高一英语阅读理解(科普环保)试题(有答案和解析)

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类 1．犇犇阅读理解

A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are \"striking\" and should encourage research efforts.

Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk - such as pregnant women - would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.

Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice – one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an inactive (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.

Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine. There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA-based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last. （1）If the tests in humans go smoothly, . A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away. B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine. C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.

D. The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months. （2）Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine. B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice. C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.

D. It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective. （3）Which can be the best title for the passage? A. Zika vaccine 'works very well' in mice B. Zika vaccine still has a long way to go C. International researches into Zika have paid off D. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine 【答案】 （1）C （2）B

（3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk - such as pregnant women - would still be years away\"可知，但是，即使这些进展顺利，一种广泛用于保护高危人群的授权疫苗仍需数年时间，也就是说如果人体试验进展顺利的话，短期内仍无法获得授权疫苗，故选C。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice\"可知，美国科学家在白鼠身上只测试了两种而不是两种以上的寨卡病毒，故选B。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的\"A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus,\"可知，一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是寨卡病毒疫苗对小白鼠非常有效，故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

In my memory, winters always used to be really unpleasant. You had to bundle up just to keep warm when you went outside. You were often cold, wet, slip on the ice, and you'd arrive home to an ice-cold house. And that would mean turning on the heating and waiting. It's a miracle you didn't get cold to the bone.

Fortunately, things don't have to be so challenging any more. Technology, engine ring and design have advanced giving us new solutions to old problems. It means dealing with winter needn't be like skating on thin ice.

With a smart thermostat (温度自动调节器), our homes can be warm when we need them to be. Many models feature smartphone apps that allow you to control temperature remotely, so we can warm up the house before we arrive home. According to techradar.com, Tado's model features voice control, while the Nest 'leans' your habits and automatically heats the home for you.

Clothes have been given an upgrade, too. Electronic thermal jackets, sweaters and coats heat up when you turn them on. What better way to keep warm in the dead of winter? At the touch of a button, or through an app on our phones, the clothing generates heat from elements placed inside. Many models offer three levels of heating which stay warm for over 12 hours. .

Finally, there is the clothing for the head, beanie s and Earmuff, that feature speakers included in the fabric using Bluetooth technology so we can listen to our favourite music or, in some cases, have a phone callusing the in-built microphone. All while keeping the head warm and avoiding a cold.

For many, the thought of winter used to be enough to make their blood run cold. But using technology, life needn't freeze up. With the right solutions, there's no reason why winter can't be really, really cool.

（1）What do the underlined words \"bundle up\" mean in Para.1?

A. Fix an air conditioner. B. Take a hot bath. C. Run a lot. D. Put on more clothes. （2）How does electronic thermal clothing work? A. The equipment placed inside the clothing produces heat. B. It needs to be warned up before being used.

C. The thermostat heat up automatically when the temperature is low. D. It keeps warm for over 12 hours after being charged fox an hour.

（3）From the passage, we can lean the following statements EXCEPT that ________. A. Tado's model can be controlled by saying something to it

B. with the in-built speaker and microphone, Beanies and Earmuffs users can have a phone call C. technology can do nothing to make winter less rough D. Bluetooth technology is used in the clothing for the head （4）What's the best title of this passage?

A. A Smart Thermostat B. A Modern winter C. Ways of keeping warm D. An unpleasant winter 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的\"In my memory, winters always used to be really unpleasant. You had to bundle up just to keep warm when you went outside. \"可知，在我的记忆中，冬天总是很不令人愉快。你外出时必须穿得暖和一点。所以通过\" keep warm\"可知，外出时要想暖和一些，就要多穿衣服。故判断出第1段中带下划线的单词\"bundle up\"是多穿点衣服。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的\" At the touch of a button, or through an app on our phones, the clothing generates heat from elements placed inside. \"可知，只要按下按钮，或者通过手机上

应用程序，安装在衣服内部的电子元件就会产生热量。所以电子保暖服装工

作的原理是安装在衣服内部的电子元件产生热量。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"Fortunately, things don't have to be so challenging any more. Technology, engine ring and design have advanced giving us new solutions to old problems\"可知，幸运的是，事情不需要再这么有挑战性了。先进的技术、引擎环和设计为我们提供了解决老问题的新方法。所以C选项\"科技无法让冬天变得不那么难熬\"不符合短文说明的内容。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随

着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。所以短文的最佳标题为\"让现代科技温暖你的冬日\"。故B选项\"让现代科技温暖你的冬日\"符合题意。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

A new study suggests a link between exposure to greenery and reduced desires for alcohol cigarette and junk food.

