5.Dye list body:The chromosome combines each other to huddle together after making duplicate, from a the silk order a conjunction together of sister chromosome.6.The sister dyes list body:Two dyeings of two same each chromosomes in the price bodies list body, call
that the sister dyes with each other list body, they is the period same chromosome replication income.7.The non- sister dyes list body:List the dyeing of the of different chromosome of body two price bodies list the body call that the non- sister dyes with each other list body, they are respectively source chromosome these periods to together make duplicate income.8.Is allied meeting:In the meiosis, forms couples process with source chromosome.9.Together source chromosome:In the living creature body, appearance similar to the structure rightness of chromosomes, become together source chromosome.10.Difference source chromosome:In the living creature body, the appearance is each to is different from the structure to be with each other called difference source chromosome to the chromosomes.12.Chromosome set:Point to include to have a set of for the life activity of living creature body indispensability of, a set of chromosome of the genes of minimum limit.13.Wear silk to order:In the cell division the chromosome is adhered to by the spindle silk of position.Only generally each chromosome one wears silk and orders, the chromosome has manies in minority of specieses the silk order, wear the silk order in the position of chromosome and come to a decision the appearance of the chromosome.14.Dyeing grain:The chromosome that expects before having silk abruption and meiosis is turned by the DNA silk part helix but produces grain-like in shape structure.15.Dye Niu:Point some living creatures in(corn, purple clover), be located in the bitter end of the chromosome or the specially big dyeing grain of the middle.16.Is new silk grain:Being a kind of is second-class silk grain, it is a cell division in addition to normal of wear in addition to silk grain, appear on the chromosome of having and being similar to other districts of silk grain function, while lately wearing a silk grain to appear spindle silk not with at first normal of wear the silk grain combined, but with new silk grain the area combined, creation advance definite direction with Be partial to separation.17.The whole body wears a silk grain:Point the every bit performance following chromosome to have the activity of silk grain.18.The medium plank gathers:Chromosome move to be located in an of spindle body two poles of equator plank, chromosome respectively arrive equator plank up of a balance of position up.19.Wear silk grain definite direction:Pass leading of spindle silk, make two dyeing list the body wear a driving of silk grain the part toward contrary two poleses.Make chromosome thus from was in the random state change in the cell the equilibrium of stability in equator plank at first.20.Often- dyed quality:Is to constitute the corpus of chromosome DNA, dye more shallow, but apply color even.Period between the cell division, often dye quality to present highly scatter status, stretch but fold loose.The DNA replication occurrence expects in the S of cell period of in early days and DNA with single or part of repeated sequences.At cell division middle, often dye quality helix to turn degree the highest, dye a little bit deeply.21.Difference dyeing quality:Can is divided into to constitute sex difference to dye quality further again according to its property and and sex difference dye quality 2.22.Constitute sex difference dyeing quality:Be usually point of different dyeing quality, it is a kind of permanent sex difference to dye quality, all compare Heng to settle in the position and the sizes on the chromosome, still keep helix to turn status while expecting in , dye very deep, as a result can discriminate under the optical microscope.23.And sex difference dyeing quality:It originates to often dye quality and has all characteristicses and function of dying the quality often, it makes duplicate time, dyes a characteristic and often dyes quality homology.But under the special circumstances, particular stage develop in the
individual, it can change into different dyeing quality.24.Have no silk to split up:Also call a direct abruption, just the cell nucleus make longer and hang to split into two parts, immediately after cell quality also abruption, become two cells thus, the whole abruption process could not see the emergence of spindle silk.In the whole process of cell division, not the elephant has a silk abruption so the process chromosome contain regulation and accurate abruption.25.Have a silk abruption:Include two close and conjoint processes:Nuclear fission and quality split up.Then cell division is two, each imply a pit.Split up process to include four periods:Is ex- to expect, middle, behind expect, last phase.In the process of splitting up in the process chromosome have regulation of with accurate abruption, and have the emergence of spindle silk in the abruption, so call a silk abruption.?26.Meiosis:Call again mature abruption, is at sex mother cell mature, go together with sub- formation process in 1 kind taken place specially has a silk abruption.It makes the body cell number of chromosomes reduced by half.It contains two abruption, reduce number for the first time, wait number for the second time.27.There is silk abruption inside the pit:The cell carries on a DNA replication, but has no the abruption process of nuclear fission or afterbirth quality.28.Multi-line chromosome:Is DNA to make duplicate for many times in a row, form of many chromosome fiber the silk don't separate, while each other is alongside of a kind of huge chromosome of connecting with each other the formation.29.Two price bodies:Mean meiosis before expect an allied meeting of Ⅰ behind of a rightness of together source chromosome;.30.Double price body:In the meiosis accidentally the line expect, each form couples with source chromosome respectively, appear allied meeting phenomenon.Is a 2 n chromosome, after forming couples, can form a chromosome, each imply two together source chromosome, this kind of the chromosome forming couples is a pair of prices bodies.31.Commutation:Expect I accidentally before meiosis line to expect each rightness and source chromosome to form couples respectively and appear to unite a phenomenon.Arrive heavy thread to expect to form two price bodies, get into a pair of lines to expect can some blocks between two price bodies appear to cross, these cross a phenomenon to mark to together the non- sister in the source chromosome chromosome list body of to took place in response to the block commutation.32.Two cent body:Mean two statures cells that the meiosis last phase Ⅰ forms.33.Four price bodies:Mean together source 400% bodies are in the meiosis allied meeting of four together source chromosome.34.Four match a body:Mean meiosis before expect Ⅰ two price bodies uniting meetings four dyeings included list body.35.Four cent body:Mean meiosis last phase Ⅱ form of four statures cells.36.The double conceives:After teaching powder, a Jing pit(n) and ovary cell(n) conceive to combine in order to match son(2 ns), in the future develop into Pei.At the same time another Jing pit(n)'s conceiving with two pole pits(n+n) to combine is an albumen to check(3 ns), in the future develop into an albumen.This process is called a double to conceive.37.Pei:The embryonic form(namely original body) of new generation plant body that develops but becomes to°from the fertilizied egg(match son) is a seed and constitutes part most importantly, including an acrospire, Pei stalk and Pei the root and cotyledon is four-part and divides.38.Uncertain Pei:Directly from the bead heart or the bead drive of 2 times body cells develop for the Pei, completely not has been gone together with a sub- stage.39.The pollen keeps feeling:If in the 3 X albumen of sex-like in shape up because of the influence of the Jing pit directly express father originally of some sex-like in shape,
