写作妙招

连词

如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。

例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词)

段落开始： But how should it be achieved? ( 连词放句首) 介词

如before, despite：后接名词或动名词

例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词

副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句）

例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句)

The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语

如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样

例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion.

The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中)

掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。

因果关系

根据词性及用法可归结于:

1. because / since/ as / for, so (连词),

2. because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词)

3. for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to） 转折关系

根据词性及用法可归结于

1. but/ while/ yet/ whereas(连词)

2. however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ on the other hand （副词和短语）

3. rather/ instead （副词）

4. rather than/ instead of （介词）

例：Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home to 6 or 7. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger. （可代替词汇 rather）

My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person‟s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. (考官钟爱词汇) 递进关系

1. moreover/ what‟s more/ furthermore/ besides/ in addition (副词) 2. in addition to/ besides/ apart from （介词）

例: Apart from these tensions caused by cultural differences, international tourism may also lead to conflicts between tourists and a local community. (可代替词汇：in addition to, besides) 让步关系

1. although/ though/ even though/ even if/while (连词) 2. in spite of/ despite （介词） 3. no matter how/when/ what （连词）

例： In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.

They are allowed to buy whatever they want, no matter how much it cost (考官高分句式)

学生学习和教师授课时，可根据以上方法对不同的关系词（如表结果，目的的连接词）进行归类。

翻看考官范文，我们发现当中有些副词（最典型为 for example, however, therefore）放在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，这种句式也是相当的经典。例如： There is, however, another problem way of defining that part of the quotation.

I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public.

They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co-ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport.

建议考生，在连接词的学习当中，我们需注意理清连接词的四类词性及各词性用法，然后把不同关系的连接词根据词性进行整理，并广泛仔细的参考高分范文尤其是考官范文当中的优美句式，连接词这一块的分数是值得期待的。 建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组

1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：

When all things are considered , young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.

这句话当中的“ when all things are considered ”和“ in my opinion “都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：

Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents. 2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：

Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.

“ due to the fact that ”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：

Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now. 建议二： 避免重复

1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子： : The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.

large 对一个 farm 来说就是 size 方面的 large ，所以 in size 可以去掉，改为： The farm my grandfather grew up on was large. 更简洁的表达方式为：

My grandfather grew up on a large farm.

2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：

My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents' farm. 这里的 over and over again 就可以改为 repeatedly ，显得更为简洁： My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents' farm. 建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构

选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。以下原则是在考虑选择何种语法结构时可以参考的原则：

1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如： . The situation that resulted in my grandfather's not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.

从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“ grandfather's not being able to study ”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是 situation ，谓语动词是 was ，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：

My grandfather couldn't study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.

2. 避免频繁使用“ there be ”结构，例如下面的句子：

There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather. 可以改为：

My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day. 更简洁的句式为：

My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily. 3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：

Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote. 简介的表达方式为：

The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university. 4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：

In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather's family.

本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭 -my grandfather's

family ”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了 cows 和 hay 。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：

In the fall, my grandfather's family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.

5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话： My grandfather didn't have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.

Stand around doing nothing 其实可以用一个动词来表达，即 loiter ： My grandfather didn't have time to loiter with his school friends.

6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如： Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree. 两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：

Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree. 科技类

1.advanced science 尖端科学 2.scientific invention 科学发明

3.exert a far-reaching impact on… 对…产生一种深远的影响 4.double-edged sword 双刃剑

5.earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变

6.pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路

7.lay a solid foundation for… 为…打下良好的基础 8.energy crisis 能源危机

9.depletion of resources 能源消耗 10.milestone 里程碑

11.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 12.technical innovation 科技创新 13.expediency 权宜之计 14.antithetical 与…背道而驰的

15.over-commercialized 过渡商业化的 16.a heated discussion 热烈的讨论 17.exhaust gas 废气 18.disastrous 灾难性的 19.overshadow 使…相形见绌 20.compared to/with… 与…相比 21.usher in 引领

22.speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适 23.opposite forces 负面影响 24.a fatal breakdown 致命故障 25.potential hazards 潜在危险 26.pose a threat to… 对…有一种威胁

27.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展 28.accelerate 加速…

29.means of transportation 交通方式 30.transportation tools 交通工具

31.social status 社会地位

32.environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源 33.make people’s life easier 使人们生活更方便 34.alternative fuel 可替代燃料

35.sustainable development 可持续性发展 36.scientific exploration 科学探索 37.air travel 航空旅行 38.ridiculous 可笑的 39.absurd 荒唐的 40.substitute 取代