The study is the first to investigate the possible relationships between exposure to nature and desires and negative emotions. Researchers at the University of Plymouth's School of Psychology surveyed 149 respondents (应答者) aged 21 o 65 about the proportion( 比例 )of green space in their neighborhood, the presence of green views from their home, their access to a garden and how often they use public green space. The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety, as well as desires for things like caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. Participants rated the intensity( 强度), imagery, and intrusiveness(侵扰性) of their desires on an 11-point scale.

Researchers found the presence of visible green space contributed to decreased desires for junk food. The effect was particularly noticeable when more than 25 percent of a respondent's view was greenery.

Previous scholarship(学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University of Michigan found 90- minute group nature walks were effective at combatting depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don't have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.

\"It has been known for some time that being outdoors in nature is linked to a person's well-being,\" lead author Leanne Martin said in a statement.\" But for there to be a similar association with desires from simply being able to see green space adds a new dimension to the previous research.\"

A 2018 study from Denmark's Aarhus University for example, found that. Having access to green space throughout childhood decreased a person's risk of developing mental health problems as an adult.

（1）What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A.The results of the new study. B.The purpose of the new study. C.The significance of the new study. D.The content of the new study.

（2）What does the underlined word \"combatting\" in paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Reducing.

B.Developing. C.Understanding. D.Encouraging

（3）According to the passage, the new study _____. A.mainly referred to exercise in nature

B.has enriched the previous research to some degree C.was carried out by the University of Michigan

D.found exposure to greenery helped cure mental problems （4）n which section of a newspaper may this passage appear? A.Entertainment B.Business World C.Tech &Science D.Environment 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）B （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的研究成果---多看绿色植物和吃垃圾食品这两者看似风马牛不相及，可研究结构却表明它们之间存在着一种奇妙的关系：多看绿色植物能帮助人们克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的 “Researchers …surveyed 149 respondents aged 21 o 65 about the proportion of green space in their neighborhood…”研究人员调查了年龄在21~65岁之间的149名参与者小区内的绿植比例……；以及“The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety…”研究中还问了与抑郁及焦虑有关的问题……等可知，第二段主要介绍了新研究的调查内容，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据常识可知，在大自然中散步对人体有各种各样的好处，再结合句中出现的“relieving other mood disorders(缓解其他情绪紊乱)”不难推断出， combatting depression应表示“减轻抑郁”。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“…adds a new dimension(方面) to the previous research”为以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某种程度上丰富了之前的研究成果。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一项科学研究的研究成果，所以该文章最有可能出现在“技术与科学”版块。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

Some people sit outside for hours without getting bitten by mosquitoes, but it always seems like you're being eaten alive within minutes of stepping outdoors.

If this is you, you're not alone. According to Smithsonian Magazine, around 20 percent of people in the world are especially tasty to mosquitoes. What about these people makes mosquitoes' mouths water?

A popular myth claims that mosquitoes prefer certain blood types, but the fact is that they simply can't tell what your blood type is from a faraway place. Jonathon Day, a professor of medical entomology (昆虫学) at the University of Florida in the US, told NBC it's not complicated. \"The two most important reasons a mosquito is attracted to you have to do with sight and smell.\" Mosquitoes are especially active in the late afternoon. While flying along, they use their sense of smell to find possible targets. They find victims (攻击对象) by smelling the carbon dioxide (CO2) breathed out by humans and animals. That's why you commonly find them in crowded streets and parks.

Joop van Loon, an entomologist at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, told Live Science, \"Mosquitoes start orienting (使......朝向) themselves to carbon dioxide and keep flying upwind as they sense higher concentrations (浓度).\"

As a result, people who simply exhale (呼出) more of the gas over time – generally, larger people – have been shown to attract more mosquitoes than others. \"This is why kids don't get bitten as much ... as adults,\" US professor Ted Rosen told Science Alert.

This love for CO2 can also put pregnant women at increased risk for mosquito bites, as they tend to exhale 21 percent more CO2 than people of the same age and size who aren't pregnant. In addition to carbon dioxide, the color of the clothes you wear also plays a role in attracting mosquitoes.

According to Live Science, mosquitoes can lock onto targets from up to 50 meters away. At this distance, what we wear has a huge effect. Due to their vision (视觉), people wearing dark colors are more likely to become targets.