this kind of phenomenon calls that the albumen keeps feeling again.40.The albumen keeps feeling:The plant conceives after double, the albumen cell is a 3 ns, 2 among those ns come from a pole pit, the n comes from a Jing pit, if is sex-like in shape in the 3 n albumen up because of Jing pit of influence but directly express father originally of some sex-like in shape, this kind of phenomenon is called an albumen and keeps feeling.41.The fruit keeps feeling:The kind of the plant the skin or fruit peel organization is in the process of developing in because of pollen influence but performance father originally of some sex-like in shape, be called fruit to keep feeling.42.B chromosome:(super few chromosomes, pair chromosome)(1)The additional chromosome appeared in some living creature cells.(2)The more normal chromosome is small, much from the difference dye the quality constitute, don't carry to have to usually say of gene.The chapter 3 Meng virtuous Er inherits1.Is sex-like in shape:The appearance characteristic and physiology characteristic expressed by living creature body.2.Is opposite sex-like in shape:Point the opposite difference of same unit form.3.Unit form:The individual expresses of sex-like in shape total after classifieding into each unit of sex-like in shape.4.Quality form:Performance not continuous variation of sex-like in shape;In the separation community of its miscellaneous kind of posterity, for the opposite sex-like in shape difference that each one has, can definitely of cent set, beg the proportion of of a different set.5.Amount form:Express continuous variation of sex-like in shape;Miscellaneous separation generation after handing over not ability explicit cent set, can be carried on diagraph with the certain generous character unit, the adoption statistics learns a method to take into analytical;It is generally and easily subjected to conditional influence of environment but occurrence variation, this kind of variation generally doesn't inherit.6.Is miscellaneous to hand over:Point the mating of but the process of the creation posterity of passing different individual.7.The difference hands over:The relative relation farther individual random mates mutually.8.Is near to hand over:Relative relation the mating that is miscellaneous to hand over, as well call close relative of the close by individual.9.From hand over:Point the same plant up of teach powder or different flower from the same stub to teach powder from the flower.10.Measure to hand over:BE be purely matched by individual and recessiveness for testing originally miscellaneous hand over in person, the verification is measured individual genotype.11.Return to hand over:Mean miscellaneous kind of posterity with in person originally of an of again mate.12.Show sex:The F1 performance comes out of sex-like in shape.13.Incompletely show sex:F1 performance of sex-like in shape is the parents' middle type.14.The leave shows sex:If the block of imperfection is smaller, the survival then comes down while not and seriously injuring the living dint of individual of individual with the imperfection chromosome, unavoidably express multiform heredity of abnormal.When the miscellaneous performance for matching individual that contain imperfection to show sex gene chromosome it imperfection chromosome opposite recessiveness form.15.Totally show sex:The F1 expresses parents' form at the same time, not expresses single middle type.16.Is super to show sex:Is miscellaneous to match a body of sex-like in shape express to exceed to purely match the phenomenon of showing sex to be called super show sex.17.Mutually lead a set:A B 2 shows sex form to contact together heredity, but A B two recessiveness forms contact together genetic miscellaneous hand over a combination.18.Mutually scold a set:A shows sex form and B recessiveness form to contact together heredity and B show sex form and A
recessiveness form to contact together genetic miscellaneous hand over a combination.19.Show sex form:Mean to have a rightness of two opposite sexes-like in shape this can come out in the F1 performance after being miscellaneous to hand over in person of that is personality-like in shape.20.Recessiveness form:Mean to have a rightness of two opposite sexes-like in shape this can not come out in the F1 performance after being miscellaneous to hand over in person of that is personality-like in shape.21.Genotype:The gene of individual combines.22.Performance type:The unit of form that plant expresses can prognosticate.Is like red flower, the white spends.23.Genotype:The gene that is individual combination namely heredity constitute, like the assortment genotype CC, Cc and cc.24.Purely match genotype:Becoming is right of the genotype is same, like CC, cc.Or call to purely match a body, the pure quality combines.25.Is miscellaneous to match genotype:Becoming is right of the gene is different, like Cc.Or call miscellaneous match a body, combine for impurities.26.Wait a gene:Be together located in source chromosome on an equal footing point up of become to the gene.27.Reply etc. gene:Point a community in at together the same of the source chromosome is on possible existence of point of three or three above etc. the generic name of the gene.28.Lord gene:Is the accusation system quality form and influence bigger gene to the performance type;29.Tiny effect gene:It is the accusation system amount form, each gene to influence smaller gene to the performance type.30.Polish gene:Meaning can strengthen or weaken lord gene to the function, but each gene of performance type to the gene of performance type influence minuteness.31.A because of many effects:Point a gene to control various phenomena of different sex-like in shape performances.32.Is many because of one effect:Point several genes to control a kind of the phenomenon that form expresses.33.The gene makes with each other:Different interaction between the genes can influence a sex-like in shape performance.34.Repair a function with each other:Two rightnesses of independent heredities genes are placed in to purely match to show sex respectively or miscellaneous match to show sex of status decide a kind of growth of form together;When only a rightness of genes are to show sex, or all of two rightnesses of genes are recessivenesses, the performance then is another sex-like in shape, the F2 produces 9:7 proportions.35.Accumulate to add a function:Two kinds of genes that show sex produced a kind of form while existing at the same time, alone exist can mean respectively alike sex-like in shape, two kinds of genes all is recessiveness again performance is another sex-like in shape, the F2 produces 9:6:one proportion.36.Layer after layer function:2 rightness or can produce same influence to the performance type to the independent gene more, the F2 produces 15:one proportion.The layer after layer function also weighs to reply a function, as long as having one to show sex overlap gene to exist, the is sex-like in shape and then can express.37.Show sex place of honor function:Two rightnesses of independent heredities genes function happen to a rightness of form together, the one among the genes has already covered up a function to the performance of another genes;There is the gene to cover up a function that is to show sex gene, the separation proportion of F2 is 12:3:1.38.Recessiveness place of honor function:Two rightnesses of independent heredities genes function happen to a rightness of form together, the one among the genes has already covered up a function to the performance of another genes;In two rightnesses of the genes that make with each other, an among those rightnesses recessivenesses gene has the place of honor the function to another genes, the separation
