2019高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第三部分 专题3 介词讲义

框架结构图

介词的句法功能

1.介词不能单独使用，但“介词＋宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。

2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词＋不定式、wh-从句等。

介词的核心考点

介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。 1.介词搭配

(1)“动词＋介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ①rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去，除去”意义的动词与of 连用) ②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用) ③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作，制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)

④“介词＋the＋部位”与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s＋部位，可换用) strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用) catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)

hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用) ⑤prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用) ⑥persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与

into连用)

⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用) ⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)

⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用) 注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。

⑩say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱/跳，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote...to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于；search for搜索……，ask for请求，use...for把……用作，leave for前往……，take...for把……误以为，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补；turn to求助/救于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare...to把……比作，send for派人去请/拿……，sail for驶向，起航，set out for动身去，go in for爱好…… (3)常见的“形容词＋介词”搭配。

be worthy of值得的，be far from离……远，be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，be free from没有……/免除……，be proud of为……自豪，be satisfied with/by对……满意，be sure of/about确信，be fond of喜欢，be fit for适合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事，be full of充满，be ready for准备，be similar to与……相似

(4)“名词＋介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water缺水 the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会 take pride in them为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question问题的答案 a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

in Beijing他去了北京his absence 

from Beijing他不在北京

to study学习方法

the way 

of studying maths学习数学的方法

2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。 注意：in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意为“在……以后”。 (2)表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。 on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(区别at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕)，on Children’s Day

on March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at，如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six

at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)

at the age of 15，at the time of war(区别in time of danger/trouble)

注意：①有些时间名词前不接介词，如next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years。 ②one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。 (4)till，until的用法。

till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。 He waited for me till twelve o’clock. He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.

注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。 Not until 9 a.m.did Mr Smith come back to school. (5)in，later，after的用法。

①in＋一段时间：表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

②一段时间＋later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after＋一段时间：表示“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为时间点时，只能用

after，即after＋时间点，用于各种时态。 The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time＝in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)

(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。 ①at 在较小的场所；in在较大的场所；on在……的平面上。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。

②on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。 Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内) Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

③across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。 They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest.

④over，above译作“在……之上”；under，below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。 A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线). The window is well above the tree. (7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：

He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(注意to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用机器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope 交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi

by bike/bicycle，on horseback/foot by plane/jet/spaceship/air by ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water

另外：by means of 用……方法；by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法；with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)在某人的帮助(许可)下。 ③表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/器械)

One smells with his nose.(with＋人体器官，区别by hand手工，用手) He stood up with pride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词) 注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如： in English(ink，pencil)。 (8)表示“除……之外”的常用词。

①besides 除……以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且，更何况”。 There will be five of us for dinner，besides John. It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired. ②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。 We all went except John.

注意：在否定句中，besides与except可以换用。 He has no other hats except/besides this one.

③except for除了……(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“except that＋句子”意思相同。 He was very clever except for carelessness. ④except that...除了……以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： (A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships. (B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to) (C)but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for...若不是…… (9)between与among

①between通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。 Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那) A horse can be seen between trees now. ②among表示三者以上之间。

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(在……内部达成一致)

London is among the largest cities.(＝one of，可与最高级连用) (10)表原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to。 He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式的复合结构中的for，of。

这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。

It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：It is＋adj.＋of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。 (12)兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又可作连词。

They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词) The children went home at once after school.(介词)

②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可兼作副词。 He ran down the hill.(介词)

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词) ③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词) Haven’t I seen you before？(副词) (13)介词的省略。

某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it. (14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。

The key to success is preparation.

②要求接in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。 He is an expert in teaching little children.

1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少

误He is the man I just spoke.

正He is the man I just spoke to.

正I don’t know which school he studies in.正I don’t know in which school he studies.正I don’t know where he studies.

误I don’t know which school he studies.

2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误

(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my father’s car. (正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my father’s car. 3.英汉差异造成的介词错用

误He got married with her last month.

正He got married to her last month.正He married her last month.

误He has a knife wound with the leg.

正He has a knife wound in the leg.

