高考英语阅读理解-议论文5篇真题训练

高考英语复习 阅读理解专练 议论文5篇

Passage 1(2017北京,D)

Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way:“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

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The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.

1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A.run out of human control B.satisfy human’s real desires C.command armies of killer robots

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D.work faster than a mathematician

2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .

A.prevent themselves from being destroyed B.achieve their original goals independently C.do anything successfully with given orders D.beat humans in international chess matches

3.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A.help super intelligent machines work better B.be secure against evil human beings C.keep machines from being harmed D.avoid robots’ affecting the world

4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A.It will disappear with the development of AI. B.It will get worse with human interference. C.It will be solved but with difficulty. D.It will stay for a decade. Passage 2(2016课标Ⅰ,D)

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be

thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts

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may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of

communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural

construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈)value of

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silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

1.What does the author say about silence in conversations? A.It implies anger. B.It promotes friendship. C.It is culture-specific. D.It is content-based.

2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A.The Chinese. B.The French. C.The Mexicans. D.The Russians.

3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A.Let it continue as the patient pleases. B.Break it while treating patients. C.Evaluate its harm to patients. D.Make use of its healing effects. 4.What may be the best title for the text? A.Sound and Silence B.What It Means to Be Silent C.Silence to Native Americans D.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold Passage 3(2016浙江,A)

“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori. With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.”

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Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.

An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.

If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言)can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.” In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority (优越感).

Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or

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what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.

The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.

1.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to . A.introduce a topic B.present an argument

C.describe the characters D.clarify his writing purpose 2.An important negative effect of gossip is that it . A.breaks up relationships B.embarrasses the listener C.spreads information around D.causes unpleasant experiences

3.In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it . A.gives them a feeling of pleasure B.helps them to make more friends C.makes them better at telling stories D.enables them to meet important people

4.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can . A.provide students with written rules B.help people watch their won behaviors

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C.force schools to improve student handbooks D.attract the police’s attention to group behaviors 5.What advice does the author give in the passage? A.Never become a gossiper. B.Stay away from gossipers. C.Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D.Think twice before you gossip. Passage 4(2016北京,D)

Why College Is Not Home

The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.

For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.

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To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.

Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.

Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults:the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.

It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents’ desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.

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Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?

A.Sympathetic. B.Disapproving. C.Supportive. D.Neutral.

2.The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means . A.change B.choice C.text D.extension 3.According to the author, what role should college play? A.To develop a shared identity among students. B.To define and regulate students’ social behavior. C.To provide a safe world without tension for students. D.To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.

4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

I:Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)

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C:Conclusion

Passage 5(2014课标Ⅰ,C)

A typical lion tamer(驯兽师)in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip(鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention,but it’s mostly for show.In reality,it’s the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face,the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided,the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options,the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion?How often do you have something you want to achieve(e.g.lose weight,start a business,travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best,the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things,and so we take less action,make less progress,and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesn’t have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face,remember this:All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If you have somewhere you want to go,something you want to

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accomplish,someone you want to become...take immediate action.If you’re clear about where you want to go,the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.

1.Why does the lion tamer use a chair?

A.To trick the lion. B.To show off his skills.

C.To get ready for a fight. D.To entertain the audience. 2.In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair? A.They feel puzzled over choices. B.They hold on to the wrong things. C.They find it hard to make changes. D.They have to do something for show.

3.What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3? A.Tolerant. B.Doubtful. C.Respectful. D.Supportive. 4.When the world is “waving a chair in your face”,you’re advised to . A.wait for a better chance B.break your old habits C.make a quick decision D.ask for clear guidance

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答案全解全析

Passage 1

[语篇解读] 本文为议论文。人工智能如果有了某种特定的目标,它便会不择手段地去生存并去实现自己的目标。如果放任不管,人类也许会失去对人工智能的控制。解决这个问题虽然是有可能的,但并非易事。

1.A 主旨要义题。根据第一段的第一句和第二句可知,人工智能有可能会超出人类的控制,Norbert Wiener创立的控制论也说明了这一点。

2.A 推理判断题。由第二段中的“a wish to preserve its own existence”以及“it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead”可以看出,有特定目标的机器会保护自身免受破坏,故选A。 3.D 事实细节题。根据第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines..., using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.”可以得知,一些研究者认为利用防火墙可防止机器影响到现实世界。 4.C 观点态度题。由最后一段的首句“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.”可知,很好地解决安全问题并取得进展是有可能的,但是绝非易事,C项符合文章内容。

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[长难句] If we use,to achieve our purposes,a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere,we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire. 如果我们使用一个我们根本无法有效地干预其操作的机械设施来达到我们的目的,我们最好确保输入到机器里的目的就是我们真正要求的目的。

本句是一个复合句,主句是we had better be quite sure,条件状语从句中包含一个不定式to achieve our purposes表示目的,过去分词短语put into the machine作定语修饰其前的名词purpose,定语从句which we really desire修饰其前的名词purpose。 Passage 2

[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了沉默在不同风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在医疗方面的作用。

1.C 推理判断题。根据文章前三段可知沉默在不同风俗中所表达的含义不同,由此可判断在谈话中的沉默是有风俗特性的,故选C项。

2.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知正如一些传统的中国人和泰国人做的那样,许多印第安人重视沉默,认为沉默是交流的一个基本的部分。并且在这些风俗里,沉默是一个思考的需要。根据第二段的Chinese and Thai persons 可将B、C、D排除。

3.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知护士和其他护理人员要明白沉默的治疗价值,并且使用这种方式帮助来自自己风俗的或其他风俗的病人,故选D项。其他三项文中未提到。 4.B 主旨大意题。文章主要讲述的是沉默在各个风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在医疗方面的作用,故选B项,意为“沉默的意义”。A项“声音和沉默”,文中未提及声音。C项显然只是说美国人,有些片面。D项“说话是银,沉默是金”,与文章内容不符。