proportions of F2 is 9:3:4.39.Repress a function:In two rightnesses of independent genes.a among those rightnesses show sex gene, oneself don't control a sex-like in shape performance, but have already repressed a function to the performance of another genes, this calls to show sex repressor gene to the gene. the separation proportion of F2 is 13:3.40.Make with each other inside the gene:Point a little bit the same first-class the interaction of the gene, for show sex or incompletely show sex and recessiveness;41.The gene makes with each other:Point a different the point non- etc. the gene interaction control one together personality-like in shape, as above and next or repress etc..42.Place of honor effect:A certain etc. the performance of the gene, be subjected to another non- etc. the influence of the gene, along with the dissimilarity but dissimilarity of the latter, this kind of phenomenon is a place of honor effect.43.From choose pressure:Choose in some generations to make to inherit to constitute the alternant effect of taking place inside the community naturally.44.Show sex hypothesis:Showing sex hypothesis is concerning miscellaneous kind of advantage of heredity explains, Bruce(A.B.Bruce) waits person to put forward first to show sex gene to take deferred holidays to say with each other at 1910 beginning of years;In 1917, the Qiong Si(D. F. Jones) adds further again for show sex catena gene hypothesis.In order to show sex hypothesis the hypothesis' brief name, it thinks miscellaneous kind of the advantage is because of parents of show all of sex genes to come together at miscellaneous kind of in arouse of repair a function to arouse with each otherChapter 4 catena inherits and sex catenaThe word explains1.Gene catena:Mean originally for same in person what this has two personality-like in shape have the contact the phenomenon for together inheritting tendency in the F2.Its reason is to control two personality-like in shape genes to be located in the same chromosome but result in gene catena.At inherit to study a medium application mainly is fixed position and catena that carries on catena gene to inherit setting up of diagram etc..2.The catena inherits:Originally in person what this has two personality-like in shape, contact a together genetic phenomenon in the F2.3.The complete catena inherits:Be located in together can not take place on of non- etc. gene of source chromosome the non- sister dye the commutation of of list body, F1 produce two kinds of close types to go together with son, it from hand over or measure to hand over posterity individual of performance type all is in person this combination.4.Incompletely the catena inherits(parts of catenas):The F1 can produce a variety to go together with son, the posterity appears a new sex-like in shape combination, but lately combination compare theory number is little.5.The gene positions:The certain gene is in the position on the chromosome.6.Sex chromosome:Point to directly have something to do with sex decision of an or a rightness of chromosomes.7.Often chromosome:Point in addition to sex chromosome outside of each to the chromosomes.8.The catena is mutually:Point two show sex(or recessiveness) gene at together source chromosome up place of position.If 2 shows(is concealed) sex gene to be located in the same chromosome and is mutually and accidentally and mutually called;If 2 shows(is concealed) sex gene to be located in a rightness of together source chromosome up, be called mutually and scold mutually.9.Sex catena:Controling some sex-like in shape gene to be located in is female, the male body totally has of sex chromosome(X or Z chromosome) up, as a result the sex-like in shape performance mutually contacts with the sex's chromosome dynamic state and accompanies with the phenomenon of sex but heredity.Its reason is to control some sex-like in shape gene to be located in female, the male body totally
has of sex chromosome(X chromosome or Z chromosome) up, as a result the sex-like in shape performance mutually contacts with the sex's chromosome dynamic state.At inheritting to study a medium application can explicit sex catena gene taken on chromosome, set up sex chromosome catena diagram and discriminated the sex of livestock or silkworm etc. in early days.10.The companion inherits:In order to controling some sex-like in shape gene to be located in sex chromosome, the sex-like in shape heredity is as concomitant as sex, this heredity method is called companion heredity.11.Limit sex heredity:Mean to be located in the phenomenon that limits at to express on male or pantheress of hereditary-like in shape that the gene of Y chromosome(the X means from the Y type) or W chromosome(ZW type) controls.12.From sex heredity or call that sex influences heredity:Not on gene of X and Y chromosome control of sex-like in shape, but because endocrine and other relation make some sex-like in shape be appeared to female, male a square;Or at one square in order to show sex, another square is a recessive phenomenon.13.The difference goes together with sex:Can produce two kinds of sexes that is different to go together with son to be called a difference to go together with sex.Decide to the XY type sex to say, male is the difference goes together with sex, can produce two kinds of son of going together withs:A kind of chromosome that take X, a kind of chromosome that take Y;Decide to the XO type sex to say, the male individual has a X chromosome, it can produce two kinds of son of going together withs:A kind of chromosome that take X, another chromosome with no X;Decide to the ZW type sex to say, the pantheress is difference to go together with sex, the female body produces two types of son of going together withs:A type of the chromosome that take Z, a type of the chromosome that take Y.14.Catena:It Be existed to all genes of the same chromosome.15.The catena inherits diagram:Pass to estimate to exchange a value, the gene is in the opposite position marking on the chromosome on the chromosome, draw into diagram.Also be called chromosome diagram and gene catena diagram or heredity diagram.16.Commutation:Become to dye to the chromosome non- sister list body with each other changing of the gene.17.Exchange a value:(reorganization rate)Together the source chromosome non- sister dyes list body the chromosome concerning gene part occurrence exchange of frequency, generally make use of afresh combination go together with a son number to have percentage of going together with the son number to always carry on estimating.18.The chromosome interferes with(chromosome interference):The chromosome takes place each time a single exchange will influence it close by take place another phenomenon of list commutation.The A.M.clearing arouses after taking place close by occurrence for the second time cross the circumstance that the opportunity lowers to be called is interfering with, arouse close by occurrence for the second time opportunity to cross increment of is negative interference.19.Match coefficient:(erupt coefficient)Actual double of commutations value/the theory double exchange value, it is to measure a single commutation to it close to again take place the second index sign of single commutation interference degree.20.Dye list body interference:Mean two together 4 dyeings of the source chromosome list the body participate in a multi-line commutation opportunity not random.The chromosome interference influences a commutation between genes value, but dye list body interference then influence exchange occurrence of form.21.The diagram is apart from:Two genes are apart from on the chromosome diagram of the amount unit become diagram to be apart from.1% reorganization value(exchange value) throws away the