误He drove onto a tree yesterday.正He drove into a tree yesterday.误A is different with B.正A is different from B.

误under the help of the teacher正with the help of the teacher误He made holes on the wall.正He made holes in the wall.

考向1 常见介词的考查

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home for dinner，get a few cooking tips from her.(2018·浙江)

解析 此处指去母亲家吃饭，表示目的用介词for，故填for。

2.This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease.(2017·全国Ⅰ)

解析 此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。

3.After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree in engineering or architecture.(2017·全国Ⅲ) 解析 关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。

4.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat with their hands.(2016·全国Ⅲ) 解析 with one’s hands 用某人的手。介词with意为“用”。

5.The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.(2016·四

川)

解析 “for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。 6.For those who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

解析 根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。

7.One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away，she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living without the cow.(2015·广东)

解析 根据文意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。 Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)

1.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years.

(2018·全国Ⅰ)

解析 时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。 for2.Still I was unwilling to play the games them sometimes.(2018·全国Ⅱ)

with解析 play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。 3.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very on

crowded.Tony saw a toy a shop window.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

in解析 玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。 4.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015·陕西) 解析 last week上个星期，前面无需加介词。

考向2 短语搭配中的介词

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.I was searching for these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.(2018·全国Ⅲ)

解析 search for寻找，为固定搭配。

2.It (the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

(2017·全国Ⅱ)

解析 travel to and from work上下班。

3.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.

(2016·全国Ⅰ)

解析 go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。

4.Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.

(2016·全国Ⅱ)

解析 be focused on专心于，集中于，为固定短语。

5.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

解析 at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。

6.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015·广东)

解析 句意为：他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange...for...，故填介词for。 Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)

∧

1.Some of us were confident and eager to take part in the class activity.(2018·全国Ⅲ)

解析 (be) eager to do sth.渴望做某事，为固定搭配。

on

2.It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle the road.(2017·全

of国Ⅰ)

解析 in the middle of...在……的中间，是固定搭配。

3.They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017·全国Ⅱ)

解析 表示“买某物”直接用buy sth.。buy还可用于buy sb.sth.或buy sth.for sb.，表示“为某人买某物”。

4.When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)

解析 realize认识到，意识到，是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。

∧

5.My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time.(2016·全国Ⅰ)

解析 固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。

in

6.While they chatted，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit the top

onof the fridge.

(2016·浙江)

解析 on the top of...为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故将in改成on。 7.Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.(2016·四川) 解析 go shopping去购物；go on shopping继续购物。 8.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015·四川) 解析 动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除with。

on

9.Unfortunately， the development of industrialization，the environment has been

withpolluted.

(2015·全国Ⅰ)

解析 with the development of...为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.It has no religious significance；the founders of the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland.

2.“If you see us，” Velez tells them，“don’t hide！We have come to rescue you，” Velez gives his presentations in English.

3.He spent all day helping others，handing out charity to the poor，and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that for anything.

4.Many of my friends met on Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific parking lot sale held at a store.

5.The global journey is led by an expedition leader，Steve Moore，in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63. 6.The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall.

7.Thanks to the Internet，there are many ways to make friends now without even leaving your home.

8.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.

9.Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name，not case number. 10.Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems. Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)

∧

1.It’s easy to say sorry，but who will make up for the loss? 2.The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.

with

3.Mr Johnson is a hard-working teacher.Every day，he spends too much time his onwork.

4.Gradually，I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.

for

5.There had been a terrible accident on the highway and， a result，there was

asa long line of traffic for at least six miles.

6.But on today，at this special time，I just want to tell you loudly：I love you，Mom!

7.To begin with，all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need.

8.When I tore apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That’s it.No to

more toys you.”

for

at

9.Sometimes，human beings are too cruel their best friends—animals.

toin

10.I agree to his suggestion condition that he drops all charges.

onⅢ.语法填空(介词专练)

I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1.with a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.for them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.on their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.to me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5.for them.All of us were nearly 6.in tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me.

Two months later I got a call 7.from a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasn’t expecting anything 8.in return，but I became famous 9.for that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.to us if we always practice

such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?