Being bitten by mosquitoes is annoying, but don't worry. Some simple tips can help ward them off. Scientists recommend that we use insect repellent (驱虫剂) and wear light-colored clothing. （1）How do mosquitoes locate their targets, according to the article? A.By seeking out bright clothes. B.By identifying different blood types. C.By sensing an increase of carbon dioxide. D.By following bigger crowds.

（2）Why are pregnant women more likely to be bitten by mosquitoes? A.Their larger size helps mosquitoes to see them. B.They breathe out more CO2. C.They are more likely to sweat. D.Their body temperatures are higher.

（3）How does the article advise you to avoid mosquitoes? A.Exercise regularly. B.Wear light-colored clothing. C.Keep your skin dry and clean. D.Stay indoors in the evening.

（4）What's the article mainly about? A.A new finding about mosquitoes. B.How people can avoid mosquito bites. C.A popular myth about mosquitoes.

D.Why some people are more attractive to mosquitoes than others. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）B （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为什么有些人可以整个夏天坐在户外乘凉却不被蚊子叮咬，而有些人一出门就好像要被蚊子吃掉一样。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“While flying along, they use their sense of smell to find possible targets. They find victims by smelling the carbon dioxide (CO2) breathed out by humans and animals. ”飞的时候，它们用嗅觉发现目标。它们通过闻人和动物呼出的二氧化碳来锁定目标；以及第五段中的“Mosquitoes start orienting themselves to carbon dioxide and keep flying upwind as they sense higher concentrations”蚊子开始飞向有二氧化碳的地方，当它们感知到高浓度的二氧化碳时，就保持逆流飞行，可知，蚊子通过感知二氧化碳的增加来锁定目标。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第七段“This love for CO2 can also put pregnant women at increased risk for mosquito bites, as they tend to exhale 21 percent more CO2 than people of the same age and size who aren't pregnant.”对二氧化碳的喜欢使得孕妇很容易被蚊子咬，因为她们比正常相同年龄，相同体型的人呼出多余21%的二氧化碳，可知，孕妇呼出更多的二氧化碳，所以更招蚊子咬。故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientists recommend that we use insect repellent and wear light-colored clothing.”科学家建议我们使用驱虫剂或者穿浅颜色的衣服。可知，文章建议我们可以通过穿浅色衣服来避免蚊子叮咬。故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“According to Smithsonian Magazine, around 20 percent of people in the world are especially tasty to mosquitoes. What about these people makes mosquitoes' mouths water?”根据Smithsonian杂志，世界上大约20%的人容易招蚊子咬。为什么这些人非常吸引蚊子呢？可知，本文探讨的话题是：为什么一些人比其他人更容易招蚊子。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

Some years ago, Michel-Andre found himself staring at the body of a dead whale on a beach in the Canary Islands. It was obvious that the animal had been struck violently by a ship——but why? Only later, after surveying the whales which lived in the area and measuring the increase of sound pollution from ships did it become clear that there was a link.

The whales had become desensitised to the noise of approaching boats and were being struck by them, often seriously. \"We never thought that this could be something that could kill,\" recalls (回忆) Andre, who is the director of the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics at the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona.

Andre has spent 20 years developing an advanced system to better understand why incidents like this happen. His underwater microphones have exposed a world of deafening sound and animal communication never observed with such clarity(清晰) before.

It was not an easy task. Sound waves don't travel through water in the uniform, predictable way they do through the air. Instead, the temperature, salinity (盐度) and, flow of water have great effects on their path.

What can be done? One solution is to change shipping routes to courses where ships are statistically less likely to meet animals. It's also possible to slow ships down to 18km/h or less, which is less likely to seriously injure a whale.

As for dealing with the root cause of the problem, the UN's International Maritime Organisation has already published guidelines on how to quieten ships, but it will be a while before the effects of such changes might be observed.

\"The ocean is not our world,\" comments Andre. But it is ours to look after. And thanks to his work, we can better understand the effects of subsea sound pollution.

（1）What does the underlined word \"desensitised\" in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Stubborn. B. Flexible. C. Dull. D. Friendly. （2）What's one way to solve the problem according to the text? A. To lower the speed of ships. B. To reduce the number of ships.

C. To set up preserves under the sea. D. To give the injured animals timely treatment. （3）What is the author's attitude towards what Michel Andre has done? A. Doubtful. B. Disapproving. C. Positive. D. Uncaring. （4）What is the text mainly about?