number of its percentage's definition and is apart from unit for a diagram, laying foundation stoning of posterity in honor of and modern genetics person T. H. Morgan, be apart from diagram the unit be called \"Li Mo\"(centimorgan, cM), 1 cM=1% reorganization value throw away%of number.22.Cytology diagram:Observe the knot to the heredity analysis and the cytology and put together, can chase the gene of decisive form fixed position at some one district of some one chromosome, the diagram made is called cytology diagram.The amount of chapter 5s inheritsThe word explains1.The performance type is worth:Mean genotype value with don't inherit the total of random error margin namely sex-like in shape measurement value.2.Quality form:In the middle of being miscellaneous and handing over posterity(F2) the performance is a not continuous variation of sex-like in shape.3.Amount form:In the middle of being miscellaneous and handing over posterity(F2) the performance is a continuous variation of sex-like in shape.4.Add sex effect:Etc. in the gene gene(allele) of tired add an effect.5.Show sex effect:Etc. in the gene of the gene make an effect with each other.6.Place of honor effect:The non- etc. gene makes an effect with each other.7.Lord effect gene:Control the effect of some personality-like in shape performance minority of bigger genes.8.Tiny effect gene:Point one several sex-like in shape under the yoke of genes, each gene becomes smaller to the influence of the performance type, the effect Be tired to add, have no concealed sexual behavior, to the environment sensitive, these genes are called tiny effect gene.9.Polish gene:The gene function is small, but can strengthen or weaken lord the gene is to the function of genotype.10.NCI designs:Generally be applicable to animal heredity to analyze, pantheress individual a can produce some posterities with a male individual mating, but a male individual can with some pantheress individuals mating.11.NCII designs:Generally be applicable to plant heredity to analyze, there are many flower machines on many plant individuals, can at the same time on a plant the posterity of creation different combination.12.Double the row Be miscellaneous to hand over a design:Adopt p to originally mate mutually in person, can produce p from hand over in person this Pi=Pi × Pi and p(p-1)/2 is handing over F1(F1(i × j)=Pi × Pj) and p(p-1)/2s Be anti- to hand over F1(F1(j × I)=Pj × Pi), each one from hand over in person originally with miscellaneous hand over combination how many individual.13.The heredity leads:It is to inherit the specific value had by variance in the total variance, can be a miscellaneous kind of posterity to carry on choosing index sign.14.The broad sense heredity leads:Mean the variance that is miscellaneous to hand over heredity within posterity has the specific value of performance type variance;15.The narrow sense heredity leads:Mean the variance that is miscellaneous to hand over the gene in the posterity to add sex has the specific value of performance type variance.16.The common narrow sense heredity leads:For tired the variance of effect adding sex heredity lord has the ratio of performance type variance.17.Make a narrow sense heredity rate with each other:For tired add sexual gene of effect and environment effect make with each other of the variance have the ratio of performance type variance.18.Many gene hypotheses:The deciding the gene number of amount form is a lot of, and the effect of each gene is equal, each etc. the performance of the gene in order to incompletely show sex or don't show sex, the function of each gene is tired to add.19.The close relative breeds:Mean blood relationship or relative relation two close by mating between the individualses, namely the mating of of two genotypes or close by individual.20.Mates with type:The mating of of same genotype.21.The difference type
mates:Point genotype to differently and purely match the mating of of son.22.Blood relationship coefficient:BE individual the generous character of relative degree.Having is an or an individual of above common ancestry is called relatives, the most basic but again the most important relatives relation is a parentage, then close generation(father, female) relationship with sons and daughters.The blood relationship coefficient is big more, the relative relation is near more;The blood relationship coefficient has no common ancestry for 0, then canning think individual(X and Y) in the near future ages inside.23.Path coefficient:Each reason of generous character changes to measure to result change to measure of direct influence of coefficient.24.Is through the chain:From an or more than a the passage of the integrity constituted by.25.Is tired to add a function:Each function of effective gene, press the certain number with exert remaining value(the basic value of invalid gene) mutually add or mutually reduce.26.Doubly function:Each function of effective gene presses the certain number with exert remaining value multiply each other or mutually in addition to.27.Is near to hand over coefficient:Meaning is individual of a certain gene orders up two the gene comes from common ancestry a certain gene of all lead.28.Total Zu coefficient:Individual of near hand over the total Zu coefficient that the coefficient equals parents.29.Miscellaneous kind of advantage:Point two heredities to constitute a dissimilarity of originally miscellaneous hand over output F1 in person, surpass the parents' phenomenon in the aspects of growing power, living dint, reproductive capacity, yield etc..30.Is super to inherit in person:Point two heredity foundations differently originally miscellaneous hand over behind in person at some one sex-like in shape up exceed it in person originally of phenomenon.Its reason is to control some a little bit sex-like in shape(if is familiar to expect) genes to asunder be located in two differently in person originally medium, miscellaneous hand over behind of concentrated sex gene of showing of parents in the F1, express thus than the parents earlier or more late super inherit in person.At inherit to study medium application sieving suitable teach a kind of target of good list stub and new kind of quality.31.Teach powder farm crop from the flower:Is like paddy rice, wheat, soybean, and tobacco...etc., natural miscellaneous hand over to lead low(1-4%).32.The difference flower teaches powder farm crop:Is like cotton, and sorghum...etc., its natural miscellaneous hand over a rate often higher(5-20%).33.Often the difference flower teaches powder farm crop:Such as corn, rye and cabbage type rape etc., natural miscellaneous hand over a rate Gao(>20-50%), it is free to spread powder under the state of nature.34.The amount form gene orders:Then QTL, the accusation system amount the form express of the amount gene is in the position in the catenas.35.Genotype and environment make with each other:Amount gene to environment compare sensitive, its expression is easily subjected to environment conditional influence.Therefore, genotype and environment's making with each other is the different reaction that the genotype expresses under the different environment condition and differ to the leaving of heredity lord effect.36.Genotype frequency:The number of some particular genotype individual has the ratio of the total amount of individuals in the community.Chapter 6 gene mutatesThe word explains1.The gene mutates:Pointed the variety of chemistry property to happen to chromosome on a some point inner part, and originally the gene formation is to the sexual behavior.2.Repeat sex:The same living creature different individual can take place for many times same mutation.3.Mutate:Is a kind of heredity status, can pass to make duplicate but inherit of DNA structure permanent sex
