2020年12月英语四级真题及答案完整版

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“ChangesinthewayofTransportation”.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

参考范文：

Withthesocialandeconomicdevelopment,ourmeansoftransportationhavechangedalotoverthelastfewdecades,whichhasbroughtmuchconveniencetoourlife.

Inthe1970sand1980s,bicyclesweretheprimarymeansofpublictransportation.Familiesthatownedabicyclewerethoughttobeinrelativelygoodeconomicconditions.Becauseoftheimplementationofthereformandopeningpolicy,theeconomyandpeople’slivingstandardswereimprovedalotandtravellingbyprivatecarsbecamemoreandmorecommonin1990sand2000s.Andthankstotheinformationtechnology,wecannowenjoybike-sharingserviceandonlineride-hailingservicewhichhelptomakeourjourneymoreeconomicalandflexible.

Wehaveenoughreasontobelievethatourwayoftransportationcouldbemoreandmoreeconomicallyfriendlyandintelligent.

PartIIListeningComprehension

PartⅡListeningComprehension(25minutes)

1SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B).C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughshecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.1.A)AdeadlyfishhasbeenspottedintheMediterraneanwaters.B)Invasivespeciesaredrivingawaycertainnativespecies.C)TheMediterraneanisanaturalhabitatofDevilFirefish.D)ManypeoplehavebeenattackedbyDevilFirefish.2.A)Itcouldaddtogreenhouseemissions.B)Itcoulddisruptthefoodchainsthere.

C)Itcouldposeathreattoothermarinespecies.D)Itcouldbadlypollutethesurroundingwaters.C)Spendafewnightsonasmallisland.D)Sellthepearlhehadkeptforyears.

Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.3.A)carswillnotbeallowedtoenterthecity.B)Abouthalfofitscitycenterwillbeclosedtocars.C)Buseswillbetheonlyvehiclesallowedonitsstreets.D)Pedestrianswillhavefreeaccesstothecity.4.A)TherisingairpollutioninParis.B)Theworseningglobalwarming.CTheever-growingcostofpetrol.D)Theunbearabletrafficnoise.

Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.5.A)Manyofhispossessionswerestolen.B)Hishousewasburntdowninafire.C)Hisfishingboatgotwreckedonarock.D)Hisgoodluckcharmsankintothesea.

26.A)Changehisfishinglocations.B)Findajobinatravelagency.C))SpendafewnightsonasmallislandD)Sellthepearlhehadkeptforyears7.A)ANewYearmuseum

B)Thelargestpearlintheworldweighs

C)Hismonstrouspearlwasextremelyvaluable.D)Hispearlcouldbedisplayedinamuseum.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),CandD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.8.A)Itboastsafairlylonghistory.B)Itproducesconstructionmaterials.C)Ithas75officesaroundtheworld.D)Ithasover50businesspartners.9.A)Ithasabout50employees.B)Itwasstartedbyhisfather.C)Ithasafamilybusiness.D)Itisover100yearsold.

10.A)Shortageofrawmaterialsupply.B)Legaldisputesinmanycountries.C)Outdatedproductdesign.D)Lossofcompetitiveedge.

11.A)Conductingafinancialanalysisforit.B)Providingtrainingforitsstaffmembers.C)Seekingnewwaystoincreaseisexports.

3D)Introducinginnovativemarketingstrategies.

Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)Sheisarealexpertathousedecorations.B)Sheiswellinformedaboutthedesignbusiness.C)Sheisattractedbythecolorofthesittingroom.D)Sheisreallyimpressedbytheman’shouse.13.A)FromhisyoungerbrotherGreg.B)Fromhomedesignmagazines.C)Fromaconstructionbusinessman.D)Fromaprofessionalinteriordesigner.14.A)Theeffortwasworthwhile.B)Thestylewasfashionable.C)Thecostwasaffordable.D)Theeftwasunexpected.

15.A)She’dlikehimtotalkwithJonathanaboutanewproject.B)ShewantshimtosharehisrenovationexperiencewithherC)Shewantstodiscussthehousedecorationbudgetwithhim.D)She’dliketoshowhimaroundhernewly-renovatedhouse.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromtheyourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkhecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Providingroutinecareforsmallchildren.B)Payinghospitalbillsforemergencycases.C)Doingresearchonear,noseandthroatdiseases.D)Removingobjectsfrompatients’nosesandears.17.A)Manychildrenliketosmellthingstheyfindorplaywith.B)Manychildrenliketoputforeignobjectsintheirmouths.