A. A great expert. B. Noise in the sea.

C. Animals in the sea. D. Sea exploration technology. 【答案】 （1）C （2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海底噪音对海洋生物的影响以及如何降低海底噪音的问题。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的”the noise of approaching boats and were being struck by them, often seriously“可知，鲸鱼被靠近的船只碰撞，因为它们可能是对船只所产生的噪音比较“迟钝”。故可知划线部分单词意思为“迟钝的”。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的”It's also possible to slow ships down to 18 km/h or less, which is less likely to seriously injure a whale.“也有可能将船只减速到每小时18公里或更少，这样就不太可能严重伤害鲸鱼。可知，降低船只速度是文中提到的一种解决办法。故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”And thanks to his work, we can better understand the effects of subsea sound pollution.“由于他的工作，我们可以更好地了解海底声音污染的影响。可知，作者对Michel Andre所做的工作十分认可。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了海底噪音对海洋生物的影响以及如何降低海底噪音的问题，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

Compared with solar and wind energy, which are booming, tidal (潮汐的) power is a loser in the clean - energy competition. But if you did want to build a tidal power station, there are few better sites than the mouth of the River Severn, in Britain. Its tidal range, the difference in depth between high and low tides, of around 15 metres is among the largest in the world.

Engineers and governments have been toying with the idea since at least 1925. But none of the suggested projects has materialised. Price is one objection. A study thought that tidal energy might cost between ￡216 and ￡368 ($306 - 521) per MWh of electricity by 2025, compared with ￡58 - 75 for seagoing wind turbines (轮机) and ￡55 - 76 for solar panels. Environmentalists also worry that any plant would change the tides, making life harder for wildlife.

An engineer called Rod Rainey thinks he has a way around both problems. He plans to replace the conventional turbines of previous plans with a much older technology. Specifically, he plans to span (横跨) the river mouth with a line of water wheels. This is a design that dates back to the early days of the Industrial Revolution. Examples can be found fixed to the sides of old watermills (水磨).

But there would be nothing old - fashioned about Mr Rainey's wheels. Thirty metres high and sixty wide, they would be made from ordinary steel. Two hundred and fifty of them, along with the supporting structures, would be floated into place and secured to the seabed, creating a line 15km long. Together, they could supply power at an avenge ate of 4GW. That is about as much as two biggish nuclear power stations would manage. Substituting one of the wheels with a set of locks would provide a shipping channel about twice the width of Panama Canal, permitting upstream ports such as Avonmouth and Cardiff to continue operating. （1）What is special about the mouth of the River Seven? A. The tidal range there is about 15 meters. B. It has the largest tidal range in the world. C. The tidal power station has been built there. D. Its power plant makes life harder for wildlife.

（2）What was people's initial attitude towards tidal power? A.Opposed. B.Supportive. C.Controversial.

D.Doubtful.

（3）What are the locks used for? A.Support. B.Transportation. C.Securing wheels. D.Producing electricity.

（4）What's the best tittle for the text? A.Rainey invented turbines. B.Rainey's tidal power station. C.Tidal power in the River Seven. D.An old idea might be made practical. 【答案】 （1）A （2）A （3）B （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，潮汐能发电站虽然计划已久,但由于科学家的担心,很长时间以来都没有得以实现。而名叫Rod Rainey的工程师最近想到了解决问题的办法,虽然用的是过去的科技,但在轮上做了很大改进,这样在保证海洋生物和环境安全的同时也可大量发电。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"Its tidal range, the difference in depth between high and low tides, of around 15 metres is among the largest in the world.\"它的潮汐差,即最低和最高潮汐的深度差,是大约15米,位居世界首位。可知,the mouth of the River Severn最大的特点就是潮汐差很大。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的\"Engineers and governments have been toying with the idea since at least 1925.\"和最后一段中的\"Environmentalists also worry that any plant would change the tides, making life harder for wildlife.\"可知,工程师对潮汐电站的想法漫不经心,环境主义者担心它会给海洋生物带来危险,所以最初人们对潮汐发电站都是不支持的。故选A。 （3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的\"a set of locks would provide a shipping channel about twice the width of Panama Canal, permitting upstream ports such as Avonmouth and Cardiff to continue operating.\"可知,locks的主要作用是提供一条比巴拿马运河宽一倍的水上运输渠道,保证上游的港口能够正常运行。故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知,文章主要讲Rod Rainey用古老的方法代替传统的轮机进行潮汐发电,打破River Severn不适宜潮汐发电的旧思想。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

What a Messy Desk Says About You

For some time, psychologists have been studying how personality traits affect health and

health-related choices. Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have immaculate offices.

