定语从句
定语从句
知识精讲
一、定义
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等,关系代词和关系副词,既起到连接作用,又在定语从句中担任句子成份。总结定语从句的一般结构为:先行词+关系词+定语从句。
一、关系代词
1. 关系代词指代先行词,在从句中作主语,宾语或表语,基本用法如下表: 关系词This is the boy who often helps me. 这就是帮我的那个男孩。 I happened to meet the professor (who/ whom) I got to 语 人 know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. 昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇到了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。 The man whom you are waiting for has gone home. whom 宾语 人 你等那个人已经回家了。 作用 先行词 例句 who 主语/宾
This is the pen that writes well. 这是那支很好写的笔。 主语/宾that 语 人或物 This is the pen that you want. 这是你想要的钢笔。 The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Fujian. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自福建。 The room in which there is a machine is a work shop. 主语/宾which 语 物 The river which is in front of my house is very clean. 从我家前面流过的河流非常清澈。 whose 定语 人或物 The room whose door is blue is mine. 蓝色房门的那个房间是我的房间。 注意:一般情况下,that既可以指人又可以指物,可以代替who, whom和which,在句子中充当主语,宾语或表语;which指物,在从句中也做主语,宾语或表语,所以which和that在指物时,大多时候可以互换,如:
This is the movie that I like best. =This is the movie which I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的电影。
2. 关系代词的省略
一般情况下,关系代词作宾语时可以省略,但若关系代词在从句中作介词宾语,且介词在关系代词前,不能省略,如:
I’ll never forget the day that we spent together. 我永远都不会忘记与你共度的时光。(可省略)
I’ll never forget the day on which we met each other. 我永远不会忘记我们初次见面那一天。(不可省)
有个机器的房间是车间。
二、关系副词
关系作用 词when 状语 时间 先行词I'll never forget the day when I met you for the first time. 我永远不会忘记初次见你的那一天。 where 状语 地点 This is the place where we have lived for 5 years. 这就是我们住了五年的地方。 why 状语 原因 I don’t know the reason why he was late. 我不知道他迟到的原因。 注意:与关系代词不同,关系副词在从句中作状语,状语并不是句子必须成分,所以即使没有关系副词,从句的内容也完整。这是关系副词与关系代词最大的不同,也是我们选题的关键。同时,关系副词大多可以拆分成介词+which的形式,如:
This is the house where Luxun once lived. =This is the house in which Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
例句 三点剖析
一、重难点:
定语从句考查形式比较单一,单选一般考关系词的选择,按照上表,我们很容易根据先行词判断出关系词选谁最合适。高中会系统讲解定语从句,所以我们在初中阶段还要了解从句中的各个成分,为之后的学习做好准备。
二、易错点:
前文我们提到若先行词为物,关系词可以用that或which,而且大多数可以互换。但以下几种情况,必须用 that引导定语从句:
1. 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等,如:
All that we have to do is to practice English.
我们要做的事情就是去练习英语。
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,如: The first letter that I got from him will be kept. 我收到他的第一封信将会被保存起来。
3. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰,如: I've eaten up all the food that you gave me. 我把你给我的所有事物都吃光了。
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时,如: He is the only person that I want to talk with. 他是我唯一想与之交谈的人。 5. 先行词既有人又有物时,如:
They talked about persons and things that they met. 他们谈论了他们见到的人和事。
题模精选
题模一:关系代词
例1.1.1 ---What shall we do next?
---Take the advice _________ is given by Dr. Bloch. A. who B. which C. whose
D. whom
例1.1.2 The Palace Museum is the best place _________ I’ve ever visited. A. who B. when C. that D. where
例1.1.3 完成句子
1. 你有什么要对自己说的吗?
Do you have _________ _________ you want to say for yourself? 2. 这是我父亲曾经住过的房子。
This is a house in _________ my father once lived.
题模二:关系副词
例1.2.1 This is the primary school _________ I studied three years ago. A. where B. when C. that D. which
例1.2.2 Do you remember the days _________ we spent in Sanya? A. when B. that C. what D. where
例1.2.3 完成句子
你知道他缺席的原因吗?
Do you know the reason _________ he is absent?