41.overcome difficulties 克服困难 42.make progress 取得进步

43.a sense of national pride 民族自豪感 44.unprecedented 前所未有的 45.soaring 不断上升的

46.give a great push to the economic growth 极大地推动了经济发展

47.see dramatic breakthroughs 取得突破性进展 48.aggravate 使恶化 49.optimize 优化

50.cure-all solution 万能良药 文化类二

1.cultural diversity 文化多元化 2.cultural treasures 文化宝藏

3.cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 4.cultural reconstruction 文化重建 5.spiritual civilization 精神文明 6.heritage 遗产

7.achievements of art 艺术成就 8.tear down 拆除

9.humane historical sites 人文历史遗址 10.preserve the cultural relics 保护文化遗产 11.blueprint 蓝图 12.skyscraper 摩天大楼

13.high-rise office buildings 高层写字楼 14.city construction 城市建设 15.well-structured 结构良好的 16.crystallization 结晶 17.visual enjoyment 视觉享受 18.driving force 驱动力 19.reconstruct 重建 20.destruct 破坏

21.architectural industry 建筑工业 22.map out 制定出 23.city designing 城市设计 24.beautify our life 美化我们的生活 25.human civilization 人类文明 26.cradle of culture 文化摇篮

27.mainstream culture 主流文化 28.cultural traditions 文化传统 29.national pride 民族自豪

30.local customs and practices 风土人情 31.attract people’s eyes 吸引人们的眼球 32.artistic taste 艺术品味 33.cornerstone 基石

34.be closely interrelated with… 与…有密切关系 35.adhere to the tradition 坚持传统 36.architectural vandalism 破坏建筑行为 37.carry forward … 弘扬… 38.cultural needs 文化需求 39.reputation 声望

40.maintain the world peace 维护世界和平 41.artistic reflection 艺术反映 42.give publicity to… 宣传… 43.burden 负担

44.cause irreversible damage 造成不可逆转的损失 45.national identity and value 民族特性和价值观

46.remove prejudice and misunderstanding 消除偏见和误解 47.symbol 象征

48.artistic standards 艺术水准 49.enjoy great popularity 广受欢迎 50.cultural devolution 文化退化

文化类一

1.cultural insights 文化视角 2.learn about the would 了解世界

3.a thrilling experience 一种令人激动的经历 4.abstract 抽象的 5.concrete 具体的

6.move somebody to tears 使…感动落泪 7.get relaxed and entertained 得到放松和娱乐 8.venue 场所

9.has its value 有其自己价值 10.inspiration 灵感

11.scope of knowledge 知识面 12.spread knowledge 传播知识

13.lasting artistic works 永恒的艺术作品 14.abstruse 深奥的

15.break with old customs 抛弃传统

16.carry down from generation to generation 代代相传 17.advocate the new lifestyle. 倡导新的生活方式 18.entertainment 娱乐

19.be different from … 与…不同 20.direct experience 直接经验 21.echo 共识

22.satiate people’s psychological demands 满足心理需求 23.attach more importance to … 更重视…

24.spiritual enhancement 精神升华 25.a mirror of … 是…的一面镜子 26.determinant 决定性因素 27.eclipse 使…相形见绌 28.contribute to … 有助于…

29.a sense of cool and satisfaction 一种惬意的感觉 30.pastimes 消遣方式

31.nurture imagination 培养想象力 32.meditation 沉思

33.an essence of immortality 永恒的精髓 34.instructive 有启发性的 35.edification 熏陶

36.arouse one’s curiosity about something 引发某人对某事的好奇心 37.enrich one’s knowledge 丰富某人知识 38.value of knowledge 知识的价值 39.cultural differences 文化差异性

40.time is fleeting and art is long 时光飞逝，艺术永恒 I 背景介绍：

无论是大多数考生备考的过程中，还是从历年来考试四项的中国考生平均分，都可以反映出中国考生在雅思写作方面的薄弱。因为写作是最能体现个人的语言运用能力和水平的，所以不像其他课程可以通过短期的特训得到很快的提高，而是要求考生花时间对词汇，句型，语法等等内容的整理，记忆，以及运用。 在具体写作的过程中，考生要遇到的第一步事情应该是引言段的写作。俗话说，万事开头难。很多考生不知道如何开头，浪费时间，导致无法在规定时间内完成250个单词的大作文。其实，就笔者归纳，引言段可先通过对background 的描写来引出话题。