4C)Five-tonine-year-oldsarethemoslikelytoputthingsintheirears.D)Childrenagedonetofouraoftenmorecuriousthanolderchildren.18.A)Theytendtoactoutofimpulse.B)Theywanttoattractattentions.C)Theyareunawareofthepotentialrisks.D)Theyarecuriousaboutthesebodyparts.

Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)ItpaidforherEnglishlessons.B)Itgaveherausedbicycle.C)Itdeliveredherdailynecessities.D)Itprovidedherwithphysicaltherapy.20.A)Expandingbike-ridinglessons.B)Askinglocalpeoplefordonations.C)Providingfreepublictransport.D)Offeringwalkingtourstovisitors.21.A)Itisalanguageschool.B)Itisacharityorganization.C)Itisacounselingcenter.D)Itisasportsclub.

Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)Howmiceimitatehumanbehavioraspace.B)Howlowgravityaffectsthehumanbody.C)Howmiceinteractinanewenvironment.D)Howanimalsdealwithlackofgravity.

23.A)Theywerenotusetothelow-gravitycnvironment.B)Theyfounditdifficulttofigureoutwheretheywere.C)Theyfoundthespaceinthecagetoosmalltostayin.D)Theywerenotsensitivetothechangedenvironment.24.A)Theytriedeverythingpossibletoescapefromthecage.B)Theycontinuedtobehaveastheydidinthebeginning.

5C)Theyalreadyfeltathomeinthenewenvironment.D)Theyhadfoundalotmoreactivitiestoengagein.25.A)Theyrepeatedtheiractivitieseveryday.B)TheybehavedasiftheywereonEarth.C)Theybegintoeatlessaftersometime.D)Theychangedtheirroutinesinspace.

听力原文：

ListeningComprehension

SectionANewsreport1

ApoisonousfishwhichhasastingstrongenoughtokillahumanisinvadingtheMediterranean,warnedscientists.TheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature(UICN)hasraisedconcernsafterthepoisonousfishwasspottedinthewatersaroundTurkey,CyprusandtheeasternMediterranean.NativetotheSouthPacificandIndianOcean,thepotentiallydeadlyfishhaspoisonoushooksandapainfulstingcapableofkillingpeople.Althoughfatalitiesarerare,thestingscancauseextremepainandstoppeoplebreathing.Thefish,oftenknownasDevilFirefish,isahighlyinvasivespecies.Andenvironmentalistsfearitsarrivalcouldendangerothertypesofmarinelife.AfterbeingspottedintheMediterranean,amarinescientistsays,\"Thefishisspreading,andthat'sacauseforconcern.\"

Q1:Whatisreportedinthenews?

Q2:Whatistheenvironmentalists'concernofthespreadofDevilFirefishintheMediterranean?

Newsreport2

[Q3]AlmosthalfthecentreofPariswillbeaccessibleonlybyfootorbicyclethisSundaytomarkWorldCar-FreeDay.[Q4]ThisisinresponsetorisingairpollutionthatmadeParisthemostpollutedcityintheworldforabrieftime.MayorAnneHidalgopromotedthefirstWorldCarFree

6Daylastyear.HidalgoalsohassupportedaParisBreathesDay.OnthefirstSundayofeverymonth,Parisclearstrafficfromeightlanesofthemainroad.About400milesofstreetswillbeclosedtocars.Itisexpectedtobringsignificantreductioninpollutionlevels.\"Lastyear'scar-freedayshoweda40%dropinpollutionlevelsinsomepartsofthecity,accordingtoanindependentairpollutionmonitor\reportstheGuardian,\"andsomelevelsdroppedby50%inthecitycentre.'Q3:WhatwillhappenonWorldCarFreeDayinParis?

Q4:WhatmotivatedthemayorofParistopromotethefirstWorldCarFreeDayinhercity?

Newsreport3

APhilippinefishermanwasfeelingdownonhisluckwhenahousefireforcedhimtoclearouthispossessionsandchangelocations.Then,agoodluckcharmthathehadkeptunderhisbedchangedhislife.TheunidentifiedmanhadfishedoutagiantpearlfromtheoceanwhenhisanchorgotstuckontherockwhilesailingoffacoastalislandinthePhilippinestenyearsago.Whenhewasforcedtosellit,theshockedtouristagentatPuertoPrincescatoldhimthatthe77-poundgiantpearlthathehadkepthiddeninhisrundownwoodenhousewasthebiggestpearlintheworld,whichwasvaluedatf76million.ThepearlofAllah,whichiscurrentlyondisplayinaNewYorkmuseum,onlyweighs14pounds.Thatisfivetimessmallerthanthepearlthatthefishermanjusthandedin.Themonstrouspearl,measuredat1footwideand2.2feetlong,isgoingtobeverifiedbylocalexpertsandinternationalauthoritiesbeforehopefullygoingondisplaytoattractmoretouristsinthelittletown.O5:WhathappenedtothePhilippinefishermanoneday?Q6:Whatwasthefishermanforcedtodo?

