中英文资料翻译

毕业设计（论文）翻译

题目: 软件工程网上辅助教学系统

学 院 软件学院 专业名称 软件工程 班级学号 03201516 学生姓名 刘雅宁 指导教师 陈斌全

二00七 年 六 月

1．中文翻译

I/O系统

“对语言设计人员来说，创建好的输入／输出系统是一项特别困难的任务。”由于存在大量不同的设计方案，所以该任务的困难性是很容易证明的。其中最大的挑战似乎是如何覆盖所有可能的因素。不仅有三种不同的种类的IO需要考虑（文件、控制台、网络连接），而且需要通过大量不同的方式与它们通信（顺序、随机访问、二进制、字符、按行、按字等等）。Java库的设计者通过创建大量类来攻克这个难题。事实上，Java的IO系统采用了如此多的类，以致刚开始会产生不知从何处入手的感觉（具有讽刺意味的是，Java的IO设计初衷实际要求避免过多的类）。从Java 1.0升级到Java 1.1后，IO库的设计也发生了显著的变化。此时并非简单地用新库替换旧库，Sun的设计人员对原来的库进行了大手笔的扩展，添加了大量新的内容。因此，我们有时不得不混合使用新库与旧库，产生令人无奈的复杂代码。本文将帮助大家理解标准Java库内的各种IO类，并学习如何使用它们。本章的第一部分将介绍“旧”的Java 1.0 IO流库，因为现在有大量代码仍在使用那个库。本章剩下的部分将为大家引入Java 1.1 IO库的一些新特性。注意若用Java 1.1编译器来编译本章第一部分介绍的部分代码，可能会得到一条“不建议使用该特性”（Deprecated feature）警告消息。代码仍然能够使用；编译器只是建议我们换用本章后面要讲述的一些新特性。但我们这样做是有价值的，因为可以更清楚地认识老方法与新方法之间的一些差异，从而加深我们的理解（并可顺利阅读为Java 1.0写的代码）。 输入流

第1到第4部分演示了输入流的创建与使用（尽管第4部分展示了将输出流作为一个测试工具的简单应用）。 1. 缓冲的输入文件

为打开一个文件以便输入，需要使用一个FileInputStream，同时将一个String或File对象作为文件名使用。为提高速度，最好先对文件进行缓冲处理，从而获得用于一个BufferedInputStream的构建器的结果句柄。为了以格式化的形式读取输入数据，我们将那个结果句柄赋给用于一个DataInputStream的构建器。DataInputStream是我们的最终（final）对象，并是我们进行读取操作的接口。在这个例子中，只用到了readLine()方法，但理所当然任何DataInputStream方法都可以采用。一旦抵达文件末尾，readLine()就会返回一个null（空），以便中止并退出while循环。

“String s2”用于聚集完整的文件内容（包括必须添加的新行，因为

readLine()去除了那些行）。随后，在本程序的后面部分中使用s2。最后，我们调用close()，用它关闭文件。从技术上说，会在运行finalize()时调用close()。而且我们希望一旦程序退出，就发生这种情况（无论是否进行垃圾收集）。然而，Java 1.0有一个非常突出的错误（Bug），造成这种情况不会发生。在Java 1.1中，必须明确调用System.runFinalizersOnExit(true)，用它保证会为系统中的每个对象调用finalize()。然而，最安全的方法还是为文件明确调用close()。 2. 从内存输入

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这一部分采用已经包含了完整文件内容的String s2，并用它创建一个

StringBufferInputStream（字串缓冲输入流）——作为构建器的参数，要求使用一个String，而非一个StringBuffer）。随后，我们用read()依次读取每个字符，并将其发送至控制台。注意read()将下一个字节返回为int，所以必须将其造型为一个char，以便正确地打印。 3. 格式化内存输入

StringBufferInputStream的接口是有限的，所以通常需要将其封装到一个DataInputStream内，从而增强它的能力。然而，若选择用readByte()每次读出一个字符，那么所有值都是有效的，所以不可再用返回值来侦测何时结束输入。相反，可用available()方法判断有多少字符可用。下面这个例子展示了如何从文件中一次读出一个字符： //: TestEOF.java