II Background 方法介绍

笔者就从教来的总结归纳来介绍Background的写作，认为应该从内容同句型上同时做到补充。下面先给大家介绍下扩充背景句的方法：

1）. 追根溯源法。即从题目给出的话题中找出这个现象产生的原因来扩展背景句。这种方法适合大多数的话题，考生要尽量在考前做练习，这样在考试就可以得心应手了。 请看下面的例子：

There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? (高分范文P76)

这个题目中给出的话题是mobile phone，所以考生可以从它产生的原因来考虑，就是科技的繁荣，而科技的繁荣，手机的广泛使用是在20世纪末，这样背景句就有内容可写了。当然要通过相应的句型来写了。如 … (time) witnessed …

这个背景句就可以写成： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone. 再看一例：

Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?

这题要求大家讨论大学是提供职业技能还是传授知识。那从传统观点来看，大学是传授知识的地方，为什么会提出要传授技能呢，所以这里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已经成为当今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大学就转移到以传授技能为主了。那当然还是要结合句型，这里可以用as 引导的原因状语从句。

参考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career.

2）. 重述法。即对关于这个话题的当前现状的重述。

请看一例：

Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。

本题的话题关于压力，那考生可从当前社会现象来考虑这个问题，考生不难想出当下对压力这一现象的情况，即很多人都在承受着或多或少的压力。可用it is generally believed that … 形式主语的句型。

参考: It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.

再看一例：

Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

本题话题为环境问题，考生也可用重述法对当前环境问题进行重述，这时，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表时间的介词短语来引导一个叙述句型。 参考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public. (引自雅思高分范文p16)

3）. 定义法。即通过对话题词的定义的介绍，这种方法有一定难度，考生需要有渊博的知识，才能做到对名词的解释，但对特别明显的词语，考生可借鉴这种方法。 请看一例：

The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as

computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

本题中的话题词为图书馆，可以解释的词也是图书馆比较方便容易。那么到底如何解释呢，比如说图书馆在传统意义上来看，是收藏书的地方，而现在因为科技发展，使得图书馆的意义发生改变，从而引出话题。这里同样可以用形式主语：

It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.

III Background 句型介绍：

从以上的分析，我们发现在内容上是有方法了，不难从内容上找材料，可是如果句型积累不多的话，写出来的句子也是无法得到高分的，所以接下来，为大家介绍下常用的高分句型。 1）. It is … that … It is … who … 强调句型

Eg It is the traditions in Beijing that attract many foreign tourists. 下面是考官范文里的句子：

It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person‟s personality and dictates how that personality develops.

2）. It is generally believed It is the case that …

It is apparent that … 等形式主语

Eg It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collar workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.

3）. 状语前置

下面是剑6的高分范文中的句子:

In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.

Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.

4）. 时间引导的叙述句型

Lately, the problem of unemployment has been brought to popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.

根据以上笔者的分析，考生可通过这两个方面来做到背景句的描写，从而在开头就吸引考官的注意力，好的开始是成功的一半，有了好的开始，为考生在写作中做到思路清晰，以及节省时间都打了坚实的基础。

倒装共分两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将全部谓语动词都放在主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其放在主语之前。

A 全部倒装：把全部谓语放在主语前 1.there be句型(特殊的全部倒装句型)

There are bloody contents, violence and pornography in the Internet. 2 .there \\ here \\ now \\ then放在句首时，句子进行全部倒装。 Now is the time to take action.

3.方位状语开头时，句子进行全部倒装。

In books are embalmed the greatest thoughts of all ages.

4.主语与表语互换位置(当主语过长而表语过短时，可以把主语与表语互换位置从而构成全部倒装)

Well-known is that energy crisis poses a threat to the society.

5.伴随状语开头(With或Along with放在句首时，句子应该全部倒装) With globalization have come many problems.

B 部分倒装：只将情态动词、助动词或系动词放在主语前 1. only +单词、词组、状语从句位于句首，句子进行部分倒装。 Only through education can we rise in the world. 2.以否定意义状语开头，句子进行部分倒装。

Never has this topic failed to fascinate people. 3. neither nor开头，句子进行部分倒装。

Economic success is not the only factor in achieving happiness, neither is social status.

4 .so开头，句子进行部分倒装。

Success teaches us something about ourselves. So does failure.

5.always \\ often \\ particularly \\ many times \\ many a time 放在句首时，句子进行部分倒装。

Always am I amazed when I hear people saying that computers can replace teachers.

