英语(二)阅读强化

帮学堂配套电子讲义

帮学堂配套讲义 《英语(二)阅读强化》

帮学堂配套电子讲义

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帮学堂配套电子讲义

目录

2010 年 Text 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1

真题原文 ......................................................................................................................... 1 答案解析 ......................................................................................................................... 2 2010 年 Text 2 ......................................................................................................................... 3

真题原文 ......................................................................................................................... 3 答案解析 ......................................................................................................................... 5 2010 年 Text 3 ......................................................................................................................... 7

真题原文 ......................................................................................................................... 7 答案解析 ......................................................................................................................... 8 2010 年 Text 4 ....................................................................................................................... 10

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 10 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 11 2011 年 Text 1 ....................................................................................................................... 13

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 13 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 14 2011 年 Text 2 ....................................................................................................................... 16

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 16 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 17 2011 年 Text 3 ....................................................................................................................... 18

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 18 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 20 2011 年 Text 4 ....................................................................................................................... 22

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 22 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 23 2012 年 Text 1 ....................................................................................................................... 25

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 25 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 26 2012 年 Text 2 ....................................................................................................................... 28

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 28 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 29 2012 年 Text 3 ...................................................................................................................... 31

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 31 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 32 2012 年 Text 4 ....................................................................................................................... 33

真题原文 ....................................................................................................................... 33 答案解析 ....................................................................................................................... 35

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2010 年 Text 1

真题原文

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold: fetching more than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.

The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm--double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $ 50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’ s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’ s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’ s and Christie’ s, had to pay out nearly $ 200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 19. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’ s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds — death, debt and divorce — still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as“a last victory”because [A] the art market had witnessed a succession of victories

[B] the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids [C] Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces [D] it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

.

22. By saying “ spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2, Para.3), the author suggests that .

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[A] collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions [B] people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries [C] art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

[D] works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008. [B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum. [C] The art market generally went downward in various ways. [D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.

24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are [A] auction houses’ favorites

[B] contemporary trends

[C] factors promoting artwork circulation [D] styles representing Impressionists

.

25. The most appropriate title for this text could be [A] Fluctuation of Art Prices [B] Up-to-date Art Auctions [C] Art Market in Decline [D] Shifted Interest in Arts

.

答案解析

21.答案： D

分析： 推断题。由题干可直接定位到第 1 段。第一段首句提到 Damien Hirst 的这次作品拍 卖是艺术品市场牛市的绝唱（The longest bull run... ended...）；最后一句则说，当拍卖师落槌时， 雷曼兄弟申请破产（金融危机的先兆）；第三段首句也提到自此次拍卖之后，艺术品销售就变 得冷清。由以上表述可知，这次拍卖是艺术品市场衰落前的一次高峰，而这是发生在金融危机 爆发前的，故 D 为答案。 A 中的“见证一连串胜利”属于无中生有，文中并没有提及。B 只是 第一段中两个信息点 auctioneer 和 two pieces sold 拼凑而成的干扰项，拍卖师的工作是主持拍卖 会，不可能参加竞拍。由②句末的 a single artist 可知 Beautiful Inside My Head Forever 只是 Hirst 的个人作品拍卖会，说其胜过了其他所有杰作，违背文意，也不合逻辑，可排除 C。

22.答案： A

分析： 推断题。题干中的这句话出现在文章第三段的开始。In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. “在赫斯特作品拍卖 之后的几周、几月内，任何消费都变得极度不合时宜。”这里的消费指的不是一般的消费，而 是“艺术品的消费”。[A]正确。[B]这种说法错误，人们不是什么都不再购买，而是对艺术品 的消费不再热衷。[C]错误，艺术品收集的魅力并没有失去，只是因为暂时经济形势不佳，人们