change, all mutations are the changes taken place by alkali radicle in the DNA structure.4.BE mutating:Is any leave a wild type etc. gene of the variety be just called to mutate.5.Anti- mutation:(reply mutation)With just to the concept of mutation opposite should of is the variety that replies a wild type.6.The list orders a mutation:Only an alkali radicle changes to the occurrence.7.Order more mutation:Namely having is two or more than two alkali radicles change to the occurrence.??8.Mutates with righteousness:Point the password son that didn't change an outcome amino acids sequence variety, relate to Jian Bing Xing of the password son.9.The wrong righteousness mutates:The change that points an alkali radicle sequence aroused the change of outcome amino acids sequence.10.The parallelism of mutation:Relative relation close by species because of inherit the foundation look like and often take place alike gene mutation.11.Mutate a body:Express the cell or individual of a mutation form because of gene mutation.12.The mutation leads:Mutate an individual number to have a comparing of total number of individualses number.13.The appearance mutates:Mutate a main influence living creature body of outside it is thus clear that of appearance structure, like the change of shape, size, and color and luster...etc., past again call it is thus clear that mutate.14.Bio-chemical mutation:The metabolism process that mutates influence living creature, cause a particular bio-chemical function change or lose.15.Lose the mutation of function:Mutate affairs deletion or change the decisive function area of gene, interference living of wild type rightness a certain form type sexual function, its result is to produce a kind of mutation that loses function.16.Acquire the mutation of function:Mutate the affairs arouses of heredity random the variety probably make it acquires a certain new function mutation.17.Cause death a mutation:The living dint that influences a living creature body causes a type of mutation that the individual dies.18.Wait a gene:It is opposite to refer to be located in together source chromosome in response to order up of a rightness of genes.19.Reply etc. gene:Point to be located in same gene order up of several etc. the generic name of the gene.20.The parallelism of mutation:The relative relation close by species takes place because the its heredity foundation relatively looks like the phenomenon that the alike gene mutates.21.The rare of mutation:Mean under the normal condition, the mutation rate is usually very low.According to the estimate, the self-moving mutation rate in the high etc. living creature is generally one × 10-5-1 ×s 10-10, the self-moving mutation rate of germ is generally one × 10-4-4 ×s 10-10.22.Mutate of can go against sex:The mutation can go against, the wild type gene mutation becomes mutation type gene, and mutation type the gene can also pass a mutation to become an original wild type status.23.Mutation of much directive:A gene can take place toward different direction mutation.Then it can mutate into more than an etc.s gene.24.Self-moving mutation:It is output mutation under the natural condition.25.Induct a mutation:Is a life body revelation at guide to become to arouse in of heredity material change.26.The fixed-point mutates:Make use of artificial to synthesize of few gather to check Mao sour under the sistuation that leave a body technique of point opposite sex mutation of manufacturing any part be usually called a fixed-point mutation or call that the fixed-point guides to change.27.Convert:Biao purine is substituted by another Biao purine, or a Mi Ding drive another Mi the Ding substitute.28.The Dian changes:A Mi Ding is substituted by Biao purine, or whereas.29.Constituted mutation type:The creation of Mao from have to induce to change into a mutation type that need to be induced not.30.The condition causes death a
mutation:The mutation pointed to become to live under the some condition, but caused death under the a little bit another condition.31.The balance causes death an article to fasten:Lethal not ability with purely match status conservancy, because purely match individual is death-dealing, so only with miscellaneous match status of conservancy.This kind of forever with miscellaneous match status to keep down and don't take place the disjunctive article fasten to be called permanence miscellaneous kind of, also be called balance to cause death an article to fasten.32.Follow an anti- effect:The same gene inner part of different the mutation heredity effect is different, the agreeable type arrange(a 1 a 2/++) to produce a wild type.The anti- type alignment(a 1+/+a 2) produces a mutation type.This agreeable type and anti- type alignment creation dissimilarity inherit the phenomenon of effect.33.From don't in person hand over and sex:Point to teach powder not to fructify from the flower, but the stub teach the phenomenon that the powder can fructify.34.Only repair:Ultraviolet ray is after projecting light upon a germ, if the germ is exposed to it is thus clear that light of under the condition, a great deal of radiation of germ hurts at light induce system under can get a repair.35.Dark repair:The ultraviolet ray forms after projecting light upon the germ of two gather a body under the dark condition, asking for help from a series of Mao can can also repair.36.Turn a gene:Again call can move factor, mean one can move in the chromosome set and order excision from an and insert another new point, arouse the particular DNA sequence of mutation or chromosome reorganization of gene.37.The gene mutates:Pointed the variety of chemistry property to happen to chromosome on a some point inner part, and originally the gene formation is to the sexual behavior.38.Repeat sex:The same living creature different individual can take place for many times same mutation.39.Mutate:Is a kind of heredity status, can pass to make duplicate but inherit of DNA structure permanent sex change, all mutations are the changes taken place by alkali radicle in the DNA structure.40.BE mutating:Is any leave a wild type etc. gene of the variety be just called to mutate.41.Anti- mutation:(reply mutation)With just to the concept of mutation opposite should of is the variety that replies a wild type.42.The list orders a mutation:Only an alkali radicle changes to the occurrence.43.Order more mutation:Namely having is two or more than two alkali radicles change to the occurrence.44.Mutates with righteousness:Point the password son that didn't change an outcome amino acids sequence variety, relate to Jian Bing Xing of the password son.45.The wrong righteousness mutates:The change that points an alkali radicle sequence aroused the change of outcome amino acids sequence.46.The parallelism of mutation:Relative relation close by species because of inherit the foundation look like and often take place alike gene mutation.47.Mutate a body:Express the cell or individual of a mutation form because of gene mutation.48.The mutation leads:Mutate an individual number to have a comparing of total number of individualses number.49.The appearance mutates:Mutate a main influence living creature body of outside it is thus clear that of appearance structure, like the change of shape, size, and color and luster...etc., past again call it is thus clear that mutate.50.Bio-chemical mutation:The metabolism process that mutates influence living creature, cause a particular bio-chemical function change or lose.51.Lose the mutation of function:Mutate affairs deletion or change the decisive function area of gene, interference living of wild type rightness a certain form type sexual function, its result is to produce a kind of mutation that loses function.52.Acquire the mutation of function:Mutate the affairs