随堂练习
随练1.1 The second book _________ I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as
随练1.2 The book_________ is sold out at the moment. A. you need
B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it
随练1.3 完成句子
1. 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。
People all like those _________ have good manners. 2. 这是我障碍寻找的那本书。
This is the book _________ I’m looking for. 3. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
This is _________ _________ interesting _________ _________ I’ve ever seen. 4. 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
I still remember the day _________ I first came to Beijing. 5. 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?
Can you tell me the office _________ he works?
随练1.4 I'll never forget the days _________ I stayed with you. A. when B. in which
C. that
D. for which
随练1.5 Is this the place _________ Lincoln once lived. A. that B. which C. where
D. when
自我总结
作业1 ---Do you know the man _________ is talking with your father? ---Yes, he’s our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom
作业2 Is this the river _________ I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one
作业3 This is the best hotel in the city _________ I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it
作业4 Her sister, _________ you met at my home, was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
作业5 These books are for students _________ mother language is not English. A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose
作业6 完成句子
1. 有一些想去海南度假的人。
There are some people _________ want to have a holiday in Hainan. 2. 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么?
What’s that _________ flashed in the sky just now. 3. 这是去武汉的最后一趟火车。
The train is _________ _________ _________ will go to Wuhan. 4. 我永远都不会忘记我在北京度过的那些日子。
I’ll never forget the days _________ I spent in Beijing.
5. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。 China is the birthplace of kites, from _________ kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
答案解析
定语从句
题模精选
题模一:关系代词 例1.1.1 【答案】B
【解析】 考查定语从句关系代词选择。先行词为advice,排除AD;又从句缺主语而不是定语,故选B。 例1.1.2 【答案】C
【解析】 考查定语从句关系代词选择。首先根据从句缺少宾语,所以要选择关系代词作宾语,又先行词被best修饰,故选C。 例1.1.3
【答案】 1. something; that 2. which
【解析】 1. 考查定语从句先行词和关系词。这里对自己说话的内容不确定,所以要用
something做先行词,那么关系词一定要用that。
2. 考查关系代词选择。先行词为house,应该用which或that;又跟在介词后,只能用which。 题模二:关系副词
例1.2.1 【答案】A
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。从句是完整的句子,选关系副词,排除CD;又先行词为
primary school为地点,故选A。
例1.2.2 【答案】B
【解析】 考查关系副词和关系代词区分。虽然先行词为时间,但并不一定选when,我们看到从句中缺少spent的宾语,故选B。 例1.2.3 【答案】 why
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。从句句子完整,要填关系副词,又先行词为reason,所以填why。
随堂练习
随练1.1 【答案】C
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。先行词book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句,故选C。 随练1.2 【答案】A
【解析】 考查定语从句的运用。定语从句关系词中没有what,首先排除B;CD中的it多余,故选A。 随练1.3
【答案】 1. who 2. that/which
3. the most; movie that 4. when 5. where
【解析】 1. 考查关系代词。从句缺少主语,再结合语境,此处those指那些人,所以填
who。
2. 考查关系代词。从句缺少宾语,需要关系代词;又先行词为book,所以填which和that都可以。
3. 考查关系代词。最高级修饰只能用that。
4. 考查关系副词。从句成分完整,填关系副词,先行词为day表时间,故填when。 5. 考查关系副词。从句中动词为work,为不及物动词,所以不缺宾语,用关系副词;又先行词为office,表地点,故填where。 随练1.4 【答案】A