// Testing for the end of file while reading // a byte at a time. import java.io.*;

public class TestEOF {

public static void main(String[] args) { try {

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(

new BufferedInputStream(

new FileInputStream(\"TestEof.java\"))); while(in.available() != 0)

System.out.print((char)in.readByte()); } catch (IOException e) {

System.err.println(\"IOException\"); } }

} ///:~

注意取决于当前从什么媒体读入，avaiable()的工作方式也是有所区别的。它在字面上意味着“可以不受阻塞读取的字节数量”。对一个文件来说，它意味着整个文件。但对一个不同种类的数据流来说，它却可能有不同的含义。因此在使用时应考虑周全。

为了在这样的情况下侦测输入的结束，也可以通过捕获一个违例来实现。然而，若真的用违例来控制数据流，却显得有些大材小用。 4. 行的编号与文件输出

这个例子展示了如何LineNumberInputStream来跟踪输入行的编号。在这里，不可简单地将所有构建器都组合起来，因为必须保持LineNumberInputStream的一个句柄（注意这并非一种继承环境，所以不能简单地将in4造型到一个LineNumberInputStream）。因此，li容纳了指向LineNumberInputStream的句柄，然后在它的基础上创建一个DataInputStream，以便读入数据。

这个例子也展示了如何将格式化数据写入一个文件。首先创建了一个

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FileOutputStream，用它同一个文件连接。考虑到效率方面的原因，它生成了一个BufferedOutputStream。这几乎肯定是我们一般的做法，但却必须明确地这样做。随后为了进行格式化，它转换成一个PrintStream。用这种方式创建的数据文件可作为一个原始的文本文件读取。

标志DataInputStream何时结束的一个方法是readLine()。一旦没有更多的字串可以读取，它就会返回null。每个行都会伴随自己的行号打印到文件里。该行号可通过li查询。

可看到用于out1的、一个明确指定的close()。若程序准备掉转头来，并再次读取相同的文件，这种做法就显得相当有用。然而，该程序直到结束也没有检查文件IODemo.txt。正如以前指出的那样，如果不为自己的所有输出文件调用close()，就可能发现缓冲区不会得到刷新，造成它们不完整。 输出流

两类主要的输出流是按它们写入数据的方式划分的：一种按人的习惯写入，另一种为了以后由一个DataInputStream而写入。RandomAccessFile是的，尽管它的数据格式兼容于DataInputStream和DataOutputStream。

5. 保存与恢复数据

PrintStream能格式化数据，使其能按我们的习惯阅读。但为了输出数据，以便由另一个数据流恢复，则需用一个DataOutputStream写入数据，并用一个DataInputStream恢复（获取）数据。当然，这些数据流可以是任何东西，但这里采用的是一个文件，并进行了缓冲处理，以加快读写速度。

注意字串是用writeBytes()写入的，而非writeChars()。若使用后者，写入的就是16位Unicode字符。由于DataInputStream中没有补充的“readChars”方法，所以不得不用readChar()每次取出一个字符。所以对ASCII来说，更方便的做法是将字符作为字节写入，在后面跟随一个新行；然后再用readLine()将字符当作普通的ASCII行读回。

writeDouble()将double数字保存到数据流中，并用补充的readDouble()恢复它。但为了保证任何读方法能够正常工作，必须知道数据项在流中的准确位置，因为既有可能将保存的double数据作为一个简单的字节序列读入，也有可能作为char或其他格式读入。所以必须要么为文件中的数据采用固定的格式，要么将额外的信息保存到文件中，以便正确判断数据的存放位置。 6. 读写随机访问文件

正如早先指出的那样，RandomAccessFile与IO层次结构的剩余部分几乎是完全隔离的，尽管它也实现了DataInput和DataOutput接口。所以不可将其与InputStream及OutputStream子类的任何部分关联起来。尽管也许能将一个ByteArrayInputStream当作一个随机访问元素对待，但只能用RandomAccessFile打开一个文件。必须假定RandomAccessFile已得到了正确的缓冲，因为我们不能自行选择。

可以自行选择的是第二个构建器参数：可决定以“只读”（r）方式或“读写”（rw）方式打开一个RandomAccessFile文件。

使用RandomAccessFile的时候，类似于组合使用DataInputStream和DataOutputStream（因为它实现了等同的接口）。除此以外，还可看到程序中使用了seek()，以便在文件中到处移动，对某个值作出修改。

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2．英文翻译

I/O streams

Creating a good input/output (I/O) system is one of the more difficult tasks for the language designer.