arouses of heredity random the variety probably make it acquires a certain new function mutation.53.Cause death a mutation:The living dint that influences a living creature body causes a type of mutation that the individual dies.54.Wait a gene:It is opposite to refer to be located in together source chromosome in response to order up of a rightness of genes.55.Reply etc. gene:Point to be located in same gene order up of several etc. the generic name of the gene.56.The parallelism of mutation:The relative relation close by species takes place because the its heredity foundation relatively looks like the phenomenon that the alike gene mutates.57.The rare of mutation:Mean under the normal condition, the mutation rate is usually very low.According to the estimate, the self-moving mutation rate in the high etc. living creature is generally one × 10-5-1 ×s 10-10, the self-moving mutation rate of germ is generally one × 10-4-4 ×s 10-10.58.Mutate of can go against sex:The mutation can go against, the wild type gene mutation becomes mutation type gene, and mutation type the gene can also pass a mutation to become an original wild type status.59.Mutation of much directive:A gene can take place toward different direction mutation.Then it can mutate into more than an etc.s gene.60.Self-moving mutation:It is output mutation under the natural condition.61.Induct a mutation:Is a life body revelation at guide to become to arouse in of heredity material change.62.The fixed-point mutates:Make use of artificial to synthesize of few gather to check Mao sour under the sistuation that leave a body technique of point opposite sex mutation of manufacturing any part be usually called a fixed-point mutation or call that the fixed-point guides to change.63.Convert:Biao purine is substituted by another Biao purine, or a Mi Ding drive another Mi the Ding substitute..The Dian changes:A Mi Ding is substituted by Biao purine, or whereas.65.Constituted mutation type:The creation of Mao from have to induce to change into a mutation type that need to be induced not.66.The condition causes death a mutation:The mutation pointed to become to live under the some condition, but caused death under the a little bit another condition.67.The balance causes death an article to fasten:Lethal not ability with purely match status conservancy, because purely match individual is death-dealing, so only with miscellaneous match status of conservancy.This kind of forever with miscellaneous match status to keep down and don't take place the disjunctive article fasten to be called permanence miscellaneous kind of, also be called balance to cause death an article to fasten.68.Follow an anti- effect:The same gene inner part of different the mutation heredity effect is different, the agreeable type arrange(a 1 a 2/++) to produce a wild type.The anti- type alignment(a 1+/+a 2) produces a mutation type.This agreeable type and anti- type alignment creation dissimilarity inherit the phenomenon of effect.69.From don't in person hand over and sex:Point to teach powder not to fructify from the flower, but the stub teach the phenomenon that the powder can fructify.70.Only repair:Ultraviolet ray is after projecting light upon a germ, if the germ is exposed to it is thus clear that light of under the condition, a great deal of radiation of germ hurts at light induce system under can get a repair.71.Dark repair:The ultraviolet ray forms after projecting light upon the germ of two gather a body under the dark condition, asking for help from a series of Mao can can also repair.72.Turn a gene:Again call can move factor, mean one can move in the chromosome set and order excision from an and insert another new point, arouse the particular DNA sequence of mutation or chromosome reorganization of gene.Chapter 7 chromosome variationThe word explains1.Chromosome structure variation:Point under the some condition chromosome occurrence to split, at again
coalescence change original of in proper order, or are a slice of coalescence with breaking of other chromosomeses, cause the chromosome be splitting and join together the phenomenon of front and back structure inconformity.2.Salivary gland chromosome:Is 1 type Be existed to a double wings eyes insect, if fly, shake the having of digest way(particularly saliva gland) cell of gnat young insect silk abruption the period checks medium 1 kind it is thus clear that of, huge chromosome.Each chromosome often dyes the pit egg white of quality area fiber(dye quality fiber) continuously make duplicate, then can make duplicate more 210(1024)~215(32768) times, the pit egg white of the thousands fiber parallelism but choiceness the ground arrange into breadth but long of take a form thing, and have horizontal line structure, past again call multi-line chromosome.3.Imperfection:Some block of the chromosome throws to lose.4.The leave shows sex:Point in the chromosome structure variation, because a certain reason imperfection 1's carrying has already shown sex gene of chromosome block, make the phenomenon that the recessiveness gene in the F1 can express.Its reason foreds a certain to carry to have the chromosome block imperfection to show sex gene but result in.At inherit to study a medium application can used for gene mostly under the some condition fixed position.5.Is repeated:The chromosome is many and oneself homology of some one block.6.Fluently connect again:(establish again)Point some block to repeat in the normal sequence on the chromosome according to oneself.7.Is anti- to connect again:(pour to establish again)Point some block at repeated reversed oneself on the chromosome of as usual straightly in proper order.8.The of gene measures an effect:The some gene inside the cell appears number of times more many, the performance type effect more shows Zhao.9.The position effect of gene:Is a because the gene is located in the different position of chromosome different performance type effect.10.Pour:Chromosome some normal sequence of one block reversed.11.Pour inside the arm:Pour block occurrence on some one arm of the chromosome.12.The arm pours:Pour two arms that a block involves chromosome, pour to have silk to order inside a block.13.The commutation represses factor:Because pour a non- sister inside the wreath to dye a list body occurrence list exchange, but commutation of the outcomes all take imperfection or repeat, can not form to have a great achievement ability of go together with son, as a result good elephant the commutation be repressed, or to a great extent reduce miscellaneous match the phenomenon of the reorganization in the son.14.Schultz-Redfield effect:A rightness of chromosomes of miscellaneous match to pour, can increase same chromosome of don't pour the phenomenon that a part exchanges occurrence in the set.Pour one miscellaneous match bodies to all have the trend to lower to teach sex, all generally express part not to teach.15.The balance causes death to fasten:(permanence miscellaneous kind of)This is the commutation that makes use of to pour to repress an effect, for keeping the fruit fly article of two lethals but design establishment to fasten at the same time.16.Easy:A block of chromosome moves to connect on another not- affinal chromosome.17.Mutually easy:Isn't and together two in the source chromosome, each produce 1 to split;They mutual commutation from split formative part.Mutually easy in of change unit with each other, can be a chromosome as well as be dye a list body.Mutually two chromosome parts of easy can be wait long or don't wait to grow.18.Not mutually easy:(one-way easy not mutually easy)Mean breaking of a chromosome slice inserts another not among the non- bitter end block from the same source chromosome, this is physically a kind of to turn.Turn to request