What has been less clear is whether neat environments can produce good habits even in those who aren't necessarily innately conscientious. To find out, researchers at the University of Minnesota conducted a series of experiments. In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in two office spaces, one of which was very neat, the other wildly cluttered (乱堆) with papers and other work-related stuff. The students spent their time filling out questionnaires unrelated to the study. After 10 minutes, they were told they could leave with an apple or a chocolate bar. Those students who sat in the orderly office were twice as likely to choose the apple as those who sat among the mess.

A second experiment, however, found that working in chaos has its advantages, too. In this one, college students were placed in a messy or a neat office and asked to dream up new uses for Ping-Pong balls. Those in messy spaces generated ideas that were significantly more creative, according to two independent judges, than those in offices where stacks of papers and other objects were neatly arranged.

The results were something of a surprise, says Dr. Vohs, the leader of the study. Few previous studies found much virtue in disorder. The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.

But in the study by Dr. Vohs, disordered offices encouraged originality and a search for novelty. In the final portion of the study, adults were given the choice of adding a health \"boost\" to their lunchtime smoothie that was labeled either \"new\" or \"classic.\" The volunteers in the messy space were far more likely to choose the new one; those in the tidy office generally chose the classic version. \"Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,\" Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, \"which can produce fresh insights.\"

The implications of these findings are also practical. \"My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project\Dr. Vohs says, \"then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.\" （1）The underlined word \"immaculate\" in paragraph 1 probably means . A. messy B. tidy C. terrible D. comfortable （2）Which of the following can best explain the broken window theory? A. Chaos begets chaos. B. Misfortune may be an actual blessing. C. Bad news has wings. D. When a door shuts, a window opens. （3）Which of the following will Dr. Vohs probably agree with? A. More virtue exists in organized people. B. Creativity results from tidiness and discipline. C. Disorderly surroundings help to create new ideas. D. Workers' good habits guarantee the success of a project. （4）What can we conclude from the study results? A. The naturally neat people tend to be very creative.

B. A messy office will cause quite low working efficiency. C. Environments can affect people's way of thinking and behavior. D. People's personalities are determined by their working environments. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）C （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项研究人类行为与环境相关的实验，实验结果表明无序混乱的环境可能更容易激发人们打破传统，产生新的见解。同时研究人员建议如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Not surprisingly, they have found that people blessed with innate conscientiousness, meaning that they are organized and predictable, typically eat better and live longer than people who are disorderly. They also tend to have…”不出所料，他们发现，天生有自觉性的人，也就是有条理、可预测的人，通常比那些不守规矩的人吃得更好，活得更久。可推知天生有自觉性有条理的人，他们也更有倾向于拥有整洁的办公室。故划线单词意思为\"整洁的\"。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“The broken window theory, proposed decades ago, holds that even slight disorder and neglect can encourage indifference and poor discipline.”几十年前提出的\"破窗理论\"认为，即使是轻微的混乱和忽视也会助长冷漠和缺乏纪律。可推知混乱产生混乱最能解释破窗理论。故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的\"Disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition,\" Dr. Vohs and her co-authors conclude in the study, \"which can produce fresh insights.\"\"无序的环境似乎激发了人们打破传统，\"沃斯博士和她的合著者在研究中总结道，\"这可以产生新的见解。\"可推知沃斯博士可能会同意杂乱的环境有助于创造新想法。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"’My advice would be, if you need to think outside the box for a future project‘, Dr. Vohs says,’then let the clutter rise and free your imagination. But if your primary goal is to eat well or to go to the gym, pick up around your office first. By doing this, the naturally messy can acquire some of the discipline of the conscientious.‘\"沃斯博士说:\"我的建议是，如果你需要在未来的项目中跳出框框思考，那就让杂乱的东西堆积起来，释放你的想象力。\"但如果你的主要目标是吃得好或去健身房，那就先在办公室里收拾一下。通过这样做，天生邋遢的人可以获得一些自觉的纪律。\"可推知我们能从研究结果中得出结论，环境可以影响人们的思维方式和行为方式。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe's

biggest online takeaway food company Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technologies to deliver food with robots on the streets of London later this month. \"Nobody has ever done deliveries with land-based robots,\" said Allan Martinson, the chief operating officer of Starship. The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate (确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier. \"Put the code in, the robot opens up, and there's your food,\" said David Buttress, chief manager of Just Eat.

