语言学概论考试重点 选择 填空 判断

A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic

32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? D A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as __C___ A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable

34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because __D_________.

A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing

B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above

35. A historical study of language is a _B___study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative

36.Saussure took a (n)___A_______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.

A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological C. applied… pragmatic D.semantic and linguistic

37. According to F. de Saussure, _C___ refers to the abstract linguistic s

ystem shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language

38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______B__ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas

39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called___A______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission

40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _D___ , rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B

Chapter 2

35． Of all the speech organs, the ___C____ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords

36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __A__ sounds.

A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 37．____B______ is a voiced alveolar stop.

A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/

38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”

a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ___D_________.

A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____A______. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophone D. minimal pair 40．The sound /f/ is _______D__________.

A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative 41. A __C__ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back B. central C. front D. middle

42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called C____.

A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) ______D_____ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme

44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _D___ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones Chapter 3

21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ____D__. A. bound morpheme B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme

22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______D____.

A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components

B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase. D. None of the above.

23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of ___B_______.

A. the first element B. the second element

C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements.

24. ___B____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words

25. _____C____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme

26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____C___. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic

27. Bound morphemes are those that _____D______.

A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes

C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other

morphemes.

28. ___A_ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.

A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes

29. _____B____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.

A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 30. “-s” in the word “books” is __C_____.

A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root

Chapter 4

25. A sentence is considered __D__ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical

26. A ____D______ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 27. Phrase structure rules have _A___ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional

28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ___D__________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above.

29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ___A_____. A. transformational rules B. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory

30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that ____A______. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is _____D___.

A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical

26. 32. The syntactic rules of any language are ___C_ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite

33. The _____D___ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.

A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational

34.______B_ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structure

Chapter 5

21. The naming theory is advanced by __A______. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth

22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ____B___.

A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism

23. Which of the following is not true? D

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____D__ “ You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 25. _______B____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis

26. “alive” and “dead” are ______C________.

A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above

27. ____A_____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense

28. ______C_____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy

29. Words that are close in meaning are called _______D_______. A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ___A____.

A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features

Chapter 6

25. __A_______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept 26. The meaning of language was considered as something ___C____ in traditional semantics.

A. contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic D. logical 27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning __D_______ is considered.

A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context

28. A sentence is a ___B______ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

26. A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual 29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) __C_______.

A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 30. Which of the following is true? B

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences. B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences. D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. 31. Speech act theory did not come into being until _____A_____. A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s

C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century. 32. _______C___ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act

33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ____B__. A. to get the hearer to do something

B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ ____C______.

A. in their illocutionary acts. B. in their intentions expressed C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about 35. ____A______ is advanced by Paul Grice A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle 36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _____D__ might arise. A.impoliteness B. contradictions C.mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures 1. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivative affixes. 2．Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 27. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 22.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 28. Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called syntax 26. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. 29.Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 21.A spiration refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22．Articulatory phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all bilabial sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for arieties of articulation than any other. 25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of place of articulation. 26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop. 27．Suprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 28． The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. 30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. 31．Phonology is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 32 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. 34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of languag12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning. 13. Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 15. Derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 16. Suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. 17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called morphological rules. 19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. 20. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. 15、A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 17. A subject may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate. 18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate 19. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. 20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an embedded clause. 21. Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. 22. Adjacency Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. 24. The theory of Case condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. 11. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones. 16.Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 17. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. 13. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 14. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 15. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance. 17. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontexualized.

18. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 19. Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 20. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

21. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. 22. A commissive is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. 23. An expressive is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state. 24. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. T1. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.

F2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

F3. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.

F18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.

F2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.

T4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts

and checked against the observed facts.

T5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

F6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.

T7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.

F8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.

F10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.

T11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.

T13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isola-tion, but in context.

T14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.

T15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.

F16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. T17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.

F18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.

F19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.

F20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.

T1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

F2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F3. A phonome is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. T5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

T6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

F7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrog raph. F8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.

T9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. F10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

F11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the

consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

T12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

F13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. F14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. F15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning

F16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

T 17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.

F18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound

segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

T19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

T20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.

T 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

F2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.

T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.

T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.

T5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.

T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.

T7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

F8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.

F9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.

T10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

F1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.

T2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.

F3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.

T4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.

T5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

T6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

T7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category

F8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.

F9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.

T10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.

F11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.

T12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

T14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.

F1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

F2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

T3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

F4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

T5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

T6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

F 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. T 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

T 9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

T10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in

semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

F1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication

F2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. T3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. T4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. F5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.

F6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. F8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

F9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. T10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.

F12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.