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[长难句] Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.当护士和其他的护理者们遇到的病人可能处于个人焦虑时,他们需要明白沉默的可能含义。

本句为复合句,主句为:Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence,their patients may be experiencing为定语从句,先行词为 anxiety。 Passage 3

[语篇解读] 这是一篇议论文,题材为社会交往类。日常生活中我们经常和好友私下谈论传播关于某个人的闲话。本文作者把闲话流言给人们带来的影响分为三类,分别进行了论说。 1.A 推理判断题。作者开头引用了两个同学谈论另外一个同学的闲话。然后作者说自己注意到闲话带来的三种影响。由此可知作者用这个例子来引出本文的话题,所以答案为A项。B项:展示一个争论;C项:描述人物性格;D项:阐明他的写作目的。这三项都不是作者引用这个例子的目的。

2.D 事实细节题。 根据第四段第一句话的描述“闲话的一个重要负面影响是它会伤害到那个正在被谈论的人”可知这会给被谈论的人带来非常不愉快的经历,所以答案为D项。A项:关系破裂,文中并未提及,排除A项。B项:让听的人很尴尬,文中没有提及这一点,排除B项。C项:到处传播信息,这不是负面影响,排除C项。

3.A 事实细节题。根据第五段中的描述可知,人们喜欢说闲话是因为这给他们一种满足感。自己知道别人不知道的事且第一个说出来,这会给他们带来快感。由此可知答案为A项:会给他们一种快乐的感觉。B项:帮助他们交更多的朋友;C项:让他们更会讲故事;D项:让他们能够遇到重要的人物。这三项与文章意思不符。

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4.B 事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二段的描述可知,和同伴说别人关于穿衣服的闲话时,会提醒对方穿相同的衣服也会被人说闲话,所以对方就会在这方面注意了。由此可知答案为B项:帮助人们留意自己的举止。A项:为学生提供书面的规则;C项:迫使学校改善学生守则;D项:引起对团队行为的关注。这三项均与本段意思不符。

5.D 推理判断题。作者在最后一段建议到:下次想说别人的闲话时,要想一下你为什么要说、你的使人感兴趣的故事会带来什么影响。由此可知作者建议我们在说别人的闲话之前要三思。故答案为D项。A项:永远不要成为一个说闲话的人;B项:远离那些说闲话的人;C项:不要让闲话变成谎言。这三项与作者提出的建议不符。

[长难句] Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention.把这转换成高中用语,意思就是如果和你在一起的每个人都在嘲笑约翰穿的衣服或者简说过的话,那你肯定会知道自己穿同样的衣服或者说同样的话也会引起人们的那种消极的关注。

本句为主从复合句。主句为:this means that...。句首是过去分词短语作状语。第一个that引导宾语从句,在该从句中有if引导的条件状语从句,还有一个that引导的宾语从句。 Passage 4

[语篇解读] 本文是议论文,题材为学校教育类。大学时期应该是学生成长的一个重要时期,学生应在这段时期学会和发现。但是现在的大学时期却成了青春期的延续,大学没有教给学生,也没有让学生学会发现。

1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段可知,作者不赞同大学生继续接受父母的指导。sympathetic同情的;disapproving不赞成的,不同意的;supportive支持的;neutral中立的。

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2.A 词义推断题。根据语境可知此处表达的是“大学时期是一个从家庭庇护到和承担成人责任的转化时期”,所以答案为A项。

3.D 推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知答案为D项。

4.C 推理判断题。文章第一段引入主题,第二段描述了大学时期是怎样变成青春期的延续的,第三段提出如何解决这一问题,第四段和第五段提出了解决这个问题的原因,最后进行总结。故选C项。

[长难句] Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.大学里有关团体价值观、社会风气和行为的每一项讨论都应该包含对学生自主和自我管理发展重要性的认识,包含对安全和自我发现之间必要矛盾的认识。

本句为简单句,其主干为Every college discussion should include recognition,三个of短语作定语。 Passage 5

[语篇解读] 本文是议论文,题材为社会文化类。每个人都会有自己的目标,在实现目标的过程中我们会不断地面对各种选择。在这些选择面前每个人的表现不尽相同,怎么做才是最佳选择呢?

1.A 推理判断题。根据第一段的描述:当驯兽师拿着一把椅子放在狮子眼前的时候,狮子的注意力就会被分散在椅子的四条腿上,不知道接下来去做什么,也忘记了去攻击驯兽师。由此推断出驯兽师使用椅子是为了欺骗狮子做出错误的选择,故答案为A项。B项:为了炫耀自己的技术;C项:做好打架的准备;D项:为了娱乐观众。这三项与原文不符。

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2.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的...the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.和第二段中的only to end up confused by all of the options可知人类和狮子的相同点就是在面对选择的时候都会感到迷惑不解,不知道该如何去选择,所以答案为A项。B项:他们抓住错误的事情不放;C项:他们觉得做出改变是很困难的;D项:他们必须做点事来给别人看。这三项与原文的描述不符。

3.B 观点态度题。根据第三段中第一句话的描述可知:那些想改善自己生活的人们被那些专家提供的矛盾的信息弄得晕头转向,不知道该如何去选择。由此推断出作者对这些专家持怀疑的态度,所以答案为B项。tolerant容忍的,宽恕的;doubtful怀疑的;respectful表示敬意的;supportive支持的。

4.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段的You just need to get started.和take immediate action可以推断出在面对这一情况时你要立即做出决定,所以答案为C项。A项:等待更好的机会;B项:打破你的旧习惯;D项:请求得到明确的指导。这三项与最后一段的建议不符。

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