thought has
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been empirical, practical, pragmatic. American, in consequence, has been at its most characteristic a nation of innovation and experiment. (9.6-8) 词:
(1) Empirical:经验的,依赖经验的 (2) Practical: 务实的
(3) Pragmatic:实用主义的 译:
美国最重要的社会思想一直是重经验和务实的。因此美国这个国家,最典型的一点就是创新和实验。
12. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid of abstractions than ideology is wholly devoid of experience. ( 10.1-2)
句子分析:
No more…than…和…一样不… 词:
(1) be devoid of : completely lacking; empty 译:实用主义中不会一点抽象观念的东西都
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没有,而意识形态体系中也不会一点经验的东西都没有。
13. The American Revolution was a pragmatic effort conducted in terms of certain general values. (10. 5-6) 词:
(1) In terms of: 按照;就…而言 译:
(1)从者的一些共同的价值观念来
看,美国是一场实用主义的。 (2)美国是一场实用主义的,从者的一些共同的价值观念可以看出这一点。
14. As an expounder of ideals, he remains a vivid and fertile figure—alive, not only for Americans but, I believe, for all those interested in human dignity and human liberty. (11.6-8) 词:
(1) Expound: explain
(2) Fertile: rich in invention
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译:
作为理想的阐述者,他仍然是一个充满活力、富于创新的人—不仅活在美国人心中,我相信也活在所有主张人的尊严和自由的人心中。
15. Indeed, the whole ideological enterprise contradicted Jefferson’s temper, which was basically flexible and experimental. (12. 2-4) 词:
(1) Enterprise: effort (2) Temper: character 译:
说实在的,杰弗逊一生在意识形态体系上所做的努力与他的禀性是相矛盾的。他的性格特征是灵活的、从经验出发的。
16. …one generation could not commit the next to its view of public policy or human destiny. (12. 5-6) 词:
(1)Commit: to say that someone will definitely do something or must do something
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译:
一代人不能强求下一代人认同其对国家和人类命运的看法。
17. An ideology is not a picture of actuality; it is a model derived from actuality, a model designed to isolate certain salient features of actuality which the model builder, the ideologist, regards as of crucial importance. (13.1-4) 词:
(1)Derive from:Come from (2)Actuality: reality
(3)Isolate: set apart 分离出 (4)Salient:Obvious 译:
意识形态体系不是现实的反映;它是自现实构建的模式,其构建者即意识形态主义者弄这样一个模式,目的在于把现实中他认为至关重要的某些明显特征分离出来。
18. There is nothing wrong with abstractions or models per se. In fact, we could not conduct
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discourse without them. 词:
(1) Abstraction: 抽象观念
(2) Per se:alone;by itself 本身 译:
抽象观念或者模式本身并没有错, 其他:
1. The American experience was unique in
a number of ways.(2.2)
美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的。 2.J.K. Galbraith…or other tangible capital goods.” These words actually report the American national experience. (Last line, Para.4)
Intellectual improvement: 智力提高 Capital goods: 生产资料
3. In the record of this conflict, the strongest intelligences mankind has produced…(Last line, Para. 7)
Intelligence: bright people
在意识形态和经验主义斗争的历史上,意识形态体系曾吸引了人类历史上一些聪
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明绝顶的人物… 4.The dividing line …give way to the other. (10.2-3)
Give way to: give in to 让步于
当抽象观念与经验发生冲突,必须作出取舍时,区别就显示出来了。
5.In case of conflict he chose what helped people rather than what conformed to principle. (12.1-2)
如果发生冲突时,他选择的是怎样对百姓有利而不是怎样符合理论条条。
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