to provide the square with the chromosome up have two to decide crack and be subjected to a square chromosome to contain one crack of deciding.19.The easy is miscellaneous to match a body:Is miscellaneous to match normal chromosome inside the body cell of some individual and it easy chromosome.20.Move a type easy:The chromosome the different arm that split, split chromosome to insert the same chromosome happened three times ascend or insert different arm from the same source chromosome not up, but creation of easy method.21.Is compound easy:Involve chromosome of three times above split, each chromosome is complicated occurrence easy is mutually.22.Luo, Bo Xun Yi, :The easy of dissymmetry.Its producing big chromosome and small chromosome as a result is two chromosomes, the small chromosome throws to lose behind but produces the number of chromosomes decrease.23.Luo, Bo Xun Shi, easy:(wear a silk grain fusion)It is that the whole arm easy is a kind of form.The occurrence is in two grains that is near to carry silk of not and together of source chromosome, respectively it wears a silk grain the area occurrence split, both of long the arm carry on a silk grain the fusion form a new chromosome of grain that is greatly second to win silk, both of short arm may also each other links into a small chromosome, gene contain seldom, generally disappear in the process of cell division, cause the number of chromosomes' reducing, but chromosome arm count constant.But also sometimes appear its contrary process, then take place the silk grain split a solution, from center wear silk grain fusion and wear the silk grain split solution to know together as Luo's Bo Xun's variety.24.Chromosome set:Maintain a set of basic chromosome(the cardinal number that namely points to match son chromosome inside the species) of lowest limit that the living creature body life activity needs, mean by X.25.Monoploid:Point to only have the species to go together with the individual of son chromosome number(n=X).26.100% bodies:The containment has the species list the individual of the chromosome set.27.200% bodies:The species matches son chromosome the number is 2 times that of cardinal number, then have two sets of chromosome sets.28.Function 200% bodies:Through 200% turn outputly and much and doubly a body to be called function 200% bodies.29.Part 200% bodies:When F+and the Hfr germ chromosome get into F-after, in a short period, in the F-cell to some point to say to always have a germ of DNA status of 200% bodies.30.Twice body:Refer to have different sources that match the son chromosome number(2 ns) much and doubly a body.31.The whole body:Mean to have the plant of matching the son chromosome number(2 ns) has by the chromosome set cardinal number to become a doubly augmentative characteristics as usual.32.The Gu is female to grow:Monoploid of ovary cell growth but become conceived by don'ted.33.The list male grows:The Jing pit after getting into the Pei bag directly develops into Pei of and be called a list male to grow.34.Not- whole body:Point some the number(2 ns) comparing the as usual matching of the species son chromosome Be many or little to is a with the plant that goes to some chromosomes.35.Together source much and doubly body:Point the augmentative chromosome set living creature body that comes from the same species, generally from the chromosome of 200% bodies direct double but become.36.Difference sources much and doubly body:Point the augmentative chromosome set living creature body that comes from different species, generally is BE grow, belonged to by the dissimilarity of miscellaneous hand over the chromosome of kind double but become.37.Together the source is allied meeting:Two chromosomes pointing to come from
the same species are allied meeting.Such as difference source when 600% body wheats(6 Xs=AABBDD=21 Ⅱ ) carry on meiosis general 1 AN and 1 A, 1 B and 1 B, 1 D and 1 D, ……form couples, this kind of is allied meeting the way is together called a source allied meeting.38.Difference the source is allied meeting:Under the special circumstances, such as difference source 600% body wheats are in need of some female cell of one chromosome(is like 1 A) in, the 1 A cans not find another 1 A, possibility and part the affinal 1 B or 1 D carry on uniting meeting, be called difference source allied meeting.39.Unit monoploid:The monoploid that is produced by 200% body(2 ns=2 xes) specieses;(n=x)40.Diverse monoploid:From much and doubly the monoploid of body(2 ns=4 xes, 6 xes …) species creation.(n=2 xes, 3 xes …)41.200% bodies turn:Make inception irregular on the meiosis, have many price bodies and bridge of many times body, after long-term choice, the process of gradual alignment similar to real 200% bodieses meiosis regularity;42.Super times body:In not- whole body, the chromosome counts than normal 200% bodies(2 ns) are many individuals.43.Second times body:In not- whole body, the chromosome counts than normal 200% body(2 ns) little individual.44.List body:Point to compare normal 2 times bodies(2 ns)s to be in need of an individual of chromosome.45.Lack a body:Point to compare normal 2 times bodies(2 ns)s to be in need of two individuals of same chromosomes.46.Double body:Distinguish and usually call that the normal individual with 2 ns is a pair of bodies for the sake of together various not- whole body.47.Three bodies:Point compare normal individual of 200% body much a chromosomes.48.Arms and legs:Point compare normal individual of 200% body much two same chromosomes.49.Entry-level three bodies:Point an augmentative chromosome with a rightness of original together the source chromosome is same alike complete.50.Second-class three bodies:Point a two arms of augmentative chromosome with a rightness of original together a certain arm of source chromosome is complete homology.51.X-rated three bodies:Point an arm of an augmentative chromosome with a rightness of original certain arm from the same source chromosome completely and same alike, another arm come from other chromosomes.52.Double monoploid:It implies some one going together with of species son chromosome, and implies another species to go together with the individual of son chromosome to be called a pair of monoploids in the body cell.53.The quantity compensates a function:The so-called amount of in expiation of function is to make to have two or more than two genes measure of individual with have gene quantity of individual of the gene performance jump together of heredity effect.Chapter 8 cell quality inherits1.The cell nucleus inherits:Point from cell nucleus gene decide of heredity phenomenon and heredity regulation.2.The cell quality inherits:(pit outside heredity)Point from the cell quality gene decide of heredity phenomenon and heredity regulation.Its reason is to control some sex-like in shape gene to be located in a line grain cell machines, such as body and leaf green body...etc. up.Cell quality heredity in the middle of producing agriculture and being miscellaneous kind of advantage to make use of up application's most successful example quality pit with each other the made control male don't teach a phenomenon.3.The cell quality gene set:It inherits knowing together as of material in all cell machines and cell quality grain.4.Is ex- to settle a function:From conceive the ex- maternal ovary cell status decision sub- generation form performance of maternal instinct influence.5.The maternal instinct influences:From a kind of heredity phenomenon aroused by the outcome backlog of pit gene in the ovary cell, its characteristics for the next