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。本题从句完整,要选关系副词;先行词指时间,故选 A。 随练1.5 【答案】C
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。live一词为不及物动词,不能直接跟宾语,所以要选关系副词,排除AB;又本题先行词为地点,故选 C。
作业1 【答案】B
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。从句缺主语,选关系代词;又先行词是人,故选B。 作业2 【答案】B
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。从句为完整句子,要选关系副词,选项中没有关系副词,B选项表示“在河里”能够表达相同的意思,故选B。 作业3 【答案】C
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。从句缺少宾语,选关系代词,排除AD;又先行词被最高级best修饰,故选C。 作业4
【答案】A
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。本句先行词为人,且在从句中作宾语,用whom,故选A。 作业5 【答案】D
【解析】 考查关系代词的选择。whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语,表示“谁的……”,符合题意,故选D。 作业6
【答案】 1. who 2. which
3. the last one that 4. that 5. which
【解析】 1. 考查关系代词。从句缺主语,选关系代词;又先行词是人,所以用who。 2. 考查关系代词。从句缺少主语,先行词为物,用that和which都可以;又先行词为that,避免重复造成歧义,所以填which。
3. 考查关系代词。先行词中包含last的物,只能用that。
4. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。从句spent明显缺少宾语,所以尽管先行词是时间,当做事物看待,故填that。
5. 考查关系代词。介词后只能用which来指代先行词。
动词不定式
动词不定式
知识精讲
非谓语动词指的是在句中不能单独作谓语,但保留动词的某些特征(如有自己的宾语或状语等)的动词形式。非谓语包括动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但要遵循基本的时态语态规则,在句中充当各种成分。
一、动词不定式基本构成
形式 肯定形式 结构 to+动词原形 例句 The teacher asked his students to finish their homework on time. 老师让学生们按时完成作业。 否定形式 not to+动词原形 Aunt Li often tells her son not to eat too much sugar. 李阿姨经告诫她的儿子不要吃太多的糖。 被动形式 to+be+过去分词 He would like to be treated as a child. 他喜欢被当成孩子般看待。 注意:动词不定式在一些感官动词(see, watch, hear等)或使役动词(make, let, have等)的后面,做宾补时,通常会省略to,如:
The boss made me work ten hours a day.
=I was made to work ten hours a day by the boss. 这个老板让我一天工作十个小时。
二、动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。
1. 不定式作主语
1). 动词不定式短语作句子主语时,视为单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数,如:
To make work more efficient is our goal. 让工作更有效率是我们的目标。
2). 不定式短语作主语时,为了考虑句子的平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的不定式主语放在句子后面,结构为:It+is/ was+adj. (+for sb.)+动词不定式,如上一句话也可写成:
It’s our goal to make work efficient. 我们的目标是让工作更有效率。
It’s very important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对于我们来说很重要。
2. 动词不定式作宾语
1). 动词不定式跟在及物动词后作宾语,这种形式非常常见,就是我们平时积累的一些动词后面跟to do形式,如:
I have decided to study hard. 我已经决定要刻苦学习。
常见的这类动词有:begin, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, start, like等。
2). 在find,think后跟不定式时,常用it代替,而将真正宾语,即不定式放在
后面,如:
I find it not easy to achieve one’s goal. 我发现实现一个人的目标并不容易。
3). 有些不定式结构中的to会省略,直接跟动词原形,这样的结构有:Why not do…, Why don’t you do…, had better (not) do…, would rather do…等,如:
I would rather stay at home. 我宁愿待在家里。
3. 不定式作宾语补足语
1). 不定式宾补很常见,结构为:动词+sb. to do sth, 这样的动词有:tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage等,如:
The teacher advised us to have a rest first. 老师建议我们先休息一下。
2). see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to,如:
My mom made me clean the house.
=I was made to clean the house by my mom. 我妈妈让我把房间打扫干净。
注意:help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to,即help sb.(to)do sth.,如:
He often helps his parents (to) do their housework. 他经常帮助他父母做家务。
4. 不定式作定语
不定式有时起形容词作用,修饰名词,代词,在句中作定语。不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词,代词之后,如:
Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? 昨天谁第一个登上了山顶?
