the trial that rocked总结

the trial that rocked总结

he Trial That Rocked the World

震撼世界的审判

John Scopes

约翰·司科普斯

A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defense was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator, three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.

在1925年7月那个闷热的日子里，当我在被挤得水泄不通的法庭刚就位时，人群中响起一阵嗡嗡声。为我辩护的是鼎鼎大名的刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯·达罗。担任主控官的则是口才一流的雄辩演说家威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩。他曾三次被提名为美国民主党总统候选人，还是促成对我进行审判的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导者。

A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen

distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcers, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. \"Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks,\" Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.

几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，现在我却突然变成了一场举世瞩目的审判的当事人。到庭为我作证有以哈佛大学的科特里·马瑟教授为首的十几位杰出的教授和科学家。还有一百多名新闻记者在场，甚至还有广播电台播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的时候，达罗亲切地搂着我的肩膀小声安慰我说：“放心吧，年轻人，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧的。”

The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin—that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.

我到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。几年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按字面意思去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯·达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一祖先进化而来的。

Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of \"any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible.\" The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.

在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构不久前还通过了一项禁止公开讲授“任何有悖《圣经》上宣讲的上帝创造万物的理论”的法令。这项新法律的矛头直指达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治·拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项新法律而常与当地人进行辩论。在一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不提到进化论。因为我一直在教生物学，所以就把我叫了去。

\"Rappelyea is right,\" I told them.

“拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。

\"Then you have been violating the law,\" one of them said.

“那么你就触犯了法律，”他们中的一位说。

\"So has every other teacher,\" I replied. \"Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook.\"

“其他所有的教师也都触犯了法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的《普通生物学》一书就讲到了进化论，那是我们的教科书。”

Rappelyea then made a suggestion. \"Let's take this thing to court,\" he said, \"and test the legality of it.\"

拉普利亚于是提议，“我们就将此事交付法庭判决吧，看这是否合法。”

When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U.S. Supreme Court if necessary to \"establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail.\" Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renowned lawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.

当我于5月7日被正式起诉时，谁也没有料到，尤其是我本人更没想到我的这个案子竟会越闹越大，以至于成为美国历史上最著名的审判之一。美国公民自由联盟宣布：如有必要，联盟将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”之后，布莱恩自告奋勇地要求协助州政府对我进行起诉。随即著名律师克拉伦斯·达罗也提出为我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我与达罗素不相识，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我在念大学的时候，他来学校做演讲。虽然我并不赞成他的观点，但我很敬佩他。

By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the \"infidel outsiders.\" Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.

到7月10日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有1500人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。法庭的三层红砖楼房周围的街道上突然冒出了许多东倒西歪的摊点，出售热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们在街上支起帐篷，向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。起草了反对进化论法令的约翰·巴特勒就是其中一个。他是一名49岁的农场主，在他被选为立法机构的成员之前，他还从未走出过本县。

The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: \"I'm jist a reg'lar mountaineer jedge.\" Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a

Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.

主审法官是约翰·劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男子。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道：“我只是个普通的山区法官。”布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。协助他起诉的人当中有他的儿子汤姆·斯图尔特，也是个律师，而且是田纳西州年轻有为的检察长。我的辩护人中除了68岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、魅力十足的43岁的达德雷·费尔德·马隆和文质彬彬、学识渊博，尤其精通法律的阿瑟·伽费尔德·黑斯。在这场宗教起关键作用的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我父亲还特意从肯塔基州赶来与我一起面对这次审判。

The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, \"That's one hell of a jury!\"

法官请来当地的牧师主持开庭的祷告仪式，接着审判就开始了。陪审团的12名成员中，有三人除《圣经》之外没读过其他的书，另有一人则根本不识字。难怪我父亲气愤地骂道：“这真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!”

After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. \"My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for,\" Darrow drawled. \"I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination.\"

履行完法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来首先发言。“我的朋友检察长先生方才说约翰·司

科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，”达罗拖长着声音“我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。他现在之所以在这儿，就是因为愚昧和偏见横行，而且这两者结合在一起，形成了一股强大的势力。”

Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. \"Today it is the teachers,\" he continued, \"and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.\"

达罗绕着蒸笼一样闷热的法庭踱着方步。“今天被告是教师，”他接着说。“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，整个社会就会形成一种人与人为敌，教派与教派对立的局面，最终我们的社会将会大踏步地退回到十六世纪时的光辉时代。在那时，对于任何胆敢向人类传授智慧、知识和文化的人，偏执狂们就会搭起柴堆将其活活烧死。”

\"That damned infidel,\" a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.

他的话音刚落，就听见一个妇女高声咕哝了一句：“这个该死的异教徒!”

The following day the prosecution began calling witnesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats.

第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证，出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们羞怯地冲我咧嘴傻笑。他们向法庭作证说我向他们宣传过进化论，但又赶紧补充说他们并没有因此而受到毒害。他们中有一个叫霍华德·摩根，14岁，是个机灵聪明的小男孩。他作证说我对他们讲过，人跟牛、马、狗、猫一样都是哺乳动物。

\"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?\" Darrow asked.

“他该没有说猫和人是完全一样的吧?”达罗问道。

\"No, sir,\" the youngster said. \"He said man had reasoning power.\"

“没有，先生，”那孩子说道。“他说人是有思维能力的。”

\"There is some doubt about that,\" Darrow snorted.

“这话怕还不一定吧！”达罗哼着鼻子说。

After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared \"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.\" The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defense.