The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs £ 1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the £3 to £6 it costs for a human courier. To date 30 robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themselves picked on by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London and Tallinn, Estonia.

An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine on the streets. \"The most surprising reaction has been the lack of reaction,\" said Martinson.

Another significant fear was that people would disrupt (扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it opens only with a passcode provided to the customer via a notification. \"It's much easier to shoplift than it is to steal a robot,\" said Martinson.

（1）Which of the following can replace the underlined word \"courier\" in Paragraph 2? A. deliverer B. collector C. provider D. guide （2）According to the text, the Starship robot ________. A. opens up upon hearing the code B. travels 10 miles per hour at most C. finds its way by means of GPS and cameras D. sends a message to the customer upon arrival

（3）The test of Starship robots shows that ________. A. they are easy to operate

B. the robot delivery is appreciated in big cities C. the robot delivery is cheaper than human delivery D. they can travel for 10 hours continuously

（4）Which of the following is one of the worries about Starship robots? A. Safety of the robot delivery. B. Accuracy of the robot delivery C. Peoples indifference to the robots. D. People's concern about public traffic.

（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Great Improvement of Just Eat B. Global Trend of Food Companies

C. New Robots to Move on the road

D. Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）C （4）A （5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了伦敦一家食品速递公司宣布未来会使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，目前该公司在几个城市都测试了陆地快递机器人送餐服务。未来送货机器人可能会取代人类送快递。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”可知，一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。所以这个词是“投递”的意思，故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate(确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification(通知) on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier.”可知，Starship机器人依靠全球定位系统和照相机找到路。故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs ￡1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the ￡3 to ￡6 it costs for a human courier.”可知，机器人送餐要比人送餐更便宜。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Another significant fear was that people would disrupt(扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents.”另一重大担忧就是担心人们干扰机器人，或是想把机器人及其所运物品偷走，可以推断出，担忧机器人运送的安全问题。故选A。

（5）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，特别是第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。可知，D项Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers作为标题最合适。选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Orthopedic pillows are not just like any other ordinary pillow. These products are specially made to fulfill a specific function.

People buy orthopedic pillows for several reasons. Sometimes people buy this type of pillow because their doctor has specifically recommended them to do so as part of a treatment and management plan for neck, back, or bone problems. In recent years, people have become more

aware of the science behind orthopedic pillows, which accounts for the increase in the popularity of these pillows. There has been a lot of available orthopedic pillow information for anyone interested. The science behind these pillows has also advanced significantly over the years, which means that orthopedic pillows are now more effective and useful than ever.

Orthopedic pillows help you maintain the right gesture. While traditional pillows may be very comfortable, they do not necessarily promote the proper gesture as you sleep, which is proved to be important for your health. It also helps you avoid waking up with a host of body aches and pains. Among the most common causes of back and neck pains is sleeping without adequate support. Orthopedic pillows can provide you with the necessary support that will keep these kinds of body pains away. The pillow is specifically designed to conform to the natural contours (轮廓) of your body, thus ensuring that your skeletal structure is kept in proper alignment (直线) throughout the night and that no part of your body is subjected to too much pressure, which leads to pain.

Of course, it is understandable that you may find an orthopedic pillow a bit uncomfortable the first time you use it, but that is true with any new experience. The materials used in manufacturing these pillows are ideal for the kind of sleep that you are looking for.

Just like any product in the market, there is a disadvantage to an orthopedic pillow as well. They are usually more expensive than traditional pillows. But, if you treat the purchase as an investment on your health, it may be a lot easier for you to part with the cash. （1）What makes orthopedic pillows increasingly popular? A. People's worries about sleep loss. B. Doctors' specific recommendation. C. The advancement of medical sciences.

D. Their good effects on decreasing back and neck pains.

（2）Orthopedic pillows are superior to traditional pillows mainly in that ________. A. materials used in orthopedic pillows are much more ideal B. orthopedic pillows promote the proper sleeping posture C. orthopedic pillows may make sleepers more comfortable D. people's body pains will be cured by using orthopedic pillows

（3）What causes body pains when one is sleeping according to the passage? A. Proper alignment. B. A thick quilt. C. The skeletal structure. D. Lack of support. （4）What does the author think of orthopedic pillows?