Q7:Whatdidthefishermanlearnfromthetouristagent?

SectionB

Longconversation1

WOMAN:Mr.Smith,It’sapleasuremeetingyou!Man:Nicetomeetyou,too.WhatcanIdoforyou?

7WOMAN:Well,I’mheretoshowyouwhatourfirmcandoforyou.AstroConsultantshasbranchesinoverfiftycountries,offeringdifferentbusinessservices.We’reaglobalcompanywith75yearsofhistory.Andourclientsincludesomeoftheworld’slargestcompanies【8】.

MAN:Thankyou,Mrs.Houston.IknowAstroConsultantsisafamouscompany.Butyousaidyouwouldshowmewhatyoucoulddoforme.Well.Whatexactlycanyourfirmdoformycompany?WOMAN:Weadvisebusinessesonallmatters,frommarketanalysistolegalissues.Anythingabusinesslikeyourscouldmeet.Ourfirmoffersexpertadvice.CouldIaskyou,Mr.Smith,totellmealittleaboutyourcompanyandthechallengesyouface?Thatway,Icouldbetterrespondastohowwecanhelpyou.

Man:OK,sure.Thisisafamilybusinessstartedbymygrandfatherin1950.Weemployjustover100people.Wemanufactureanexportstoneforbuildingsandotherconstructions.Ourclientsusuallywantaspecialkindofstonecutinaspecialdesign.Andthat’swhatwedoinourfactory【9】.Ourmainchallengeisthatournationalcurrencyisrising,andwe’relosingcompetitiveadvantagestostoneproducesinIndia【10】.

WOMAN:Isee.That’sveryinteresting.Iwillsuggestthatyouletusfirstconductafinancialanalysisofyourcompany,togetherwiththeanalysisofyourcompetitorsinIndia.【11】Thatway,wecouldofferthebestadviceondifferentwaysforwardforyou.

Q8:Whatdowelearnaboutthewoman’scompany?Q9:Whatdoesthemansayabouthisowncompany?Q10:Whatisthemainproblemwiththeman’scompany?

Q11:Whatdoesthewomansuggestdoingtohelptheman’scompany?

Longconversation2

Woman:Wow,congratulations,Simon!Theplacelooksabsolutelyamazing!Man:Really?Youthinkso?

8W:Ofcourse.Iloveit.Itlookslikeyouhadaprofessionalinteriordesigner.Butyoudidn’t,didyou?

M:No.Ididitallbymyselfwithalittlehelpfrommybrother,Greg.He’sactuallyintheconstructionbusiness,whichwasreallyhelpful.

W:Honestly,I’mimpressed!IknowIcanprobablyrepaintthewallsinmyhouseoveraweekendorsomething,butnotafullrenovation.Wheredidyougetyourideas?Iwouldn’tknowwheretostart.[12]

M:Well,forawhilenow,I’vebeenregularlybuyinghomedesignmagazines.Everynowandthen,I’dsavedthepicturesIliked.Believeitornot,Ihaveafullnotebookofmagazinepages.[13]Sincebyoverallstylewasquiteminimal,Ithoughtandhopedawholerenovationwouldn’tbetoodifficult.Andsureenough,withGreg’shelp,itwasveryachievable.W:Wasn’titexpensive?Ihaveimaginedaprojectlikethiscouldbe.

M:Actually,itwassurprisinglyaffordable.Imanagedtosellalotofmyoldfurnitureandputthatextramoneytowardsthenewmaterial.[14]Gregwasalsoabletogetsomediscountmaterialsfromarecentprojecthewasworkingonaswell.

W:Great!Ifyoudon’tmind,I’dliketopickyourbrainabitmore.JohanssonandIarethinkingofrenovatingoursittingroom,notthewholehouse,notyetanyway.Andwe’dlovetogetsomeinspirationfromyourexperience.[15]Areyoufreetocomeoverforacoffeeearlynextweek?

Q12:Whatdowelearnaboutthewomanfromtheconversation?Q13:Wheredidthemangethisideasfortheproject?）

Q14:Whatdidthemansayabouttheprojectherecentlycompleted?Q15:Whydoesthewomaninvitethemantoherhousenextweek?