6.让步状语从句由though或as引导时可用倒装，将表语放在句子最前面。 Fascinating as computers utilized in education seem, teachers’roles are more imperative.

7 .so that 引导的结果状语从句可用倒装。

So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.

雅思写作佳句赏析

1The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past.

赏析：定语从句，表语从句和比较状语从句三个从句的结合。表义清晰，是表达原因时必备的句型。 2On the one hand, some people are in favor of the idea that advertisement should not be banned

赏析：插入语和同位语从句的结合。引述别人观点或提出自己观点时必备的句型。雅思（如：However, I am in favor of the idea that violence shown in media should be banned.）

3To be frank, it is quite impossible for people to reach an absolute consensus on this controversial issue. 赏析：插入语和不定式形式主语结构的结合。提出自己观点时必备的句型。（to be frank=to be honest=to tell the truth=frankly=honestly=honestly speaking=frankly speaking. It is quite impossible for people to do something反义表达：It is quite possible for people to do something）

4Another reason is that old employees cannot adapt themselves to the rapid pace of the society.

赏析：雅思表语从句和词组的结合。表义清晰，是表达原因时必备的句型。(reason=cause=factor=element rapid=eye-catching=eye-dazzling）

5Whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on

whether the circumstances allow such a development.

赏析：主语从句和宾语从句的结合。提出自己观点时必备的句型。

( 如：Whether we find a joke funny or not depends on where we have been brought up.)

6 In my opinion, the evolution of雅思 society and the development of economy result in the growth of culture.

赏析：插入语和词组的结合。提出自己观点时必备的句型。

（in my pinion=personally=personally speaking=as far as I am concerned=from my point of view=from my perspective=in my view=to my mind=as far as I know=as I see it=as for me= I think=I believe=I do believe=I do strongly believe=I insist=I maintain=I hold=I am fully convinced =I am firmly convinced） 7Many people regard the computer as the magic machine.

赏析：词组表义清晰，引述别人观点或提出自己观点时必备的句型。（regard something as 雅思something=accept something as something = treat something as something =take something as something =describe something as something =look upon something as something =recognize something as something =consider something as something ）

8An argument occasionally these days is that some people often think machine translation can replace the children's study of a foreign language.

赏析：赏析：表语从句和宾语从句的结合。提出自己观点或陈述背景时必备的句型。（An argument occasionally these days is that some people often think schools are of no use in the „Internet Age‟.） 9Personally, I do not support this view .

赏析：反驳别人观点时必备的句型。（I do not support this view=I am always amazed when I hear people say so= I am always amazed when I hear people saying so= Always am I amazed when I hear people say so= Always am I amazed when I hear people saying so=Nothing is further from the truth than this pinion= Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion is= Nothing is further from the truth than is this pinion= Nothing is further from the truth than this view= Nothing is further from the truth than this view is= Nothing is further from the truth than is this view= Nothing is further from the truth than this point of view= Nothing is further from the truth than this point of view is= Nothing is further from the truth than is this point of view= Nothing is further from the truth than this statement= Nothing is further from the truth than this statement is= 雅思Nothing is further from the truth than is this statement= Nothing is further from the truth than this viewpoint= Nothing is further from the truth than this viewpoint is= Nothing is further from the truth than is this viewpoint 10Care and equity are the best way to solve this serious problem.

赏析：词组使用得当。提出观点时必备的句型。（以下名词习惯于加不定式做后置定语：ability，movement，ambition，effort， need，campaign，failure，opportunity，chance，force，promise，courage，intention，reason，decision，method，determination，motive， struggle, tendency，wish. ）

在很多考生的概念中，议论文是辩论式的文章，需要摆事实、讲道理。他们认为，

用“说理”性的文字来证明自己的观点才是最具有说服力的，相对而言，用太多的个人经历、情绪、喜好等“个性化”内容作为论据则会因为缺乏“普遍适用性”不够

让人信服。这样的想法也不无道理，确实，有些学生的文章出现了过多的以“I”引出的个人经历式论据，过多的谈论自己经历的某些事件，使文章偏离了辩论的初衷，反倒有点像记叙文，这就是教师需要题型学生要注意避免的问题了。 然而适当地在文章中穿插一些与个人经历或个人喜好有关的一些描述，会使文章变得更富个性化色彩，语言显得更为活泼生动，在千篇一律的说理式文章中显得更为出众，给考官留下好的印象。此外，个性经历式的描述从语言说上比较具体，考生在语言组织方面也会轻松很多。那么如何进行个性化思路的表达呢？本文将从议论文的引言段、主体段和结尾段出发，分析一些具有个性化思路的范文，并总结一些议论文个性化表达的方案。 一、引言段部分的个性化表达：