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不再积极参与艺术品的竞拍。[D]这种说法也不对。

23.答案： B

分析： 细节题。此题考查考生根据上下文内容判断选项正确与否的能力。问题问下面哪个 选项是不正确的。可利用查阅式阅读法，分别针对四个选项所表达的内容回到原文寻找对应的 词句，然后再判断正误。选项 A 的意思是：“当代艺术品销售额从 2007 年到 2008 年急剧下降”。 文章第二段中提到：“在 2007 年达到顶峰时艺术品市场价值 650 亿美元”。第三段指出：“当 代艺术品的销售额下降了 2/3，在最热门的艺术品领域，销售额至 2008 年 11 月下降了将近 90%。” 由此可以推断出选项 A 是符合文章内容的。 选项 B 的意思是“艺术品市场以强有力的劲头超 过了许多其他产业”。文章第二段第一句话说的是：“世界艺术品市场自从 2003 年以来经历了 令人困惑的增长之后已经有段时间正在失去增长的势头了。”而这个段落的最后一句指出：“但 是艺术品市场带来的利益远远超过了其规模，因为它将巨大的财富、无比的利己主义、贪婪、 激情和论战聚集到了一起，这种聚合方式是没有几个其他行业能与之匹敌的。”所以，文章中 并没有说艺术品市场比别的行业更有冲劲。本题的正确答案应该是选项 B。选项 C 的意思是“艺 术品市场总的来说在以各种方式走在低迷时期”，选项 D 的意思是“有些艺术品交易商正在等 待较好的机会的到来”。这两个选项都符合原文内容，所以是正确的，均为干扰项。

24.答案： C 分析： 推断题。根据题干关键词 three Ds 可以将题目相关信息定位在全文最后一段第三句： The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.意思是：“3D”，也 就是死亡、债务和离婚，这三个因素仍然在把艺术品投向市场。这就和选项 C 中的 factors pro-moting artwork circulation“促进艺术品流通的因素”意思相吻合，因此本题的正确选项为 C。

25.答案： C

分析： 主旨题。全文一开始就以 Damien Hirst 的拍卖会为引子，明确指出艺术品市场的辉 煌已到了尽头，下文几段则回顾其过往的发展（第二段）、讲述其惨谈的现状（第三段）并进 一步剖析成因和对未来的展望，这些段落都紧紧围绕艺术品市场不景气这个主题。文中也出现 大量与“下降”、“低谷”相关的词，如第一段的 longest bull run... ended；第二段的 losing momentum，come down to...；第三段的 fell by two-thirds, down by nearly 90%，第四段的 current downturn,at the bottom 等等，这些都提示 C 为答案。本文侧重讲的是艺术品市场在销量上的下 滑，而非艺术品本身的价格变动，故 A 错误。本文论述的重点是艺术品市场（art market)而非艺 术品拍卖（art auctions），艺术品的拍卖情况只是艺术品市场的其 中一个方面，故 B 错误。D “对艺术品兴趣的转移”同样偏离 art market 的论述主题。

2010 年 Text 2

真题原文

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward

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帮学堂配套电子讲义

the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said,“She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.

The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.

In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.” “He doesn’ t talk to me.” I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.

In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

26. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands? [A] Talking to them. [B] Trusting them.

[C] Supporting their careers. [D] Sharing housework.

27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means .

[A] generating motivation [B] exerting influence [C] causing damage [D] creating pressure

28. All of the following are true EXCEPT . [A] men tend to talk more in public than women

[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation [C] women attach much importance to communication between couples [D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text? [A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.

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帮学堂配套电子讲义

[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.

[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage. [D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.

30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on .

[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk [B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon

[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S. [D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

答案解析

26.答案： A

分析： 细节题。作者通篇讨论的都是家庭生活中夫妻双方的沟通问题。在文章的第四段中， 作者通过自己的研究成果具体阐述了这个问题。经作者研究发现，在谈到婚姻生活的失败的时 候，女性往往关注的并不是一些不平等问题（inequities），例如放弃自己的职业（having given up the chance for a career ） ， 或 是 日常 家 务 分 担 不 均 （ doing far more than their share of daily life-support work），而更关注的是沟通问题（Instead，they focused on communication）。因此， 本题的正确答案应该选[A]。女性最希望男性 Talking to them。

27.答案： C

分析： 推断题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的具体细节内容进行词语含义的推断理解的能 力。问题问第二段中的 wreaking havoc 是什么意思。文章第二段指出：“这段趣事刚好阐明了 那句具有讽刺意味的话：虽然在公众场合往往是美国男士比女士谈论得多些，但是他们通常在 家里则说话比较少。而这种模式会对婚姻。”出现问题中重要词汇的句子的主语是“这种模式”， 第三段的第一句话的主语也是“这种模式”，所以上下文之间有承接关系。第三段的内容是： “这种模式是 20 世纪 70 年代后期政治学家安德鲁·海克提出来的。社会学家凯瑟琳?寇乐·里 斯曼在她的新书《离婚对话》中指出，她采访的大多数女士将缺少沟通看作离婚的理由，而被 采访的男士中只有几位认为缺少沟通是离婚的原因。” 由此可知，这种模式会导致夫妻离婚， 即这种模式会对婚姻带来危害、毁坏婚姻。因此，本题的正确答案是选项 C。选项 A 的意思是 “产生动力”，选项 B 的意思 是“施加影响”，选项 D 的意思是“造成压力”，这三个选项 都不符合原文内容，为干扰项。