SectionCPassage1

9RemovingforeignobjectsfromearsandnosescostsEnglandalmostE3myear,astudysuggests.[Q16]Childrenwereresponsibleforthevastmajorityofcases-95%ofobjectsremovedfromnosesand85%fromears.Everyyear,anaverageof1,218noseand2,479earremovalstookplacebetween2010and2016.AccordingtoEngland'sHospitalEpisodeStatistics,childrenagedonetofourwerethemostlikelytoneedhelpfromdoctorsforaforeignobjectintheirnose.Fivetonineyearoldcometothehospitalwithsomethingintheirearthemost.Jewelryitemsaccountedforupto40%ofcasesinboththeearsandnosesofchildren.Paperandplastictoysweretheitemsremovednextmostfromnoses.Cottonbudsandpencilswerealsofoundinears.[Q17]

Accordingtothestudy,theoccurrenceofforeignobjectsinchildrenisgenerallyattributedtocuriosityChildrenhaveanimpulsetoexploretheirnosesandears.Thisresultsintheaccidentalentryofforeignobjects.[Q18]Anyear,noseandthroatsurgeonhasmanyweirdstoriesaboutwonderfulobjectsfoundinthenosesandearsofchildrenandadults.Batteriescanposeaparticulardanger.Inallcases,preventionisbetterthancure.Thisiswhymanytoyscontainwarningsaboutsmallparts.Recognizingproblemsearlyandseekingmedicalattentionisimportant.

Q16:WhatdoesEnglandspendanannualE3mon?

Q17:WhatdowelearnfromEngland'sHospitalEpisodeStatistics?

Q18:Whatisgenerallybelievedtoaccountforchildrenputtingthingsintheirearsornoses?

Passage2

Goodmorning,I’dliketotalktoyouaboutmycharityReBicycle.Butbeforethat,letmeintroducesomeone.ThisisLeilaRahimi.ShewassoscaredwhenshefirstmovedtoNewZeal-andthatshestruggledtoleavethehouseandwouldspenddaysworkingupthecouragetowalktothesupermarketforbasicsupplies.Afterafewmonthsofbeingquitedownandunhappy,shewasinvitedtojoinalocalbikeclub.Atthistime,ReBicyclegotinvolvedandgaveLeilaasecond-handbicycle.[Q19]Inweeks,herdepressionhadbeguntoeaseasshecycled.Thebicycletotallychangedherlife,givingherhopeandatruefeelingoffreedom.

10Todate,ReBicyclehasdonatedmorethan200bikestothoseinneed,andisnowexpandingbike-ridinglessonsasdemandsoars.[Q20]Withabike,youcantravelfartherbutforalmostnocost.ThethreehoursadaythatusedtospendonwalkingtoandfromEnglishlanguagelessonshasbeenreducedtojustonehour.Ourbike-ridinglessonsaresosuccessfulthatweareurgentlylookingformorevolunteers.[Q21]Learningtorideabikeisalmostalwaysmoredifficultasanadult,andthiscantakedaysandweeks,ratherthanhours.So,ifanyofyouhavesomefreetimeduringtheweekend,pleasecomejoinusatReBicycleandmakeadifferenceinsomeone’slife.

Q19:WhatdidReBicycledotohelpLeilaRahimi?Q20:WhatisReBicycledoingtohelpthoseinneed?Q21:WhatdowelearnfromthepassageabouttheReBicycle?

Passage3

ThankstotheInternationalSpaceStationweknowquiteabitabouttheeffectsoflowgravityonthehumanbody,butNASAscientistswanttolearnmore.Tothatend,theyhavebeenstudyinghowotherspeciesdealwithlowgravity,specificallyfocusingonmice（22）.Theresultsarebothinterestingandhumorous.

ThescientistsfirstsendsomemiceinaspeciallydesignedcagetotheInternationalSpaceStation.ThecageallowedthemtostudythebehaviorofthemiceremotelyfromEarthviavideo.Asyounoticedinthevideo,themicedefinitelyseemuncomfortableatthebeginningoftheexperiment.Theymovearoundclumsily,driftingwithinthesmallconfinesofthecageanddotheirbesttofigureoutwhichwayisup,butwithoutsuccess.(23)However,it’snotlongbeforethemicebegintocatchon.Theyadaptremarkablywelltotheirnewenvironmentandevenusingthelackofgravitytotheiradvantageastheypushthemselvesaroundthecage.

That’swhenthingsreallygetwild.The11thdayoftheexperimentshowsthemicearenotjustdealingwiththegravitychangebutactuallyseemtobeenjoyingit.(24)Severalofthemiceareobservedrunningaroundthecagewalls.

11ThescientistswantedtoseewhetherthemicewouldcontinuedoingthesamekindsofactivitiestheywereobserveddoingonEarth.Thestudyshowedthatthemicekeptmuchoftheirroutinesintact,includingcleaningthemselvesandeatingwhenhungry.(25)

Q22WhatdoNasascientistswanttolearnabout?