一个好的引言段对议论文的作用不言而喻，比较常规的写法是在引言段的开始对议论文的话题作背景陈述，通常是大致介绍考题中所涉及的事物或行为在当今社会的总体情况或特征。这种写作方式中规中矩，但很难表现出个性化色彩。导致很多文章总是在用“Nowadays…”、“With the development of…”等千篇一律的套句。而个性化的表达可以使文章的背景介绍与自己的亲身经历相结合，使文章变得更为鲜活，开头段便显得与众不同，引起考官的注意。下面来看一个例子： People in the modern world are enjoying greater wealth but they are not as fit and active as they were in the past. What are the reasons？ Suggest some measures to solve this problem.

I keep on nodding in agreement when seeing the background information of the question. I myself have always been struggling not to be overweight. Unfortunately， like most others， I failed. As to why people nowadays are not as fit and active as they were， various factors can be identified. 二，主体段（理由段）中的个性化表达：

主体段（理由段）是比较难以进行个性化表达的部分，或者说在理由段进行个性化表达要特别注意“分寸”，因为如果理由段中的个性化表达过多，则会造成前文所说到的降低文章论据“普遍实用性”和说服力的结果。那么如何达到个性化和说服力的平衡性呢？我们可以先看两段文字

Some people warn that the era of the silver screen is coming to an end and that people will eventually lose interest in going to the cinema. Do you agree or disagree with this view？

个性化理由段－讨论interest in going to the cinema

However， the cinemas in my home country are still full every weekend and when a new film is released we are all keen to go and watch it. In fact， many small cinemas have been rebuilt and we can now go to large centres that have six or eight

cinema screens and show up to ten different films a night. An evening out at the cinema is fun and some films， particularly horror and science fiction films， are much better on the big screen.

There are many different types of music in the world today. Why do we need music？ Is the traditional music of a country more important than the international music that is heard everywhere nowadays？

个性化理由段－讨论international music重要性

However， there is one reason why international music may be more important， and that is since it is widely liked internationally， it helps unite the world. I noticed this in Korea， when I saw young Korean boys dancing in unison to modern rock music. The traditional Korean music is often too difficult， high toned and not relevant to the lives of younger people.

在第一段话中，作者结合自己国家的电影市场情况说，说明人们还是有兴趣去电影院看电影的；在第二段话中，作者结合自己去韩国旅游的所见所闻证明了国际音乐的重要性。可以看出，这两个主体段的理由陈述都是和个人经历相结合的，所以文章显得很有个性化，但却完全不失辩论力度。这样的理由段写作方法也是值得教学中让学生体会和尝试的。 三，结尾段中的个性化表达：

在议论文写作中，结尾段通常是观点的重申。很多学生因为表达方式的缺乏，会觉得重述观点是一件比较困难的事，因此文章匆忙结尾。而适当加入个性化的思路表达，可以使文章的结尾变得更加生动。比如下面这段结尾： 结尾段强调保持健康的重要性：

I believe that all of us can imagine the daring consequences of living a life without a sound body. Therefore I decide to walk home instead of taking a taxi. 总而言之，个性化的表达可以出现在文章的引言段、主体段和结尾段，这些个性化的文字与传统说理辩论式语言一样，都能够达到清晰地提出或证明观点的目的。巧妙地使用这些个性化的语言和思路，可以使文章的辩论变得“平易近人”且别具一格。

雅思真题经典句子提炼

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.

美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该典型的草原动物。

2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在

二十一世纪的回归呢？

3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.

人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.

由于其对人体的影响刺激，一般使用酚作为防腐剂已基本停止。

5. Any profit organizations to survive and ultimately consumers must produce usable or needed products.

任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one‘s meaning.

简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。

10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.

膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。

11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。

12. Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.

Billie Holiday‘s作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。

13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.

理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。

14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.

儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了

Space Research

1. The oldest and purest of the arguments for space exploration is the advancement of science and technology.

2. We will go into space, not to bring back things which make us richer or more comfortable here on Earth. We will go there to live and make it our home.

3. The exploration to the universe is a high ideal –space truly is the final frontier . 4. The instinct to explore is fundamentally human; already some of our most amazing achievements have taken place in space. 5. No one can deny the sense of wonder.