28.答案： B

分析： 细节题。本题的题干中没有提供任何可以定位的关键词，需要将四个选项逐一定位 核对后才能找到 答案。 根据第二段第一句： This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. 意思 是：这个片段形象地描绘了这样一个是有讽刺意味的现象：尽管美国男性在公共场合往往会比 女性更健谈，但他们在家里却很少说话。这就和选项 A 中的 men tend to talk more in pub-lic than

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women“男人在公共场合会比女人能说”以及选项 D 中的 a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse“在家里，女性会比她们的配偶更健谈”的意思相一致，因此，选项 A 和 选项 D 可以排除。再根据第四段最后一句：I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share expectation of their wives.意思是：正如 Hacker 先生多年前所发现的那样，我也发现，大多数的 妻子都希望丈夫能成为她们最主要的谈话对象，但是很少有丈夫能和妻子有这种相同的愿望。 这就和选项 C 中的 women attach much importance to com-munication between couples “女人认为 夫妻之间的交流很重要”意思吻合，因此，选项 C 也可以排除。 而根据第三段最后一句： Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.意思是：按照近百分之五十的离婚率来 计算，在美国每年有数百万的离婚案例——正是由缺乏交谈这样的社会诟病所引起的。这句话 的意思和选项 B 中的 nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation“近期离 婚的 50%是由谈话不畅所引起的”不一致，因此，本题的正确选项为 B。

29.答案： D

分析： 主旨大意题。本文以故事为引子引入主题，女性常因丈夫在家沉默寡言而抱怨，第 二段则明确指出男 女间在谈话模式上的不同：男的在外谈话多，女的在家谈话多。 第三、四 段则指出因为这种差异而引发的婚姻问题：最后一段则用一个漫画场景（cartoon scene）来总结 这一差异。由此可知，全文围绕的都是这种男性与女性谈话模式的差异而展开的，故确定 D 为 答案。 A 中的 moral decaying 在文中并没有提及，男女谈话模式的不同并不是道德上的对与错， 只是风格不同。第三段提到，大多数女性认为 lack of communication 才是促使离婚的原因，而 非 B 所说的性别上的不平等（女性为家庭放弃事业等）。 第四段末提到 C 相关内容，该部分 提到女性期望丈夫是 conver-sational partners,而男性则没有这种想法，这归根到底还是由两者谈 话模式（conversational patterns）的差异而造成的，故 D 的说法比 C 的更全面。

30.答案： B

分析： 推理题。本题是一道篇章结构题，考查对全文脉络的把握。作者在最后一段中提到 了一幅典型的漫画，在这幅漫画中丈夫举着一张报纸，一副拒绝沟通状，对面的妻子很想跟他 沟通却不知从何说起。作者用这幅漫画总结了上文谈到的中心思想，如果说下文作者还要继续 讨论这个问题，一定会对这幅漫画的内涵作细致的描述。[B]正确。[A]、[D]都是关于 Divorce Talk 以及这本书的作者，但是这本书的作者在第三段就提到了，不可能在下文又突然提及。[C]具有 一定的迷惑性，但是美国离婚率居高不下以及导致它的原因，并不是本文的中心主旨，如果就 这个问题发散讨论有离题之嫌。

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2010 年 Text 3

真题原文

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors— habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“ There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever— had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers ’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ ll find that many of the products we use every day— chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $ 76

billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “ Creating positive habits is a huge part of

improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap [A] should be further cultivated [B] should be changed gradually [C] are deeply rooted in history [D] are basically private concerns

.

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32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to . [A] reveal their impact on people’s habits [B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C] indicate their effect on people’ s buying power [D] manifest the significant role of good habits

33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits? [A] Tide [B] Crest [C] Colgate [D] Unileve

34. From the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed due to [A] perfected art of products [B] automatic behavior creation [C] commercial promotions [D] scientific experiments

.

