2013年考博英语武汉大学模拟题1

Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points)

Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:

Cell Phone Hegemony

I recall how annoying it was years ago when smoking everywhere was legal in California. Many complained about the restrictions when they arrived, but I didn't, because I seriously hated watching shoppers smoking through the tomatoes and lettuce in the vegetable section of the store.

People forget how sickening that used to be, especially with the butts all over the grocery store floor. Tossing a burning smoke on the ground, stomping it with your foot, and leaving it to be swept up by somebody else later was somehow OK.

But 'laws were passed, and you could finally shop without having to buy broccoli while gagging on a nearby Winston.

Grocery stores are now filled with drips talking on cell phones about their sisters. I believe these obnoxious chatterers are all rebellious smokers getting back at us. This is worse than smoking! How did these phones come to dominate our lives like this, and does anyone even try to resist?

Cell phones now rule the world's collective unconscious in untold ways. What astonishes me about all this is the sociology that has crept up on us. Why do we have this incessant need to chat on cell phones all day long? Test out this thesis. Make a note of a friend who calls you from both a cell phone and a land-line at different times. Time the calls and note the content. The cell phone calls will always be longer and more inane--without exceptions!

1. In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the pronoun \"they\" in \"when they arrive\" refers

to _______.

A. restrictions B. shoppers C. complaints D. people 2. In the third paragraph, \"gagging on a nearby Winston\" means _______.

A. near the broccoli counter in the shop was the counter that sold cigarettes B. while buying vegetables, one very often inhaled cigarette smoke in the shop C. there were many people in the shop who were smoking Winston brand cigarettes D. many years ago, the majority of the shoppers smoked when buying things 3. According to the 4th paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. People like to talk in grocery stores endlessly about their sisters and family matters.

B. The obnoxious users of cell phone in public places remind us of the smokers in grocery

stores years ago.

C. Smokers were angry when laws were passed to forbid smoking in groceries, and they

now talked loudly in the shops on cell phone to rebel and revenge.

D. People who now talk incessantly on cell phone in grocery stores are those who liked to

smoke there before.

4. What do you think is the writer's purpose in writing this passage?

A. To tell the reader that the use of cell phones is as bad as smoking. B. To call for a ban on the use of cell phones in the public.

C. To emphasize the immoral effect of the cell phone on our consciousness. D. To draw public attention to the problems caused by the use of cell phones. Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage:

The Hero

My mother's parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read tile German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.

My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the First World War broke out, he lamented the fact if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.

One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.

The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had any training, but who had nevertheless all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their lags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.

It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station, it seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, \"It's the armistice. The war is over.\" For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned

to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.

5. Where was the narrator's family when this story took place?

A. In Germany. B. In Hungary. C. In the United States. D. In New York. 6. His grandfather _______.

A. could not speak and read English well enough B. knew nine languages equally well

C. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to German D. loved German best because it made him think of home

7. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because

_______.

A. it was war time and Germans were their enemy B. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-German C. it was easier to get newspapers in English in America

D. nobody else read newspapers in German during the war time

8. The narrator's mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war, because_______.

A. like everybody else at the war time, she was very patriotic B. she hated the war and the Germans very much

C. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like them D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a hero

Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage.

As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to the due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.

When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted, the longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect, becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an \"afterimage\" super imposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the \"local adaptation\\"lateral adaptation\". Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightnesses or have similar colors, the adaptation

will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.

9. This selection is concerned primarily with _______

A. the eye's adaptation to color B. the properties of colored surfaces C. the effect of changes in color intensity D. experiments on colored objects

10. Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ________.

A. the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewing B. what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewings C. the properties of the surface being viewed

D. whether the object was seen in artificial or natural light

11. If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts

to an object not well lit--such as a lawn or shrub in shadow-we can expect _______. A. a time lag in the focusing ability of the eye

B. the immediate loss of the \"afterimage\" of the first object

C. some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been

regained

D. adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new

intensity level

12. The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of

A. some experiments with color pigments B. the nature of color

C. the color properties of various surfaces D. the mechanism of eye's adaptation to color

Questions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage:

In the opinion of many Americans and Europeans, we only began to really explore our world in the sixteenth century. According to them, the sailors of the ancient world did not explore distant parts of the world; they did not have the necessary knowledge or skills for long sea journeys. However, the people who have this opinion are forgetting two important facts of history.