Q23Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutthemiceatthebeginningoftheexperiment?Q24Whatwasobservedaboutthemiceonthe11thdayoftheexperiment?Q25Whatdidthescientistsfindaboutthemicefromtheexperiment?

PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA（第1套）

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtonblanks.Youarerequiredto

wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninaword

bank

selectfollowing

onethe

passageReadthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbya

letter:Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitem

onAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Whenmysoncompletesatask,Ican’thelpbutpraisehim.It’sonlynaturaltogivepraisewherepraiseisdue,right?Butistheresuchathingastoomuchpraise?AccordingtopsychologistKatherinePhillip,childrendon’tbenefitfrom

26praiseasmuchaswe’dliketothink.“Parents

oftenpraise,believingtheyarebuildingtheirchild’sself-confidence.However,over-praisingcanhavea

27effect,”saysPhillip.“Whenweusethesamepraise

28,itmaybecomeemptyandno

29longervaluedbythechild.Itcanalsobecomeanexpectationthatanythingtheydomustbewithpraise.Thismayleadtothechildavoidingtakingrisksduetofearof30theirparents.”

Docsthismeanweshoulddoawaywithallthepraise?Phillipsaysno,“Thekeytohealthypraiseis1ofocusontheprocessratherthanthe

31itistherecognitionofachild’sattempt,orthe

processinwhichtheyachievedsomething,thatisessential,”shesays,“Parentsshouldencouragetheirchildtotaketherisksneededtolearnandgrow.”

12Sohowdowebreakthe3332ofpraisewe’reallsoaccustomedto?Phillipsaysit’simportantto

34sayinghowgreatsomeone

between“personpraise”and“processraise”.“Personpraiseis

is.It’saformpersonalapproval.Processpraisesacknowledgementoftheeffortstepersonhasjust35.Childrenwhoreceivepersonpraisearemorelikelytofeelshameafterlosing,”saysPhillip.A)chooseE)exhaustingI)patternM)separately

B)constantF)experiencedJ)pluralN)simply

C)disappointingG)negativeK)repeatedlyO)undertaken

D)distinguishH)outcomeL)rewarded

答案：26.B

27.G

28.K

29.L

30.C

31.H

32.I

33.D

34.N

35.O

SectionB

Povertyisastoryaboutus,notthem

[A]Toooftenstillwethinkweknowthepovertylookslike.It'sthewaywe'vebeentaught,theimageswe’vebeenforced-feddecades.Thechronicallyhomeless.Theundocumentedimmigrant.Theurbanpoor,usuallypersonifiedasawomanofcolor,the\"welfarequeen\"politiciansstilltoooftenreference.

[B]ButasincomeinequalityrisestorecordlevelsintheUnitedStates,eveninthemidstofarecordeconomicexpansions,.thosefamiliarimagesareoutdated,hurtfulandcounterproductivetofocusingattentiononsolutionsandbuildingladdersofopportunity.

IC]Today'sfacesofinequalityandlackofopportunitylooklikeallofus.It'sAnnaLandre,adisabledGeorgetownUniversitystudentfightingtokeephealthbenefitsthatallow-herthefreedomtoliveherlifelt'sTiffanieStandard,acounselorforyoungwomenofcolorinPhiladelphiawhowanttobetechentrepreneurs—butwhomustworkmultiplejobstostayafloat.It'sKenOutlaw,awelderinruralNorthCarolinawhosedreamofgoingbacktoschoolatalocalcommunitycollegewasdashedbyHurricaneFlorence-justoneoftheextremeweathereventsthathavetippedthebalanceforstrugglingAmericansacrossthenation,

[D]Ifthesearcthecentralcharactersofourstoryaboutpoverty.whatlayersofperceptions,myths,andrealitiesmustweunearthtofindmeaningfulsolutionsandsupport?Inpursuitofrevealingthis

13complicatedreality,MotheringJustice,ledbywomenofcolor,wentlastyeartothestatecapitalinLansing,Michigan,tolobbyonissuesthataffectworkingmothers.OneoftheMotheringJusticeorganizerswenttotheofficeofastaterepresentativetotalkaboutthelackofaffordablechildcare-thevestiges(痕迹))ofasystemthatexpectedmotherstostayhomewiththeirchildrenwhiletheirhusbandsworked,Alegislativestafferdismissedtheactivist’sconcerns,tellingher“myhusbandtookcareofthat-lstayedhome.”