6. The exploitation of space has directly changed our world. Satellites orbiting the Earth allow us to communicate instantaneously with people on different continents, and to broadcast to people all over the world.

7. Weather satellites save lives by giving advance warning of adverse conditions, and together with other scientific instruments in orbit they have helped us understand our own world better.

8. Space exploration is an investment in the future. Our world is rapidly running out of resources. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.

9. Space exploration open us new world and adds to our knowledge, enabling human being to know more about the universe as well as about the earth.

10. Space exploration helps to acquire new resources to mitigate the energy crisis (shortage). There may be some new kinds of natural resource in other planets. 11. Space exploration may find new living places for human being to solve the

problem of overpopulation. There is possibility that one day mankind may emigrate to other planets.

12. Space exploration is necessary for future. If we want to progress in the world then we should continue space exploration.

Pros and Cons of Tourism

1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.

2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.

3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.

4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.

5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.

6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating

scenery and interesting local culture.

7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce . 8. Tourism is the world‟s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world‟s income and employs almost one-tenth of world‟s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism‟s actual and potential economic impact is astounding. 9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction. 10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.

11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.

Cons:

1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one‟s own culture and make the world less colorful than before. 2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life. 3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution. Museums and Galleries Purposes:

1. Museum and related heritage institutions provide people with an enhanced awareness of our diverse heritage and our place in the world. They promote understanding and appreciation of our diverse cultures, landscapes, stories and experiences.

2. Museums contribute to the enrichment of the lives of people.

3. Guarantee the availability and use of the collections in research and teaching. 4. Collections and exhibitions reflect the cultural and social diversity.

5. Museums and galleries make an important contribution to education, scholarship, citizenship , social inclusion and tourism.

6. Generally promote the public‟s enjoyment and understanding of painting and other fine art both by means of the collection and by such other means as they consider appropriate .

How to Support and Develop the Museum and Gallery:

1. The government sets up more state funded museums and art school.

2. Increase education personnel and facilities in museums and galleries, as well as support schools with the cost of visits.

3. We should actively seek to attract additional sources of funding in order to increase the total pool of money available.

4. Museums should be taken to raise standards of collection care or management. 5. The government should refund those museum and galleries which offer free admissions to the public.

6. Seek the financial support of corporations , non-profit foundations and individuals who share its goal of preserving the cultural legacy of the museums. Positive Side:

1. Television is one of the most important forms of entertainment and communication. 2. Television has the power to educate and to entertain.

3. There is probably no greater influence on society than the television, which has saturated our lives.

4. Children watch TV to receive the daily news.

5. TV plays a big role in a child‟s life. It teaches them new words and shows them things they have never seen before.

6. The TV was brought in to our world to give us a new sense of entertainment, world news and endless amounts of information. 7. Television can also promote pro-social behavior.

8. Television can exert its strongest pro-social influence in the area of learning and cognitive development.

Negative Side:

1. A child who often indulges in TV doesn‟t know the difference between reality and fantasy .

2. Children have undeveloped minds, which can not conceive the information the same way that adults do.

3. Given our national television habit, it is no surprise that we are raising the most sedentary and most overweight generation of youngsters in history.

4. The health consequences of this overabundance of TV viewing include an increase in obesity among kids due to a sedentary lifestyle, and the flip side, an increase in dieting disorders due to the unrealistic expectations set up by thin actors on television shows and commercials.

Advertising For:

1. Advertising promotes and popularizes new products and give people everywhere the maximum choice of products and choice.

2. Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well-designed with

vivid pictures and witty language, artistic photography and witty slogan ; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives. They are a par indispensable to modern society. 3. Advertising brings convenience to people‟s lives.

4. Advertising plays an important role in our economic life and is indispensable to the consumer society.

5. It is a kind of visual enjoyment to look at some witty works of advertising which add beauty to the cityscape .

Against:

1. Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment. They are regarded as rubbish and a blemish on the landscape of the city. They disfigure our cities,

2. Advertisements are not always truthful, and a product is often misrepresented , false and deceptive . Many advertisements are fictitious , exaggerating, misleading and flying in the face of truth.

3. Advertisements are an insidious form. of brainwashing. Some are mislead and tend to induce people to spend more and create demand for things we do not need. 4. It is very disturbing that TV programs are interrupted by advertisements, and mailboxes are stuffed with rubbish. Nuisance to TV viewers: constant interruption spoils the viewing. We can do nothing but accept it passively.