选修8unit2词汇讲解

1．differ vi.不同；相异

Think about how they differ. (教材P10)想一想他们如何不同。

①differ from sb./sth.与某人/某物不同 differ from /with sb. about/on sth.关于某事与某人有异议

differ in...在……方面不同

②make a difference有影响，很重要 the difference between A and B A与B之间的不同

③be different from ...在……方面不同于某人

differ from 表示相互有别，不同于……。 differ with 指不同意某人的意见或与某人意见不同。 2．exact adj.准确的；精确的；严谨的；一丝不苟的 It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.(教材P11)这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。

exactly adv.确切地；究竟；到底 to be exact确切地说(＝exactly speaking)

not exactly不完全；一点也不；根本不

Exactly speaking，the result is wrong. 确切地说，这个结果不正确。

3．The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. (教材P11)

看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。 句中that引导同位语从句来说明fact的具体内容。

同位语从句可由when，where，how，why，that，whether等词引导。同位语从句一般放在idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，question等抽象名词之后，用以说明抽象名词的具体内容。有时为了保持句子的平衡，同位语从句还可以放在动词的后面。

(2013·浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

A．how B．that C．which D．whether

4．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11)

克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。

while在本句中表示“对比”关系。表示同类事物之间的对比，常译作“然而，可是”。 while的另外两个重要的含义：

①while作从属连词，意为“当……的时候”。

②while作从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，表示让步关系。

(2012·四川高考)At school，some students are active________some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.

A．while

B．although C．so

D．as

5．undertake vt.(undertook，undertaken)着手；从事；承担；承诺；答应

It is a difficult task to undertake.(教材P11) 这是一项很难完成的任务。

The United Nations was supposed to undertake the responsibility for global peace keeping.

联合国应承担维护世界和平的责任。

①undertake a task/responsibility承担任务/责任 undertake to do sth.同意、答应或

着手做某事

undertake for...为……负责 undertake thatclause 保证…… ②undertaking n．任务；事业；企业

He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。 6．pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清

But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a brea

pay 全部偿还；偿清 pay 付清某人工资并解雇

pay for买……；为……付款；为……付出代价 pay back还钱；偿还；报复 pay money for sth.付钱买…… pay up付清欠款

(2012·安徽高考)The athlete's years of hard training________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.

A．went on

B．got through C．paid off

D．ended up

7．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材P11) 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。

本句是一个完全倒装句。完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前，其中主语必须是名词，若为代词则不倒装，这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(be，do，have)和情态动词，但可以有连系动词be。

须用完全倒装的情况有：

①当句首为副词out，in，up，down，off，here，there，now，then等，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。

②当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。

③在there be结构中，there为引导词，be动词之后为句子的主语，属完全倒装，be应与主语保持一致。除be以外，能与there连用的动词还有seem，exist，happen，appear，live，stand

等。

④作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短，而主语相对比较长，为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时，句子的主谓也应完全倒装。

⑤某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。 8．cast down沮丧；不愉快(多用于被动语态)

Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.(教材P12)研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。

He was cast down by what his manager said. 经理说的话使他沮丧。

cast out 驱逐出去；赶走 cast a shadow (在心理上)留下阴影 cast off 摆脱掉；抛弃

You really must cast off all these bad habits. 9．altogether adv.全部；总共；总而言之；完全地

Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years，half the length of the life of the original sheep.(教材P12)多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。

The weather was bad and the food was the holiday was very disappointing. 天气又坏，吃的又糟。总而言之，这次假期很让人扫兴。

all together/altogether

作“总共”讲时，它们可以互换使用。 all together altogether 作“一道，一起”讲时，不能用altogether替换。 意为“完全地，总而言之”时，不可与all together互换。 11．obtain v．得到；获得(较正式用语)

Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.(教材P12)尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说， 有些头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。

obtain knowledge/one's degree 获得知识/学位 obtain ./obtain sb.给某人带来……

obtain/achieve/attain/gain/acquire

obtain achieve attain gain acquire 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间得到所需要的东西。 指通过个人努力改善自己的情况。 是正式用语，指经过艰苦努力才使人达到完美的境界。 指需要做出比obtain更大的努力，往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西。 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术、知识等抽象的东西，也指养成习惯等。 (2013·商丘高二质检)After questioning the man for six hours，the police ________ the information they wanted.