35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is [A] indifferent [B] negative [C] positive [D] biased

. 答案解析

31.答案： A

分析：态度题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的具体细节内容推断观点和结论的能力。根据 问题题干中的线索词 Dr. Curtis，利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在第二段和第三段中找到相关的 信息。这两段指出：“有一些基础的公共健康问题仍然是健康杀手，像脏着两只手，没有养成 用肥皂洗手的习惯，只是因为我们没有办法想出怎样改变人们的习惯。”伦敦卫生与热带医学 学院卫生中心主任柯蒂斯博士说，“我们想要向私营企业学习如何创造出新的自动行为。”柯 蒂斯博士寻求帮助的公司包括宝洁公司、高露洁公司和联合利华公司，这几个公司都曾经投资 几亿美元来探寻消费者生活中的可以为公司所利用的细微提示，用来引进新的生活习惯。所以， 我们可以推断出柯蒂斯博士认为要向私营企业学习如何创造出 新的自动行为即习惯，并用来引 进新的生活习惯。因此，本题的正确答案应该是选项 A “像用肥皂洗手这样的习惯应该进一步 培养”。而选项 B 的意思是“慢慢改变”，选项 C 的意思是“深深地根植于历史中”，选项 D 的意思是“基本上是个人的事情”，这三个选项都不符合原文，所以均为干扰项。

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32.答案： A

分析： 例证题。根据题干关键词 Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers“瓶装水、 口香糖和保湿润肤霜”我们可以将题干定位到全文第五段。根据论证结构题的解题原则，作者 通常先提出论点，而后举例证明这个论点。所以，文章在第五段所谈到的这些例子，是为了证 明上一段所提出的论点，我们也就可以把本题的相关信息定位到全文第四段的第一句：If you look hard enough, you ’ ll find that many of the products we use every day-chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins-are results of manufactured habits. 意思是：如果观察得足够仔细，那你就会发 现很多日用产品都是制造商帮我们培养习惯的结果，如口香糖、保湿润肤霜、消毒湿巾、空气 清新剂、净水器、健康快餐、牙齿美白产品、织物软化剂和维生素等。 这就和选项 A 中 的 reveal their impact on people’s habits“揭示出它们对于人们习惯的作用”意思接近，因此， 本题的正确选项为 A。

33.答案： D

分析： 细节题。第三段提到 Dr. Curtis 曾向三家公司取经，分别是 Procter ；Gamble（宝 洁）、Colgate-Palmolive （高露洁-棕榄）和 Unilever（联合利华），可见 D 是公司名（company), 不属于能影响人们习惯的产品 （product)，故 D 为答案。由第四段末句可知，Colgate 和 Crest 都是牙膏的品牌，无形间使人们一天刷牙多次，故排除 B、C。 A 的 Tide 出现在第六段中间， 该句将 Tide 与 Crest 和 other products 并列，说明 Tide 与 Crest —样，都是宝洁的产品，故 A 也 可排除。

34.答案： C

分析：细节题。文章第六段中作者引用了宝洁公司一位员工的观点。Carol Berning 是宝洁 公司的一位消费者心理学专家。他深谙消费者心理，以此为依据为宝洁制定销售策略。他指出， “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’lives，and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable. ”“塑造积极的习惯是改善消费者生活的一个巨大组 成部分，并且对于新产品的商业化也是必不可少的。”企业通过各种各样的营销手段向消费者 推销产品，当产品成为消费者日常生活的一个部分时，企业的营销目的就达到了，因此某些消 费者的习惯被培养出来并不是因为他们自身意识到有必要形成这些习惯，而是商业推销的结果， 本题正确答案应该选[C]。

35.答案： B

分析： 态度题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的内容推断作者的态度语气的能力。根据文章 最后一段：“通过实验和观察，社会科学家如波尔宁博士已经了解到通过无情的广告将某些行 为与习惯性的暗示联系在一起的影响力。随着这种新的习惯科学的出现，当厂家、商家利用这 些策略销售有问题的美容面霜或者不健康食品时论战也就爆发了。”作者在这里提到广告时使 用了“无情的”，而结尾句中指出利用这些广告销售“有问题的”和“不健康的”美容面霜和 食品；根据这些表达否定意义的形容词，我们可以推断出作者对广告对人们习惯的影响持反对 的态度。所以，本题的正确答案应该是选项 B“否定的态度”。选项 A 的意思是“漠然的，不 关心的”，选项 C 的意思是“积极的，肯定的”，选项 D 的意思是“有偏见的，偏颇的”，这

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三个选项均为干扰项。

2010 年 Text 4

真题原文

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 18, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

36. From the principles of the U.S. jury system, we learn that [A] both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries [B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers [C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service [D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public

.

37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed .

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[A] the inadequacy of anti-discrimination laws

[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races [C] the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges

38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because [A] they were automatically banned by state laws [B] they fell far short of the required qualifications [C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties [D] they tended to evade public engagement

.

39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, . [A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished [B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors [C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community [D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

40. In discussing the U.S. jury system, the text centers on [A] its nature and problems

[B] its characteristics and tradition [C] its problems and their solutions [D] its tradition and development

.