First, sometimes early scientists have an idea which is correct, but scientists in later centuries do not believe it. For example, about 270 B. C., a Greek scientist had an idea which we all believe today. The earth moves around the sun. But for the following 1,600 years scientists did not believe this. In their opinion, the sun clearly moved around the earth. They discovered the truth again only in the fifteenth century!

The second fact of history that many people forget is this: Ancient does not mean primitive. For example, the ancient Egyptians knew a great deal about the stars; they used this knowledge to find their way across the oceans. Two thousand years ago a Greek scientist who lived in Egypt calculated the distance around the earth. The results of his calculations were close to the real distance we know today! So the ancients had a great deal of scientific knowledge. They also had skills which equaled the skills of today. For example, 1,300 years ago and before, fishermen in Ireland built their boats of wood and leather. Today some fishermen in Ireland still make boats of the same design. They use tools and materials which are not very different from the tools and materials which their ancestors used. Why? The ancient design of the boats was good, and with

skillful sailors, these boats can sail in all kinds of weather.

Clearly long before the sixteenth century, people had the skill, the knowledge and the equipment which were necessary for long journeys by sea. The world did not have to wait until the sixteenth century for its first explorers!

13. Which of the following statements is consistent with the passage?

A. According to the writer, we only began to really explore the world in the sixteenth

century.

B. In the history of science, people sometimes have to discover a fact a second time. C. The ancient Egyptians had very little knowledge about the stars.

D. The writer agrees with many Americans and Europeans except for the two facts

mentioned in the passage.

14. Why does the writer use the example of the Greek scientist who calculated the distance

around the world?

A. He wants to show the primitive knowledge of ancient scientists.

B. He wants to give an example of something which later scientists did not believe.

C. He wants to give an example of scientific knowledge which was available to early

explorers.

D. He wants to show that science has not been developing significantly.

15. According to the writer, why do Irish fishermen still use boats like the boats which their

ancestors used 1,000 years ago?

A. Boats made of wood or leather are light and fast. B. The necessary materials are easily available. C. They don't have the money for expensive boats. D. The design of the boats is very good.

16. \"People from the ancient world sailed around Africa. They even reached America.\" In your

opinion, how would the writer of the passage feel about these ideas? A. He has used this as an important fact to praise ancient civilization. B. He does not believe them.

C. In his opinion, ancient explorers did not have the skills necessary for long journeys. D. In his opinion, they are possible.

Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage:

The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean. Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than

Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.

Keasey's research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor's action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to \"Bonnie wrecks Ann's pretend house\" depending on whether Bonnie did it \"so somebody won't fall over it\" or because Bonnie wanted \"to make Ann feel bad.\" Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.

Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.

17. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?

A. An outline for future research.

B. An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms. C. An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.

D. A discussion of research finding in an ongoing inquiry.

18. According to the passage, Darley found that after seven months of kindergarden six year olds

acquired which of the following abilities?

A. Differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm. B. Identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action. C. Justifying harmful actions that result from provocation.

D. Evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules. 19. According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of following

points?

A. The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit.

B. The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional

harm.

C. The Intentions children have in perpetrating harm.

D. The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts.

20. It can be inferred from the passage that Piaget would be likely to agree with which of the

following statements about the punishment that children under seven assign to wrongdoing? A. The severity of the assigned punishment is determined by the perceived magnitude of

negative consequences more than by any other factor.

B. The punishment is to be administered immediately following the transgression.

C. The children assign punishment less arbitrarily than they do when they reach the age of

moral autonomy.

D. The punishment for acts of unintentional harm is less severe than it is for acts involving

accidental harm.

Part Ⅱ English-Chinese Translation (20%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 1 Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary, part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 2 On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.

3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary, citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 4 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 5 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system. Part Ⅲ Chinese-English Translation (20%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。但令人感到痛心的是，显然有好几百万美国人从来没有想到过自己会是违法者，更不用说是犯罪分子了，他们越来越不把那些旨在保护他们社会的法律条文放在心上。如今，人们随手乱扔垃圾、偷税漏税、发出违禁噪音，以及开车时表现出来的无状态，可谓是司空见惯。有时不由使人觉得，藐视法令者竟可代表未来的潮流了。哈佛大学的社会学家戴维·里斯曼认为：大多数美国人漫不经心地把犯点所谓的小错误当作是理所当然的。他还认为：今天美国社会道德准则已出现“只有傻瓜才守法的”危险倾向了。

Part Ⅳ Writing (20%)

Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of My Aim for Doctoral Study with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