A. They are just worth the price. B. They can bear a little pressure. C. They help cure people's disease. D. They have shortcomings in function. （5）What is the passage mainly about? A. The impacts of pillows on people's health. B. The market prospect of orthopedic pillows. C. Benefits and drawbacks of using orthopedic pillows. D. Scientific secrets behind orthopedic pillows. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B

（3）D （4）A （5）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矫形枕头的功用及其优缺点。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Sometimes people buy this type of pillow because their doctor has specifically recommended them to do so as part of a treatment and management plan for neck, back, or bone problems. In recent years, people have become ... the popularity of these pillows.”可知，矫形枕头越来越流行的原因在于可以治疗和缓解颈部、背部以及骨头问题，故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Orthopedic pillows help you maintain the right gesture. While traditional pillows may be very comfortable, they do not necessarily promote the proper gesture as you sleep, which is proved to be important for your health.”可知，矫形枕头优于传统枕头主要在于矫形枕头可以帮助人保持正确的睡姿，故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Among the most common causes of back and neck pains is sleeping without adequate support.”可知，睡觉时候背部和颈部疼痛的最常见原因是睡觉的时候没有足够的支撑，故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“They are usually more expensive than traditional pillows. But, if you treat the purchase as an investment on your health, it may be a lot easier for you to part with the cash.”可知，作者认为矫形枕头虽然贵，但是把它当作是对健康的投资，那么花钱就会很容易，作者认为矫形枕头虽然贵，但是为了健康是值得的，故选A。 （5）考查主旨大意。文章前四段介绍了矫形枕头的好处，最后一段提出了它的缺点，由此可知，文章主要讲的是矫形枕头的优点和缺点，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Nowadays six Amazon Scout delivery robots rolled out in a pilot program in Snohomish County, Wash. The robots carry meals, groceries and packages to homes and offices in this region just north of Seattle. They have appeared on the sidewalks of London, Beijing and other cities and communities worldwide. These machines must overcome pedestrian legs, naughty dogs and broken pavement, which raises some questions.

These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything. Between 2017 and 2018 online retail sales in the U.S. increased by 16 percent. On the final step of all these deliveries, called the last mile, humans on bicycles, motorized scooters (电动车) or large delivery trucks typically deliver packages. All the vehicles compete for space on busy urban streets. \"Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams,\" says Paul Mackie, director of a transportation policy research center in Arlington.

A study by this center found 73 percent of delivery vehicles in Arlington were parked outside of authorized areas, often blocking bike lanes and crosswalks. By moving the last step of deliveries from the road to the sidewalk, cities could reduce traffic jams and solve the parking problem entirely, Mackie says.

Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm. A delivery robot can cost thousands of dollars to manufacture, and most currently require human management and conservation. But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated. （1）Why does Amazon introduce delivery robots? A. To amuse its customers.

B. To avoid pedestrians, dogs and broken pavement. C. To meet the increasing demand of delivering packages. D. To confirm the company's innovation spirit.

（2）What does Paul Mackie mean by his words in paragraph 2? A. Retail sales in the U.S. increased fast.

B. Deliveries stay steady in all crowded city centers.

C. Regardless of robot deliveries, traffic jams will remain the same. D. Robot can help ease the traffic pressure.

（3）What can robots delivery bring to the city? A. Block bike lanes and crosswalks.

B. Relieve urban traffic as well as save delivery costs. C. Increase danger to pedestrians. D. Lead to traffic jams.

（4）Which word can best describe the future of the robot delivery?

A. Uncertain. B. Hopeless. C. Promising. D. Unacceptable. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）B （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了亚马逊引进送货机器人以帮助缓解交通压力，节约配送成本。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything.”可知，随着越来越多的城市居民希望几乎所有东西都能立即或按计划交付，这些服务越来越有吸引力，从而可以推断出，亚马逊要引入送货机器人其目的是以满足日益增长的包裹投递需求。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams ”Paul Mackie认为，在所有拥挤的市中心，快

递呈上升趋势，如果城市和州领导人不开始考虑机器人快递等创造性的解决方案，我们可能会面临更严重的交通堵塞。可知，机器人可以帮助缓解交通压力。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm.和But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars”可知，机器人送货缓解城市交通，节约配送成本。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated. ”从长远来看，未来几年使用自动送货车的公司最终可能节省数十亿美元，可以推断，送货机器人有广泛的前景。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。