[E]Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDanielleAtkinson.,\"wasmeanttoshame\"andreliedonthefamiliartropethatawomanofcolorconcemedaboutincomeinequalityandprogramsthatpromotemobilitymustbydefinitionbeasinglemom,probablywithmultiplekids.,Inthiscase.MotheringJusticeactivisthappenedtobemarried.AndinmostcasesintheAmericaof2019,theimagesthatcometomindwhenwehearthewordspovertyorincomeinequalityfailmiserablyinreflectingacomplicatedreality:povertytouchesvirtuallyallofus.Thefaceofincomeinequality,forallbutaveryfewofus,istheoneweeachseeinthemirror.

[F]HowmanyofusarepoorintheU.S.?Itdependsonwhoyouask.AccordingtotheCensusBureau,38millionpeopleintheU.S.arelivingbelowtheofficialpovertythresholds,Takingintoaccounteconomicneedbeyondthatabsolutemeasure,theInstituteforPolicyStudiesfoundthat140millionpeoplcarepoororlow-income.That'salmosthalftheU.Spopulation.

[G]Whateverthemeasure,withinthatmassivegroup,povertyisextremelydiverse.Weknowthatsomepeoplearemoreaffectedthanothers,likechildren,theelderly,peoplewithdisabilities,andpeopleofcolor.

[H]Butthefactthat4in10Americanscan'tcomeupwith$400inanemergencyisacommonlycitedstatisticforgoodreason:economicinstabilitystretchesacrossrace,gender,andgeography.Itevenreachesintothemiddleclasses,asrealwageshavestagnated(不增长)forallbuttheverywealthyandtemporaryspellsoffinancialinstabilityarenotuncommon.

[I]Negativeimagesremainofwhoislivinginpovertyaswellaswhatisneededtomoveoutofit.ThebigAmericanmythisthatyoucanpullyourselfupbyyourowneffortandchangeabadsituationintoagoodone.Therealityisthatfindingopportunitywithouthelpfromfamilies,friends.schools，,andcommunityisvirtuallyimpossible.Andtheplayingfieldisnothingclosetolevel.[J]TheFrameWorksinstitute,aresearchgroupthatfocusesonpublicframingofissues,hasstudied

14whatsustainsstereotypesandnarrativesofpovertyintheUnitedKingdom.\"Peoplevieweconomicsuccessandwellbeinginlifeasproductofchoice,willpower,drive,grit,andgumption,\"saysNatKendall-Taylor,CEOofFrameWorks.“Whenweseepeoplewhoarestruggling.”hesays,thoseassumptions“leadustotheperceptionthatpeopleinpovertyarelazy.theydon’tcare,andtheyhaven'tmadetherightdecisions.”

[K]Doesthissoundfamiliar?SimilarideassurroundpovertyintheU.S.Andtheseassumptionswreakhavoconreality.\"Whenpeopleenterintothatpatternofthinking,\"saysKendall-Taylor,\"it'scognitivelycomfortabletomakesenseofissuesofpovertyinthatway.Itcreatesakindofcognitiveblindness-allofthefactorsexternaltoaperson'sdriveandchoicesthatthey'vemadebecomeinvisibleandfadefromview.”

Thoseexternalfactorsincludethedifficultiesaccompanyinglow-wageworkotstruetualdiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,orability.Assumptionsgetworsewhenpeoplewhoarepoorusegovernmentbenefitstohelpthemsurvive.Thereisagreattensionbetween\"thepoor\"andthosewhoarereceivingwhathasbecomeadirtyword:\"welfare.\"

AccordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey,7lpercentofrespondentsbelievethecontryisspendingtoolittleona\"welfare\":37percentbelievewearespendingtoomuch,

[N]\"Povertyhasbeeninterchangeablewithpeopleofcolor-specificallyblackwomenandblackmothers,\"saysAtkinsonofMotheringJustice.It'struethatblackmothersaremoreaffectedbypovertythanmanyothergroups,yettheyaredisproportionatelythefaceofpoverty.Forexample，Americansroutinelyoverestimatetheshareofblackrecipientsofpublicassistanceprograms.[O]Inreality,mostpeoplewillexperiencesomeformoffinancialhardshipatsomepointintheirlives.Indeed,peopletendtodipinandoutofpoverty,perhapsduetounexpectedobstacleslikelosingajob,orwhenhoursofalow-wagejobfluctuate.

[P]Somethingeachofuscandoistotreateachotherwiththedignityandsympathythatisdeservedandtounderstanddeeplythattheissueofpovertytouchesallofus.