He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 他是一个值得信赖/相信的人。
5. 不定式作状语
不定式放在不及物动词后可表目的或原因状语,也可以放在一些形容词后。
1). 目的状语:
She reads China Daily every day to improve her English. 她每天都读中国日报,来提高自己的英语能力。 2). 原因状语:
I’m glad to see you. 很高兴见到你。
注:这种“be+形容词+不定式”结构,其不定式有时也可视为宾语,如:He is eager
to go to college./ She is sure to come here. 3). 结果状语:
They lived to see the liberation of their hometown. 他们一直活到见到家乡。
(1). 在“too…to…”结构中表“太……结果不能”,如:
He is too weak to do the work. 他太过虚弱,以至于不能工作。
注:too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否
定意,而表肯定意。如:They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。另外,too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,如:She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
(2). 在“形容词/副词+enough+不定式”结构中表“足以能”,如:
He is strong enough to do the work .他足以胜任此项工作。
6. 疑问词+不定式
不定式可以和疑问代词who,what,which及疑问副词when,how,where连用,构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:
How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主语) 如何按时完成任务是个问题。
We don’t know when and where to go.(宾语) 我们不知道何时出发,也不知道要去哪。
三点剖析
一、重点:不定式的形式变化,不定式的语法功能。
二、难点:不定式在句子中充当不同成分时的规则和例外。
中考阶段主要考查不定式的使用,还要求考生掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾补以及疑问连用结构,理解动词不定式作主语、定语和表语的基本用法。考试中多以动词之后跟to do还是doing的形式出现,所以理解的同时,积累一些固定搭配也是本节知识学习必不可少的。
三、易错点:
1. 形式主语的使用
在It+is/ was+adj. for sb. to do的结构中,若形容词为表示人的内在品质,则介词不用for而用of,如:
It’s very clever of you to do like that. 你那么做真是太聪明了。(正确) It’s very kind for you to help me. 你能帮我真是太好了。(错误)
2. 使役动词省略to的不定式的被动形式
一些使役动词的不定式中to可省略,被动需还原,如:
I was made to finish my homework on time by my teacher.(正确) I was made finish my homework on time by my teacher.(错误) 老师让我按时完成作业。
题模精选
题模一:动词不定式基本应用
例1.1.1 In order _________ for the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning. A. not to be late B. not being late C. to be late D. being late
例1.1.2 用动词适当形式填空。 The teacher raised his voice so that he could make students _________ him clearly. (hear)
例1.1.3
—I didn’t see you last week.
—I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me at home for a week. A. stay B. staying C. stayed D. to stay 题模二:动词不定式语法功能
例1.2.1 To climb the tall trees _________ very dangerous. A. are B. is C. were D. was
例1.2.2 He wants _________ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy
D. buys
例1.2.3 So much work usually makes them _________ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel
例1.2.4 ---Do you know Neil Armstrong?
---Yes. He is the first man _________ on the moon. A. walk B. walks C. to walk D. walked
例1.2.5 Why not _________ your teacher for help when you can’t finish _________ it by yourself? A. ask; write B. to ask; writing C. ask; writing D. asking; write
例1.2.6 用动词适当形式填空。 我想知道要去哪?
I want to know _________ _________ _________. (go)
随堂练习
随练1.1 The new hospital _________ is near the factory. A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built
随练1.2 It’s our duty _________ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans
随练1.3 We have two rooms _________, but I can’t decide _________. A. to live; to choose which one B. lived; choose which one
C. to live in; which one to choose D. live; which one
随练1.4 We saw him _________ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered
随练1.5 My parents always tell me ______ more vegetables and fruit. A. eat B. eating C. eats D. to eat
随练1.6 用动词的适当形式填空。
1. I hope _________ (find) a good job in a foreign company after I graduate from school.
2. Father asks me _________ (not play) computer games before finishing my homework.
3. He found it hard _________ (catch up with) his classmates.
4. Let him _________ (have) a rest. I think he must be tired after the long walk. 5. All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them _________ (laugh).
自我总结
作业1 It took me two weeks _________ reading the novels written by Guo Jingming. A. finish B. to finish C. finishes D. finishing
作业2 This question is too difficult. I find it really hard _________ it by myself.
A. answer B. answering C. to answer D. answered
作业3 Boys and girls, attention please. Now let me tell you _________ to the Bird Island. A. how to get B. what to get C. whom to get D. where to get
作业4 The students in Grade Three _________ their homework for more than three hours every day, so they _________ have any time to watch TV. A. were made to do; hardly B. are made to do; hardly C. were made do; hardly D. are made do; hardly
作业5 Our teacher often asks us____________ questions in groups. A. discuss B. to discuss C. discussing D. discussed
作业6 用词的适当形式填空
1. I was tired out, so I stopped the car _________ (have) a short rest. 2. Let’s _________ (go) for a walk, shall we?
3. ---Excuse me, could you tell me how _________ (get) to the Beijing Zoo? ---Well, you may take Bus No.27.