A．seized B．recovered C．appealed 12．forbid vt.(forbade，forbad；forbidden)禁止；不准

Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning...(教材P12)一些()开始改革他们的法律体系来禁止对克隆人的研究……

forbid do sth.禁止某人做某事 forbid doing sth.禁止做某事 forbid .禁止某人某事 forbid doing 禁止某人做…… It's forbidden to do sth.做某事是禁止

【提示】 forbid后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，而是跟动名词作宾语，但可以用forbid do sth.。

13．in favour of支持；赞成

Is it in favour of cloning or against it(教材P12) 它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为

①be in/out of favour(with sb.) ＝be in/out of sb.'s favour 得到/失去某人的尊重、赞同等

in sb.'s favour 对某人有利 do favour＝do a favour for sb.帮某人忙 owe favour 欠某人情

②favourable adj.喜爱的；赞同的

D．obtained

10．objection n．不赞成；反对；异议 On the other hand，Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(教材P12)

另一方面，多莉的出现引起了强烈反对，激起了媒体的热炒和公众的想象。 Do you have any objections你有任何异议吗

①raise an objection to sth.对……提出异议 have/make/take an objection to (doing) sth. 反对某事

②object to sth./sb.反对某事/某人 object to doing sth.反对干某事 object to sth.反对某人干某事 object that...提出……作为反对的理由 ③object n．物，物体；目的，目标(＝purpose，objective)

They object to this new law for religious reasons. 出于宗教原因他们反对这一新法律。 He strongly objects to being treated like a child. 他强烈反对被人当孩子一样对待。 【提示】 object to中的to 为介词。

与in favour of结构相同的短语有：

in praise of表扬 in honour of/in memory of纪念 in need of需要

in place of代替，取代 in spite of不管，不顾，除了 in search of追求，寻找 in charge of管理

(湖北高考)When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside________younger men.

A．in terms of B．in need of C．in favour of D．in praise of

1．owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于 You owe the lady an apology.(教材P13)

①owe apology 该向某人道歉 owe...to...欠……；把……归功于；应感激 owe .(＝owe sb.) 欠某人某物

②owing adj.欠的；未付的 owing to...因为；由于 Owing to the rain，we stayed home all day long.

owe...to.../attribute...to...

owe...to... attribute...to... 2．shortly adv.不多时，不久 Shortly after Freddy did some research，he discovered the fate of Dolly the sheep.(教材P13)然而在Freddy作了调查后不久，他发现了多莉羊的命运。

shortly可以表示soon的含义，且常和after，before连用，表示“在……前/后不久”。 3．retire v．退休；退出比赛；离开

...when he retired he would be able to look back on his life with satisfaction.(教材P13)

当他退休时他就可以非常满意地回忆他的生活。

retired adj.已退休的，已退职的 retiree n．退休人员，退休者 retirement n．退休，引退

4．bother v．花费时间精力(做某事)；打扰；给(某人)造成麻烦(或痛苦)n.烦扰；困难 However，the problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists.(教材P14)但是，后来她得了严重的肺病，这个问题很让科学家烦心。

What bothers me most is the fact that he seems to take no interest in his work. 最使我伤脑筋的是，他似乎对自己的工作毫无兴趣。

主语既可以是人，也可以是物。只用于主动句，大都与褒义词连用。 主语则只能是人，常用被动语态。 I don't want to put you to any bother. 我不想给你添麻烦

bother about sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人 bother about/with sth.为某事烦恼 bother to do/doing 操心做某事 It bothers to do sth.使某人苦恼的是…… put any bother 给某人添乱

bother/disturb/interrupt

bother disturb interrupt 指麻烦某人，使某人操心、烦恼，常指为一点小事所“烦扰”，带有稍微抱怨的意味。 意为“干扰，扰乱”，侧重扰乱某种状态或秩序。 意为“打扰，打断”，侧重打断某个活动的进程，使其不能进行下去。 5．be bound to do...注定/一定做…… Dolly's death，like her birth，was bound to raise worries.(教材P14)多莉的死就像她的出生一样，注定要引起许多忧虑。

You've done so much work that you're bound to pass the exam. 你已经做了这么多努力，因此你一定能通过考试。

be bound up in sth.忙于某事；热衷于某事物 be bound up with sth.与某事物关系密切

1．strike...into one's heart使……刻骨铭心

The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park，in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs，proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts.(教材P15)