答案：

36.[E]Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDanielleAtkinson,\"wasmeanttoshame\"

37.[H]Butthefactthat4in10Americanscan'tcomeupwith$400inanemergencyisacommonlycitedstatisticforgoodreason:economicinstabilitystretchesacrossrace,gender,andgeography.38.[M]AccordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey,71percentof

respondentsbelievethecountryisspendingtoolittleon\"assistancetothepoor.\"

39.[J]TheFrameWorksInstitute,aresearchgroupthatfocusesonpublicframingofissues,hasstudiedwhatsustainsstereotypesandnarrativesofpovertyintheUnitedKingdom

40.[D]lfthesearethecentralcharactersofourstoryaboutpoverty,whatlayersofperceptions,myths,andrealitiesmustweunearthtofindmeaningfulsolutionsandsupport?41.[F]HowmanyofusarepoorintheU.S.?

42.[N]“Povertyhasbeeninterchangeablewithpeopleofcolor-specificallyblackwomenand”blackmothers,\"saysAtkinsonofMotheringJustice.

43.[1]Negativeimagesremainofwhoislivinginpovertyaswellaswhatisneededtomoveoutofit.44.[E]Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDan-ielleAtkinson,\"wasmeanttoshame\"45.[L]Thoseexternalfactorsincludethedifficultiesaccompanyinglow-wageworkorstructuraldiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,orability.

SectionCPassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Boredomhas,paradoxically,becomequiteinterestingtoacademicslately.InearlyMay.London'sBoringConferencecelebratedsevenyearsofdelightingindullness.Atthisevent.peopleflockedtotalksaboutweather,trafficjamsandvending-machinesounds.,amongothersleep-inducingtopicsWhat,exactly,iseverybodystudying?Onewidelyaccepteddefinitionofboredomis\"thedistastefulexperienceofwanting,butbeingunable.toengageinsatisfyingactivity.\"Buthowcanyouquantifyaperson'sboredomlevelandcompareitwithsomeoneelse’s?

In1986,psychologistsintroducedtheBoredomPronenessScale,designedtomeasureanindividual’soveralltendencytofeelboredBycontrast,theMulitidimensionalStateBoredomscale,developedin2008,measuresaperson’sfeelingsofboredominagivensituation.Boredom

has

been

linked

to

behavior

issues

including

inattentive

driving.mindless

16snacking.excessivedrinking,andandaddictivegambling.Infact,manyofuswouldchoosepainover

boredom.

Oneteamofpsychologistsdiscoveredthattwo-thirdsofmenandaquarterofwomenwouldratherself-administerelectricshocksthansitalonewiththeirthoughtsfor15minutes.

Researchingthisphenomenon,anotherteamaskedvolunteerstowatchboring.sad,orncutarfilms,duringwhichtheycouldself-administerelccrieshocks,Theboredvolunteersshockedthemselvesmoreandharderthanthesadorneutralonesdid.

Butboredomisn'tallbad.Byencouragingself-reflectionanddaydreaming.itcanspuractivity.Anearlystudygaveparticipantsabundanttimetocompleteproblem-solvingandword-associationexercises.Oncealltheobviousanswerswereexhausted,participantsgavemoreandmoreincentiveanswerstocombatboredom:ABritishstudytookthesefindingsonestepfurther,askingsubjectstocompleteacreativechallenge(comingupwithalistofalternativeusesforahouseholditem).Onegroupofsubjectsdidaboringactivityfirst.whiletheotherswentstraighttothecreativetask.Thosewhoseboredompumpshadbeenprimedweremoreproductive.

Inouralwaysconnectedworld,boredommaybeahard-to-definestate,butitisafertileone,Watchpaintdryorwaterboil,oratleastputawayoursmartphoneforawhile,andyoumightunlockyournextbigidea.

46.Whenarepeoplelikelytoexperienceboredom,accordingtoanacceptedpsychologicaldefinition?

A)Whentheydon’thavethechancetodowhattheywant.B)Whentheydon’tenjoythematerialstheyarestudying.C)Whentheyexperiencesomethingunpleasant.D)Whentheyengageinsomeroutineactivities.47.Whatdoestheauthorsayboredomcanleadto?A)DeterminationB)MentaldeteriorationC)ConcentrationD)Harmfulconduct

48.Whatisthefindingsofoneteamofpsychologistsintheirexperiment?

17A)Volunteerspreferwatchingaboringmovietosittingalonedeliberating.B)Manyvolunteerschoosetohurtthemselvesratherthanendureboredom.C)Malevolunteersarcmoreimmunetotheeffectsofboredomthanfemales.D)Manyvolunteersareunabletoresistboredomlongerthanfifteenminutes.49.Whydoestheauthorsayboredomisn’tallbad?A)Itstimulatesmemorization.B)Itmaypromotecreativethinking.C)Itallowstimeforrelaxation.D)Itmayfacilitateindependentlearning.