This is evidenced by the number of different approaches. The challenge seems to be in covering all eventualities. Not only are there different sources and sinks of I/O that you want to communicate with (files, the console, network connections, etc.), but you need to talk to them in a wide variety of ways (sequential, random-access, buffered, binary, character, by lines, by words, etc.).

The Java library designers attacked this problem by creating lots of

classes. In fact, there are so many classes for Java’s I/O system that it can be intimidating at first (ironically, the Java I/O design actually prevents an explosion of classes). There was also a significant change in the I/O library after Java 1.0, when the original byte-oriented library was supplemented with char-oriented, Unicode-based I/O classes. In JDK 1.4, the nio classes (for “new I/O,” a name we’ll still be using years from now) were added for

improved performance and functionality. As a result, there are a fair number of classes to learn before you understand enough of Java’s I/O picture that you can use it properly. In addition, it’s rather important to understand the evolution history of the I/O library, even if your first reaction is “don’t bother me with history, just show me how to use it!” The problem is that without the historical perspective, you will rapidly become confused with some of the classes and when you should and shouldn’t use them.

This chapter will give you an introduction to the variety of I/O classes in the standard Java library and how to use them.

Input streams

Parts 1 through 4 demonstrate the creation and use of input streams. Part 4 also shows the simple use of an output stream. 1. Buffered input file

To open a file for character input, you use a FileInputReader with a String or a File object as the file name. For speed, you’ll want that file to be buffered so you give the resulting reference to the constructor for a BufferedReader.

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Since BufferedReader also provides the readLine( ) method, this is your final object and the interface you read from. When you reach the end of the file, readLine( ) returns null so that is used to break out of the while loop. The String s2 is used to accumulate the entire contents of the file

(including newlines that must be added since readLine( ) strips them off). s2 is then used in the later portions of this program. Finally, close( ) is called to close the file. Technically, close( ) will be called when finalize( ) runs, and this is supposed to happen (whether or not garbage collection occurs) as the program exits. However, this has been inconsistently implemented, so the only safe approach is to explicitly call close( ) for files.

Section 1b shows how you can wrap System.in for reading console input. System.in is an InputStream, and BufferedReader needs a Reader argument, so InputStreamReader is brought in to perform the adaptation. 2. Input from memory

This section takes the String s2 that now contains the entire contents of the file and uses it to create a StringReader. Then read( ) is used to read each character one at a time and send it out to the console. Note that read( ) returns the next byte as an int and thus it must be cast to a char to print properly. 3. Formatted memory input

To read “formatted” data, you use a DataInputStream, which is a

byte-oriented I/O class (rather than char-oriented). Thus you must use all InputStream classes rather than Reader classes. Of course, you can read

anything (such as a file) as bytes using InputStream classes, but here a String is used. To convert the String to an array of bytes, which is what is appropriate for a ByteArrayInputStream, String has a getBytes( ) method to do the job. At that point, you have an appropriate InputStream to hand to DataInputStream. If you read the characters from a DataInputStream one byte at a time using readByte( ), any byte value is a legitimate result, so the return value cannot be used to detect the end of input. Instead, you can use the available( ) method to find out how many more characters are available. Here’s an example that shows how to read a file one byte at a time:

//: c12:TestEOF.java

// Testing for end of file while reading a byte at a time. import java.io.*;

public class TestEOF {

// Throw exceptions to console:

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public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream( new BufferedInputStream(

new FileInputStream(\"TestEOF.java\"))); while(in.available() != 0)

