定语从句
一、从定语从句的概念及对概念的分析着手 1、定语从句的概念
凡修饰某一名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫定语从句。 2、分析概念 先看一个公式：“先行词+关系词+从句”。 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，因此第一步确定先行词，先行词指的是被定语从句修饰的词（名词、代词）; 第二步确定从句，一般从句是指先行词后的句子（注意：此句子结构是不完整的）。句子可能缺少主语、定语、宾语、表语、状语等任何一个。（注意：只能少一种成份）。所以我们要根据少的什么成份来确定第三步，填合适的关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; 凡从句中少状语、我们需填上关系副词之一when,where,why等。
For example: A plane is a machine that/which can fly.(句中machine为先行词,____ can fly是从句，此从句中少主语。根据理论凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; machine是物，所以本句可填that 或which。
3、关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;B.在从句中代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。要构成定语从句,先行词和关系词二者缺一不可。关系副词作状语不可省。关系代词在从句中作成分，唯有作宾语可以省。
4、关系词的选择与判断 （1）、关系词有关系代词和关系副词。在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词的选择主要看从句中少什么成份，凡从句中少主语、定语、宾语、表语、我们需填上关系代词之一that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; 凡从句中少状语、我们需填上关系副词之一when,where,why等。 （2）、如何判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对）I'll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
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keys：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 （3）、图表并附表说明:
主语 who that 人
宾语 whom that 主语 that which 关系代词 物
宾语 that which
of which/whom the+名词 定语 whose=
人、物 the+名词of which/whom
表语 that
时间 when=适当介词+which 关系副词 地点 where=适当介词+which
原因 why=适当介词+which
凡从句少主语，先行词指人的用关系代词who 或that, 先行词指物的用关系代词 that或which; 凡从句少宾语，先行词指人的用关系代词whom 或that, 先行词指物的用关系代词 that或which; 凡从句少表语，先行词指人的或物的均用关系代词that；凡从句少定语，先行词指人的或物的均用关系代词whose；凡从句少状语，先行词指时间的用关系副词 when ; 先行词指地点的用关系副词 where ; 先行词指原因的用关系副词 why .
友情提示：①只有宾语从句可省略关系词，但还要视情况而定，如作介词宾语不可省略；如有若干宾语只可省略第一个关系词，后面的若干个都不能省略等。别的从句不可省略关系词。
② as可作主语、宾语 修饰整个句子，可与 such the same 搭配用。
③ 表示时间、地点、原因的先行词作定语从句谓语动词的主语、宾语时，应 二、定语从句的分类
定语从句分为二大类；性与非性定语从句。
1、性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语；如果省去，主句的意思就不完整或不明确。非性定语从句只是对先行词作附加说明；如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。
2、性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号分开；非性定语从句与主句之间用逗号分开。
For example: She has a son who is a doctor性定语从句
She has a son , who is a doctor非性定语从句
3、性定语从句可以用that引导；非性定语从句不用that引导，应用which。 For example: He said nothing that made her angry性定语从句 He said nothing , which made her angry非性定语从句
4、性定语从句的关系词作宾语时可省略，非性定语从句的关系词作宾语时不可省略，介词后的关系词也不能省略。
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For example: He is the man (whom/that) you can turn to for advice 可省
He is the man to whom you can turn to for help不可省
5、性定语从句一般只修饰先行词；非性定语从句可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰其前面的整个句子或句子的一部分。
For example: She failed in the exam again,which made her mother very angry 非性定语从句修饰其前面的整个句子
I have finished the novel that you lent me yesterday性定语从句一般只修饰先行词
三、定语从句的特殊用法 1、介词与关系代词 （1）、名（代）词+介词+关系代词（在句中一般作主语），常用此结构的代词有one both all most some several few a few little a little many much none half 等 For example: I have seen many foreigners,most of whom are from Europe 区别: I have seen many foreigners and most of them are from Europe （2）、数量词或形容词最高级+of +关系代词
For example: He has ten cousins , three of whom are clever He has ten cousins , 50 percent of whom are clever He has ten cousins , half of whom are clever He has ten cousins ,four-fifths of whom are clever He has ten cousins , the youngest of whom is clever （3）、介词+关系代词(在句中作状语)
介词的来源：① 根据定语从句的谓语选择适当的介词；
②根据先行词选用关系代词whom指人which指物；
③短语动词不能拆开 （如 look for look after look forward to take care of 等）。
For example：He is the person to whom you can turn for help The percil with which he was writing broke Is this the knife which you are looking for ? （4）、介词 + which +名词(在句中作状语)
此结构可转换为and + 介词+that 或this +名词结构+主谓结构
For example: Tom spent 4 years in college , during which time he learned French =Tom spent 4 years in college and during this time he learned French （5）、介词短语+关系代词(在句中作状语)
此结构可于介词+whose +名词结构转换=and +介词+形容词性的物主代词+名词+主谓结构 For example: He works in a factory , in front of which there is a river He works in a factory in whose front there is a river He works in a factory and in its front there is a river
2、关系代词as的用法
① 可位于句首（中、尾）位置灵活 ②常作主动语态的宾语 ③常作被动语态的主语
④常用与be known (expected announced reported shown ) 等 ⑤只能代主句整个概念，不能指代单个先行词 ⑥可以引导（非）性定语从句 ，引导性定语从句常和the same such so as
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等连用
For example: As we all know , Taiwan belongs to China He is often late ,as is known to all Take as many books as you can
比较： This is the same book as I lent you yesterday(是2本书)
This is the same book that I lent you yesterday(是同一本书)
注：the same„as指不同的人或物；the same…that指同一个人或物
3、关系代词which的用法 ① 可位于句中（尾），不能位于句首
The elephant is like a snake ,which everybody can see ② 可代主句整个概念，也可指代单个先行词 The sports meet was put off,which astonished us ③可以引导（非）性定语从句
The honest boy told a lie ,which he found strange ④先行词本身是that 时
That which you borrowed from me wasn’t a real diamond necklace ⑤作介词的宾语代替事物
This is the dictionary to which he frequently referred before ⑥指人的“性质，身份”而不是指人时
She is dressed in white like a nurse,which she is not 4、当先行词为下列词之一时只用that （1）、先行词为： all few little much none some (…)thing 时 ①形容词最高级、序数词时
This is the best film that I have ever seen ②人物并用时
He talked about things and persons that they remembered in the school ③Every no any just only very righ等修饰时 There is no difficulty that we can’t smooth away （2）、当主句是以who which 开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the man that is standing beside Tom? 5、插入式定语从句
This is Mr White ,who I think has something interesting to tell you 6、关系副词where 之前一般不加介词，但from where 是个例外，这时where 指代地点短语而不是指代个先行名词
They stood near the north window,from where we could see the whole garden
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