Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)
2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)
2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)
3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
2)…make a point of protesting
4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)
a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)
5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5)
6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)
Unit 2
V: Figures of speech
Metaphor: 暗喻
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.
2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
4). …when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 1~3)
Synecdoche: 提喻
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses
Metonymy: 换喻
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”
The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and
the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture
Irony：反语
反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。
e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)
Climax: 层进法
A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.
层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法
No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 15~16, Para. 12, Lines 1~3)
Anti-climax: 渐降
渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。
e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters.”(p.15)
Sarcasm讽刺
Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)
If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if…(hyperbole)
Unit 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
IV: Rhetorical devices
1. Periodic sentences: 周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句 a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.(p.79)
b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)
c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)
d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the news…invasion of Russia.(p.77)
2. Rhetorical question (interrogation) E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be?
3. parallel structure a) We will never parley
We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80)
b) we shall fight him by land
we shall fight him by sea
we shall fight him in the air. (p.80)
c) behind all this glare
behind all this storm I see…(p.80)
4. Inversion a) From this nothing will turn us—nothing P. 80
5. Repetition We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)
He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81)
We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(p.80)
6. simile 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）
I see also the dull…German soldiers…crawling locusts.(p79-80) 7. metaphor 暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。 a) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…
threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79)
b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of … (p.80)
Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire.
Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitler’s assault on the other countries.
c) …delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (p.80)
8. alliteration 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如： “on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane) “写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特·克兰) a) Hearth and home (p.82)
b) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p.79)
Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (p.82)
9. Personification I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a
British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (p.79-80)
10. hyperbole If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (p.78)
e.g. I will love you till the seas goes dry, the rocks melt with the sun. 我爱你到海枯石烂
Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America
V. Rhetorical devices
1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2.
e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1)
2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)
2. Metaphor
e.g. 1) …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1)
2) …main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para. 3)
3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most often restricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hostility and contempt.
e.g. 1)…I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6)
2) …one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13)
4. Alliteration: please refer to Lesson 1.
e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.
It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences”
5. Antithesis: please refer to Lesson 1.
e.g. 1)…of the difference between what people claim to be and what they
really are. (Para. 5)
2)…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