generation performance type the influence that is subjected to the preceding generation maternal gene.6.Symbiosis body:The form of a certain symbiosis is existed to cell in, but isn't cell existence to constitute part of cell quality the necessity grain.Can make duplicate(or carry on a replication while checking the function of gene set) by one's own, to send lord performance creation influence.7.Additional body:The some quality grain is independently canning be existed to cell, integrate in the chromosome again, this is called an additional body.8.Quality grain:Indicate generally chromosome the outside is the whole to carry on the heredity unit of independent replication, include the chromosome in cell machine and germ of symbiosis living creature, true pit living creature outside of pure DNA member.9.The sporophyte doesn't teach:Mean teaching of pollen sex is controls, been as irrelevant as the gene that pollen contains by sporophyte(plant) genotype.10.Go together with a son body not to teach:Mean teaching of pollen sex be directly subjected to go together with a son body(pollen) oneself of gene decide.11.The card expects a grain:Is that a kind of symbiosis type have spiral structure of put poison type germ, be it drive positive bite a germ body of infection after, the virus synthesizes a kind of egg white and has to kill its toxicity.12.The male doesn't teach sex:The phenomenon that the plant pollen hurts to teach is called male not to teach sex.13.The pit doesn't teach a type:This is a kind of male that is decided by the chromosome gene inside the pit don't teach a type.14.The quality ― pit doesn't teach a type:BE is made with each other by the cell quality and pit gene control of don't teach a type.The heredity of chapter 9 germ and virus1.Bit a germ body at first:Integrate a set at the host gene in of bite a germ body.Only minority of gene activities express a bar thing to close other genes.2.Convert:Pointing some germs(or other living creature bodies) can take the chromosome fragment that the surroundings provides a body through its cell membrane, and reorganize three process of oneself chromosome set of going intos through an outside source DNA part.3.Turn to lead:Point with bite germ body for medium carry on of the process of the germ heredity material reorganization.4.Sex leads:While pointing to join together from F'outside source DNA taken by factor integrate the process of germ chromosome.F'the factor is indeed the F factor that Hfr prohibits a wreath, take chromosome DNA.5.F-germ stub:Don't take the E. coli germ of F factor stub.6.F+germ stub:Include E. coli germ that visits to leave the status F factor stub.7.Hfr germ stub:Include a germ stub of F factor that integrates E. coli chromosome inside the set.8.F factor:A kind of additional body in the E. coli, controls an E. coli coalescence process but make it become 1 kind that provides body germ is to teaching factor.9.F'factor:Integration's F factor in host germ chromosome, in the wreath not enough accurate but take to have the chromosome some 1 kinds of genes to teach factor.10.Be subjected to body part:BE in the particular district formed by the body germ cell wall temporary passage, allow outside source DNA part to pass, this district is called to be subjected to body part.11.Feel Tai cell:Can accept outside source DNA member to combine the germ cell being converted to be called to feel Tai cell.12.Feel Tai factor:Help Mao or protein of converting the function to be called to feel Tai factor.13.Part 200% bodies:When F+or the Hfr germ chromosome get into F-after, in a short period, in the F-cell to some point to say to always have a germ of DNA status of 200% bodies.14.Nourishment blemish type:Point some whole life the object lost the ability of synthesizing a certain life material.15.Break off miscellaneous hand over to experiment:A kind of on trial method used to study the gene in the germ coalescence's process to transfer a
hair method.Be not and meantime taking a sample the germ in the coalescence, and chase sample fieriness' agitation with the germ in the dispersion coalescence, then analyze be subjected to gene of the body germ sequence.It is that the germs like E. coli,etc is convenient to measureses a kind of method of gene position.16.Dissolve a source:The germ is bitten a germ body to be infected but doesn't split the phenomenon of solution.The heredity material that bites a germ body at this time with send the heredity material of lord germ to combine together and be in conjunction with a replication.17.The body that is violent to bite germ:After invading to dye host cell, get into crack solution path, break host cell to originally possessed to inherit material, synthesize a great deal of oneself heredity material and protein and assemble into son to bite a germ body, finally make a type of the body that bite germ that the host splits to solve.18.The moderate bites a germ body:After invading to dye host cell, not the crack solves host cell, but a type of the body that bite germ that walks to dissolve original sex life period.19.Dissolve an original sex germ:Imply moderate bite germ of the heredity material of body but can not find to bite a germ body appearance again top it is thus clear that of bite the host germ of the germ body grain son.20.Turn to lead grain:BE biting inside the germ body protein outer shell the germ chromosome part packing but output of the leave bite a germ body, don't include the heredity material of biting the germ body among them.21.Totally turn to lead:(erupt to turn to lead)The phenomenon that two genes turn to lead at the same time is called to totally turn to lead or call to erupt to turn to lead.22.The special turns to lead grain:Take to have the biting of parts of germ chromosome blockses the germ body inside the protein outer shell.23.Turn to dye:Use to leave virus DNA or RNA of the body status an infection feeling Tai germ, change the function of germ genotype thus.24.Kept a type at first:If a kind of germ can on the basic culture media growth, is also that he can synthesize it need of various organic compound, like amino acids, vitamin and fat, this kind of germ was called to keep a type at first.25.Repair with each other:Are that two mutation types bite a germ body to be infected at the same time E. coli, can make up the blemish of the other party each other, propagate in the germ body together, arouse to dissolve germ, release two original mutation types....................................******************************Zhe big exquisite article course net
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