50.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsonedowhenfacedwithachallengingproblem?A)stopidlingandthinkbig.B)Unlockone’ssmartphone.C)Lookaroundoneselfforstimulation.D)Allowoneselfsometimetobebored.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ForestsincountrieslikeBrazilandtheCongogetalotofattentionfromenvironmentalists,anditiseasytoseewhy.SouthAmericaandsub-SaharanAfricaareexperiencingdeforestationonanenormousscale:everyyearalmostsmillionhectaresarelost.ButforestsarealsochanginginrichWesterncountriesTheyaregrowinglarger,bothinthesensethattheyoccupymoreandthattheteesinthemandbigger.Whatisgoingon?

ForestsarespreadinginalmostallWesterncountries,withfastestgrowthinplacesthathistoricallyhadratherfewtress.In199028%ofSpainwasforested;nowtheproportionis37%.InbothGreeceandItaly,thegrowthwasfrom26%to32%

overthesameperiod.ForestsaregraduallytakingmoreandinAmericaandAustralia.PerhapsmostastonishingisthetrendinIreland.Roughly1%ofthatcountrywasforestedwhenitbecameindependentin1922.Forestscover11%oftheland,andthegovernmentswantstopushtheproportionto18%bythe2040s.

Twothingsarefertilizingthisgrowth.Thefirstistheabandonmentoffarmland,especiallyinhigh,

18dryplaceswherenothinggrowsterriblywell.Whenfarmersgiveuptryingtoearnalivingfromfarmingorherdingtreessimplymovein.Thesecondisgovernmentspolicyandsubsidy.Throughouthistory,governmentshaveprotectedandpromotedforestsfordiversereasons,rangingfromtheneedforwoodenwarshipstoadesiretopromotesuburbanhouse-building.Nowadaysforestsareincreasinglywelcomebecausetheysuckincarbonpollutionfromtheair.Thejustificationschange;thedesireformoretreesremainsconstant,

ThegreeningoftheWestdoesnotdelighteveryone.Farmerscomplainthatlandisbeingtakenoutofusebygenerouslysubsidizedtreeplantations.PartsofSpainandPortugalsufferfromterribleforestfires.Otherssimplydisliketheappearanceofforestsplantedinneatrows.Theywillhavetogetusedtothetrees,however.ThegrowthofWesternforestsseemsalmostasunstoppableasdeforestationelsewhere.

51.Whatiscatchingenvironmentalists’attentionnowadays?A)Richcountriesarestrippingpooronesoftheirresources.B)Forestsarefastshrinkinginmanydevelopingcountries.C)Forestsareeatingawaythefertilefarmlandworldwide.D)Richcountriesaredoinglittletoaddressdeforestation.52.Whichcountrieshavethefastestforestgrowth?A)Thosethatbravenewlyachievedindependence.B)ThosethatathavethegreatestdemandfortimberC)Thosethatusedtohavethelowestforestcoverage.D)Thosethatprovideenormousgovernmentsubsidies.53.Whathasencouragedforestgrowthhistorically?A)Thegovernment’sadvocacy.B)Theuseofwoodforfuel.C)Thefavorableclimate.D)Thegreenmovement.

54.Whataccountforourincreasingdesireforforests?A)Theiruniquescenicbeauty.B)Theiruseasfruitplantation.

C)Theircapabilityofimprovingairquality.

19D)Theirstablesupplyofbuildingmaterials.

55.Whatdocstheauthorconcludeabouttheprospectsofforestation?A)Desertsinsub-SaharanAfricawilldiminishgradually.B)Itwillplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinpeople’slives.C)Forestdestructioninthedevelopingworldwillquicklyslowdown.D)Developedanddevelopingcountriesaremovinginoppositedirection

PartIVTranslation

生活在中国不同地区的人们饮食多种多样。北方人主要吃面食，南方多吃米饭。在沿海地区，海鲜和淡水水产品在人们饮食中占有相当大的比例，而在其他地区人们的饮食中，肉类和奶制品更为常见。四川、湖南等省份的居民普遍爱吃辛辣食物，而江苏和浙江人更喜欢甜食。然而，因为烹饪方式各异，同类食物的味道可能会有所不同。

【参考译文】

PeopleindifferentpartsofChinahaveavarietyofdiets.Inthenorththestaplefoodispasta,whileinthesouthrice.Incoastalareas,seafoodandfreshwaterproductsmakeupalargepartofthelocaldiet,whileinotherareas,meatanddairyproductsaremorecommononthetable.PeopleinSichuan,Hunanandotherprovincesgenerallypreferspicyfood,whilepeopleinJiangsuandZhejiangprefersweetfood.However,duetodifferentcookingmethods,similarfoodsmaytastedifferentfromoneanother.

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