在《侏罗纪公园》这部电影中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。类似的电影很受欢迎，证明了这一种想法使人们感到既恐惧又兴奋。

be struck by被……打动/袭击/侵袭 It strikes ...某人突然想起…… be/go on strike罢工

striker n．罢工的人 striking adj.引人注意的

I was struck by the beauty of the West Lake. 我被西湖的美景迷住了。 The bus drivers are still on strike. 公交车司机仍然在罢工。

beat/hit/strike

beat strike hit 强调连续或反复地“打”，因此像心脏跳动、打鼓、打拍子之类连续性或反复性的动作， 一般要用beat。 常指“猛地一击”。 侧重指有目标的用力“击中”，有时也指“打一下”。 表示“突然想到”的常用表达： It strikes/hits sb.＋从句 某人突然想起… It occurs to ... 某人突然想起…… A good idea strikes/hits/occurs to sb. 某人突然想起了一个好主意…… an idea/thought rush through sb. 某人突然想起某事

2．From_time_to_time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs，can possibly be brought_back_to_life through cloning.(教材P15)有人不时建议，像恐龙那样已灭绝的动物可能会通过克隆使之复生。

(1)from time to time有时；偶尔；不时

at one time从前(某个时候)；曾经；一度 at a time每次；依次；逐一

at all time总是；永远 in no time很快；立刻 in time及时；迟早；过了一段时间 at no time在任何时候都不；决不(用于句首，常用部分倒装) (2)bring back to life使复生；使复活

The girl was brought back to life by the doctors and nurses.医生和护士使这位女孩活过来了。

Although the doctors did everything they could，they weren't able to bring him back to life.

尽管医生尽了全力，但还是不能使他苏醒过来。

bring back使回忆；归还 bring down 打垮；降低 bring forward 提前；提出；拨快 bring in 引进；赚得 bring about造成，引起 3．in vain白费力气；枉费心机

All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses.(教材P15)如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病，那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。

in common 有共同处；共有；共用 in need 缺衣少食的；在贫困中的 in order有秩序地；妥当，适宜 in public公开地 in place在适当的位置 4

．

Diversity

in

a

group

means

having

animals

with_their_genes_arranged_in_different_ways.

群体的多样性是指这群动物的基因要以不同的方式排列。

with their genes arranged in different ways为“with＋复合宾语”结构，在句中作定语，修饰animals。其中genes与arrange存在动宾关系，故arrange用过去分词形式。

with复合结构的构成：

形容词

副词

with＋宾语(n./pron.)＋宾补介词短语

现在分词?表主动?

过去分词?表被动?不定式?表将来?

(辽宁)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ them.

A．to follow B．following C．followed D．follows

5．resist vt.对抗；抵抗

The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die，but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.(教材P15)其优点是，如果发生了某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死去，而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种免疫力传给下一代。

resist sb./sth.抵抗/抵制某人/某物 resist doing sth.抵制干某事

resistance n．抗拒；反对 resistant adj.抵抗的；有抵抗力的 be resistant to对……有抵抗力

6．in good/poor condition状况很好/坏

The dodo became extinct fairly recently so its DNA is still in good condition.(教材P17)

渡渡鸟是最近才灭绝的，因此它的DNA还保存完好。

out of condition健康状况欠佳 on condition(that)．.. 在……条件下；倘若……

on no condition 一点也不；决不 on this/that condition 在这个/那个条件下 working/living/studying conditions 工作/生活/学习环境

【提示】 ①on no condition置于句首，句子要用部分倒装。②condition 作“居住、工作、做事情或生长的环境”讲时，常用复数conditions。

7．adore vt.崇拜；爱慕；喜爱

It would make an ideal pet for a family and children will adore it.(教材P17)对一个家庭来说它会是一个理想的宠物，并且孩子们会很喜欢它。 adore sth./doing sth.非常喜爱……

adoration n．热爱，爱慕；敬慕，崇拜 adoring adj.热爱的，爱慕的；崇拜的

adorable adj.可爱的，讨人喜爱 【提示】 adore不用于进行时。

常见的作“喜欢”讲的五个词语气由强到弱的顺序为： admire>adore>enjoy>be fond of>like。