System.out.print((char)in.readByte()); }

} ///:~

Note that available ( ) works differently depending on what sort of medium you’re reading from; it’s literally “the number of bytes that can be read without blocking.” With a file, this means the whole file, but with a different kind of stream this might not be true, so use it thoughtfully. You could also detect the end of input in cases like these by catching an exception. However, the use of exceptions for control flow is considered a misuse of that feature. 4. File output

This example also shows how to write data to a file. First, a FileWriter is created to connect to the file. You’ll virtually always want to buffer the output by wrapping it in a BufferedWriter (try removing this wrapping to see the impact on the performance—buffering tends to dramatically increase

performance of I/O operations). Then for the formatting it’s turned into a

PrintWriter. The data file created this way is readable as an ordinary text file. As the lines are written to the file, line numbers are added. Note that LineNumberInputStream is not used, because it’s a silly class and you don’t need it. As shown here, it’s trivial to keep track of your own line numbers. When the input stream is exhausted, readLine( ) returns null. You’ll see an explicit close( ) for out1, because if you don’t call close( ) for all your output files, you might discover that the buffers don’t get flushed, so they’re incomplete.

Output streams

The two primary kinds of output streams are separated by the way they write data; one writes it for human consumption, and the other writes it to be reacquired by a DataInputStream. The RandomAccessFile stands alone,

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although its data format is compatible with the DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.

5. Storing and recovering data

A PrintWriter formats data so that it’s readable by a human. However, to output data for recovery by another stream, you use a DataOutputStream to write the data and a DataInputStream to recover the data. Of course, these streams could be anything, but here a file is used, buffered for both reading and writing. DataOutputStream and DataInputStream are byte-oriented and thus require the InputStreams and OutputStreams.

If you use a DataOutputStream to write the data, then Java guarantees that you can accurately recover the data using a DataInputStream—regardless of what different platforms write and read the data. This is incredibly valuable, as anyone knows who has spent time worrying about platform-specific data issues. That problem vanishes if you have Java on both platforms.

When using a DataOutputStream, the only reliable way to write a String so that it can be recovered by a DataInputStream is to use UTF-8 encoding, accomplished in section 5 of the example using writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ). UTF-8 is a variation on Unicode, which stores all characters in two bytes. If you’re working with ASCII or mostly ASCII characters (which occupy only seven bits), this is a tremendous waste of space and/or bandwidth, so UTF-8 encodes ASCII characters in a single byte, and non-ASCII characters in two or three bytes. In addition, the length of the string is stored in the first two bytes. However, writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ) use a special variation of UTF-8 for Java (which is completely described in the JDK documentation for those methods) , so if you read a string written with writeUTF( ) using a non-Java program, you must write special code in order to read the string properly. With writeUTF( ) and readUTF( ), you can intermingle Strings and other types of data using a DataOutputStream with the knowledge that the Strings will be properly stored as Unicode, and will be easily recoverable with a DataInputStream

The writeDouble( ) stores the double number to the stream and the complementary readDouble( ) recovers it (there are similar methods for reading and writing the other types). But for any of the reading methods to work correctly, you must know the exact placement of the data item in the

stream, since it would be equally possible to read the stored double as a simple sequence of bytes, or as a char, etc. So you must either have a fixed format for the data in the file, or extra information must be stored in the file that you parse to determine where the data is located. Note that object serialization

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(described later in this chapter) may be an easier way to store and retrieve complex data structures.

6. Reading and writing random access files

As previously noted, the RandomAccessFile is almost totally isolated from the rest of the I/O hierarchy, save for the fact that it implements the

DataInput and DataOutput interfaces. So you cannot combine it with any of the aspects of the InputStream and OutputStream subclasses. Even though it might make sense to treat a ByteArrayInputStream as a random-access

element, you can use RandomAccessFile only to open a file. You must assume a RandomAccessFile is properly buffered since you cannot add that. The one option you have is in the second constructor argument: you can open a RandomAccessFile to read (“r”) or read and write (“rw”).

Using a RandomAccessFile is like using a combined DataInputStream and DataOutputStream (because it implements the equivalent interfaces). In addition, you can see that seek( ) is used to move about in the file and change one of the values.

With the advent of new I/O in JDK 1.4, you may want to consider using memory-mapped files instead of RandomAccessFile.

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