4. It is impossible for you _________ (teach) her well.
5. The boy found it hard ___________________ (get along with) the other classmates.
答案解析
动词不定式
题模精选
题模一:动词不定式基本应用 例1.1.1 【答案】A
【解析】 考查动词不定式的否定表达。句意:为了开会不迟到,我姐姐迫使自己今天早晨很早起床。不定式否定直接在to前加not,故选A。 例1.1.2
【答案】 hear
【解析】 考查使役动词省略to的不定式表达。句意:老师提高了他的嗓音以便学生们能够清楚地听到他。使役动词后为省略to的不定式,故填原形hear。 例1.1.3 【答案】D
【解析】 考查动词固定搭配。Ask sb. to do sth.。 题模二:动词不定式语法功能 例1.2.1 【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。不定式作主语视为单数,排除AC;这是对事实陈述,用一般现在时,故选B。
例1.2.2 【答案】C
【解析】 考查动词不定式作宾语。want后跟不定式作宾语,结构为want to do sth.,意为“想去做某事”,故选C。 例1.2.3 【答案】D
【解析】 考查动词不定式作宾补。make为使役动词,后接不定式作补语省略to,故选D。 例1.2.4 【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作定语。He is the first man to walk on the moon意为“第一个在月球上行走的人”,动词修饰名词需要用不定式形式,跟在名词之后,故选C。 例1.2.5 【答案】C
【解析】 考查疑问词+不定式。why not后跟不定式省略to,排除BD;finish后跟
doing做宾语,即finish doing sth.,故选C。
例1.2.6
【答案】 where to go
【解析】 考查“疑问词+不定式”结构。根据句意,所以填where to go。
随堂练习
随练1.1 【答案】D
【解析】 考查不定式作定语。根据句意:要建的新医院在这个工厂附近。可知医院与建造之间是被动关系,不定式被动在to后加be done,故选D。 随练1.2 【答案】A
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。本句涉及形式主语,真正的主语是句子后面的不定式,故选A。
随练1.3 【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作定语和疑问词+不定式结构。第一空作定语,要用不定式,且
live为不及物动词,需要加介词in链接宾语;第二空符合疑问词+不定式,故选C。
随练1.4 【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作宾补。本句中动词为see,为感官动词,不定式宾补省略,构成see sb. do sth.看见某人做某事,故选B。 随练1.5 【答案】D
【解析】 动词搭配,tell sb. to do。 随练1.6
【答案】 1. to find 2. not to play 3. to catch up with 4. have 5. laugh
【解析】 1. 考查不定式作宾语,构成hope to do sth.希望做某事,所以填to find。 2. 考查不定式作宾补,构成ask sb. not to do sth.,故填not to play。
3. 考查不定式作形式宾语。本句涉及it作形式宾语,构成find it+adj.+to do sth.,故填to catch up with。
4. 考查特殊动词的不定式作宾补。let后不定式作宾补省略to,构成let sb. do,故填have。
5. 考查使役动词不定式宾补。make后不定式作宾补省略to,构成make sb. do,故填原形laugh。
作业1
【答案】B
【解析】 考查不定式作主语。本句涉及形式主语,不定式作真正主语,构成it took sb. st. to do sth.花费某人多长时间做某事,故选B。
作业2 【答案】C
【解析】 考查不定式作宾语。本题涉及形式宾语,真正宾语以不定式的形式放在句子后面,构成find it+adj. to do sth.“发现做某事很……”,故选C。 作业3 【答案】A
【解析】 考查疑问代词+不定式结构。根据句意:孩子们请注意!现在让我来告诉你如何到达Bird Island,故选A。 作业4 【答案】B
【解析】 考查时态和使役动词的被动不定式。第一句中的every day可判断为一般现在时,排除AC;使役动词make的被动要还原不定式to,故选B。 作业5 【答案】B
【解析】 动词搭配,ask sb. to do,中考重点动词短语还有decide/want。 作业6
【答案】 1. to have 2. go 3. to get 4. to teach
5. to get along with
【解析】 1. 考查动词不定式作状语,停下来的目的是休息一下,表目的用不定式,故填to have。
2. 考查不定式作宾补。let后不定式宾补省略to,故填go。
3. 考查疑问代词+不定式结构。如何到达,how to get to,故填to get。
4. 考查不定式作主语。涉及形式主语,构成it is+adj. for sb. to do sth.“对于
某人来说做某事是……的”,故填to teach。
5. 考查不定式作宾语。涉及形式宾语,构成find it+adj. to do sth.“发现做某事是很……”,故填to get along with
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