1． 你攻读博士学位的目标是…… 2． 你确定这一目标的原因是…… 3． 你将如何努力实现。

参与解析

Part I Reading Comprehension(40％，1=2points)

1. A．根据第1段的第2句可知，以前没有法律禁止在公共场所吸烟，当各种出现后，

有些人对此颇有微词。可见they此处所指为restrictions。

2. B。从文中内容可知，Winston指的是英国首相丘吉尔，其形象就是不停地吸雪茄，此

处将周围的吸烟者比作丘古尔，颇为形象。

3. B。根据第4段内容可知，如今到处都是用手机闲聊的人，此情景颇似以往的吸烟者所

带来的困扰。因此B项为正确答案。

4. D。综观全文，作者只是对用手机聊闲的情况感到不满和震惊，而其他人却不以为然，

因此他的主要意图是想通过文章引起人们的注意。因此D项为正确答案。

5. D。根据文中第1段叙述，作者的祖父坚持每天阅读该报纸(能购得该报纸)，可判断他

们当时居住在纽约。选项D正确。

6. C。第1段，作者指出“虽然祖父能够用9种语言交流”，但he was most comfortable in German“他用德语交流时感到最为舒适”。选项C符合。

7. B。第2段，作者的祖母反对祖父阅读：German Newspapers，并给出了其忧虑原因：for

fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German“担心邻居发现他阅读德国报纸，认为他支持德国人”。选项B正确。

8. D。第3段，作者谈到了母亲当时的想法Now she could boast about her soldier brother

going off to war“她也能够炫耀自己的哥哥去参军作战了”。选项D“她希望自己有个英雄哥哥”意思接近。

9. A。本文主要讲述的是眼睛对色彩的适应。选项A符合。

10. C．根据第1段可以判断彩色物体被人们观察的是否相同取决于物质的表面属性。 11. C。从文中第2段if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze…，will still be present and appear

as an“afterimage”super imposed on the second。可以判断选项C正确。

12. D。根据第1段Both of these effects seem to the due in large part to the mechanism of color

adaptation mentioned earlier，可以判断本文之前讲述的是the mechanism of color adaptation。

13. B．本题容易排除其他3个明显错误项。选项B的内容在文中第2段。

14. C．作者第3段给出埃及和希腊的例子，是为了证明Ancient does not mean primitive。选

项C表述正确。

15. D。第3段Why? The ancient design of the boats was good，and with skillful sailors，these

boats can sail in all kinds of Weather给出了此题的答案。

16. D．从最后一段可以判断作者认为早期人们有远航探索所需的必备条件，因此进行远航

探索是可能的。

17. D．本文提出长久以来的研究the age at which young children begin to make moral

discrimination，并讲述了Keasey的新发现，因此本文是对一个尚在研究的问题的一种讨论。 18. A．文中开始提到could not differentiate between foreseeable…harm and unforeseeable harm，

但几个月后他发现孩子们具备了该种能力，指的就是区分可预知的危害和不可预知的危害的能力。

19. B．本文提到Piaget认为7岁的孩子尚不能区分有意和无意伤害，而Keasey则认为6

岁的孩子就可以区分了。由此可以判断，两人在对儿童识别有意和无意伤害的年龄上有分歧。

20. A．根据第1段第2句后半句可知，在Piaget看来，7岁以下的孩子只会根据所造成的

负面影响的大小来对所做的行为加以惩罚。所以选项A与原文意思相符。 Part Ⅱ English-Chinese Translation(20％)

(1) 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为是律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的

知识素养的必要组成部分。

(2) 另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻

的做法是相同的。

(3) 新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确

立的规约和特殊责任的理解。

(4) 事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政

治新闻的报道工作。

(5) 尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理

解自行作出判断。 Part Ⅲ Chinese-English Translation (20%)

Law and order are undoubtedly the most favorably discussed political problem in American history. To our heartache, however, obviously the thought of being a violator has never been occurred to millions of Americans, let alone a criminal. They are increasingly putting aside the law aimed at protecting their society. Nowadays, it is not surprising to see that throwing litter here and there, tax evasion, making illegal noises, and the anarchy displayed during driving. Sometimes we can not help wondering that those who contempt the law represent the future trends. David Riesman, sociologist from Harvard University, points out: It is unmindfully taken for granted to make so-called small mistake by most Americans. He also holds that a dangerous tendency has appeared in current American society, which is only the fools abiding by the laws. Part Ⅳ Writing (20%)

(略)