证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起身向陪审团陈辞。问题很简单，他说：“基督徒相信人来自天上，而进化论者则认为人来自地下。”旁听的群众忍不住咯咯地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥舞着一本生物学教科书，一边谴责那些特意赶到戴顿镇为我作

证的科学家们。

\"The Bible,\" he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, \"is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.\"

“《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音吼道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们驱逐出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里无非是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天意，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法是并行不悖的。”

As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applause and shouts of \"Amen.\" Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.

他说完这番话时，下巴抬得老高，眼中闪烁着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发热烈的掌声并高喊“阿门”。但似乎还是缺少了点什么东西：昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈火般横扫政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们似乎觉得他们的这位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才击败那些异端分子。

Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. \"Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible,\" he observed. \"There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with

passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics.\" Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion.

达德雷·费尔德·马隆跳将起来反驳布莱恩。“布莱恩可不是惟一有权为《圣经》辩护的人，”他说。“在我们这个国家，有不少人将自己的全部生命都奉献给了上帝和宗教，而布莱恩先生却激情澎湃地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。”布莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆的嗓音也随之升高。他呼吁学术自由并指责布莱恩存心挑起一场科学与宗教之间的生死决斗。

\"There is never a duel with the truth,\" he roared. \"The truth always wins—and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it!\"

“从来没有人能同真理决斗，”他怒吼，“真理总是会胜利——我们并不害怕这一点。真理不需要布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，并且不需要依靠凡人机构去维护它！”

When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defense.

马隆结束发言时，法庭里有片刻的沉默，紧接着法庭里爆发出一阵雷鸣般的掌声，超过了为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行的这场舌战中胜出，法官还是

决定不允许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。

When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkers cried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's Everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related.

休庭期间，我们发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处都挤满了陌生人，每个角落里都有一些小商贩在叫卖货物。有家商店的招牌上写道：达尔文：没错——就在里面（这是小达尔文的服装店）。还有一个商人租用了一个商店橱窗用来展出一只猿猴。人们掏钱来观看这只猿猴，并思量自己是否与它有什么渊源。

\"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes,\" a reporter noted, \"afraid it might be true.\"

“这个可怜的畜牲用双手捂着眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者这样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。”

H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels. Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165,000 words a day on the trial.

H·L·门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写着辛辣讽刺的电讯文稿。他在文中称当地

居民是“乡巴佬”，因此人们议论着要将他驱逐出镇。22名报务员每天要拍发165，000字的报道这场庭审的电文。

Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2,000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squatted on the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.

由于天气炎热，加上担心古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，审判活动改在户外枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有的坐在长条木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有的人则从窗户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。

Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense. The judge looked startled. \"We are calling him as an expert on the Bible,\" Darrow said. \"His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.\"

接着审判高潮到来了。由于反进化论法律条文的限制，控方只得坚持必须严格按字面意义解释《圣经》的立场。此时，达罗突然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官满脸诧异。“我们要他当证人是因为他是《圣经》研究专家，”达罗说道。“作为经学权威，他的声誉是举世公认的。”

Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For years he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before the passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.

布莱恩满腹狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里究竟卖的什么药，但他又不能拒绝这一挑战。多年来他一直在四处讲解《圣经》，并且还针对《圣经》专门著书立说。甚至在反进化论法令还没有通过之前，他就在田纳西州发起过反达尔文主义的运动。这时，只见他手里拿着一把芭蕉扇，像是握着一把退敌的利剑似的，表情毅然决然，大步流星地向证人席走去。

Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent \"Amens.\"

在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的“阿门”的喊声。

Darrow read from Genesis: \"And the evening and the morning were the first day.\" Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.

达罗翻开《创世纪》念道：“夜尽晨来乃第一天也。”接下来他问布莱恩是否相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。

\"How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?\" Darrow enquired.

“没有太阳之前又怎么会有早晨和晚上呢？”达罗问道。

Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.

布莱恩闷声不响地挠着自己的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些虔诚的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面摆弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是否相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了肯定的回答。

\"And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?\"

“那么你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那以后永远匍匐爬行的故事是真的了？”

\"I believe that.\"

“我相信那是真的。”

\"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?\"

“那么，你知不知道在那以前蛇类是如何行走的呢？”

The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger.

观审的人群哄堂大笑起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他提高了嗓音，手里拿着的扇子也一个劲儿地抖动着。

\"Your honor,\" he said. \"I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him...\"

“法官大人，”他说。“我这就回答达罗先生所有的问题。我要让世界知道这个不把上帝放在眼里的人正在利用田纳西州法庭诽谤上帝……”

\"I object to that statement,\" Darrow shouted. \"I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.\"

“我反对这种说法，”达罗大声说道。“我只是在检验你那些愚蠢的想法，世界上没有哪个有学问的基督徒会相信你那些想法。”

The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned the court until next day.

法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。

Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.

布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我由衷地替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。

The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.

第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角，他们只轻声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被处以罚款100美元，并支付诉讼费用。

Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat.\" A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.

达德雷·费尔德·马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次“胜利的失败”。有几家南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后不到两天便在戴顿去世。

I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my behalf arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.

学校请我回去任教，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金，因此我得以继续进修自然科学。后来，我成了一家石油公司的地质学专家。

Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.

前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物依旧，只是多了一所威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着下面的山谷。

There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.

还有一些其他方面的变化。在田纳西州已经可以公开讲授进化论了，尽管那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯·达罗和达德雷·费尔德·马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。