答案解析

36.答案： D

分析： 细节题。根据题干关键词 the principles of the U.S. jury system 可以将题目的相关信 息定位在全文第一句：Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial dem-ocratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are enti-tled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. 意思是：美国人把陪审团制度看做是其核心民主价值观念的具体表现，其中包括以下若干 原则：所有达到最低年龄和读写能力要求的公民都享有平等的资格去陪审团服务；审判员 应该从社区代表团体中随机挑选；任何公民都不应该因为种族、宗教、性别或是民族等方面的 原因被剥夺在陪审团的服务权；被告人有权接受同龄人的审判；陪审团的裁决应该代表社会的 良知而不仅仅代表法律的条文。其中，句子中的核心词 principles 之后有五个 that 引导的并列同 位语从句，对于 principles 起解释说明作用。其中最后一个分句中的 verdicts should represent the conscience of the community“裁决应代表社会的良知”与选项 D 中的 judgment should consider the opinion of the public“裁定应考虑到公众的意见”意思相吻合，因此，本题的正确选项为 D。

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37.答案： A

分析： 推理题。由题干中的 prior to 1968 及 so-called elite jurors 可定位到第二段最后一句。 该句指出，挑选精英 陪审员的做法（practice of selecting so-called elite）为绕过一些反歧视法规 提供了便利，由此可见，反歧视法规还不够完善，尚有不足，故 A 为答案。文中没有提到这种 种族歧视是普遍的（prevalent），也没有针对某些特定种族（certain races），故 B 错误。 C 是 对第二段首句的曲解，该句指的是陪审员遴选程序与民主理想相冲突，并非遴选程序中有相互 冲突的理想。D 批评大法官的傲慢，文中没有任何根据可体现这一点。

38. 答案： C

分析： 推断题。文章第三段主要论述了女性加入陪审团所经历的曲折。尽管美国 18 年 就有女性第一次走上了陪审席，但是直到 20 世纪 40 年代绝大多数州才通过决议同意女性的陪 审员权利。但是仍然有许多州不会将女性放在陪审团名单上，因为人们认为女性就应该待在家 里照顾家庭（This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home），这种情况 一直到 20 世纪 60 年代都没有改变。因此，本题的正确答案应该选[C]。到 20 世纪 60 年代末期， 女性都很少出现在陪审团成员表上，是因为 they were supposed to perform domestic duties。[A] 表述错误，在 20 世纪 40 年代大多数州就已经通过决议同意女性的陪审团权利。[B]表述不符合 原文，因为原文中并没有提到是因为女性没有满足条件而无法加入陪审团。[D]是原文中没有提 到的内容，属于无关干扰。

39.答案： B

分析： 推断题。此题考查考生根据上下文对相关信息进行快速查找并理解推断的能力。根 据题干中的提示词 After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,利用查阅式阅读法，我们可 以在文章的最后一段前半部分中找到相关内容，这部分指出：“1968 年，美国国会通过了《陪 审团成员选择与服务法案》，将陪审团的民主改革引入了一个新时代。这个法律废除了对联邦 陪审团成员的特殊的教育要求，法律要求陪审员应该任意从整个社区有代表性的对立面中选 出。”因此，本题的正确答案是选项 B“在选择联邦陪审团成员时对其教育水平的要求变得不 那么刚性了”。而选项 A 的意思是“陪审员选择中性别歧视是违反的，必须废除”，选项 C 的意思是“州级的陪审员应该代表整个社区”，选项 D 的意思是“各州应该在改革陪审团制 度中与联邦保持一致”，这几个选项都不符合原文内该任意从整个社区有代表性的对立面 中选出。1975 年对路易斯安那州泰勒的里程碑式的裁决中，最高扩展了对陪审员的要求， 即陪审员要代表州级社区的各个部分。泰勒案的裁决也公开宣布了在陪审员选择时的性别歧视 是违反的，这个案子的裁决也规定了各州要用同样的程序来选择男性和女性陪审员。

40.答案： D

分析： 主旨题。本文的主旨可以从各个段落的段首句中找到。第一段第一句中的核心词是 principles“原则”，这也就是第一段内容最好的概括。而根据第二段第一句：But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.意思是：但是，近至 1968 年， 陪审员的选举流程仍然与这种民主理想相悖。以及第三段第一句：The system al-so failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.意思是：直到 20 世纪中期以前，陪审 团体系也没有正常将女性纳入其中。可以看出第二和第三两段都是在谈陪审团制度存在的问题。

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再根据第四段的段首句：In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.意思是：在 1968 年，美国国会 通过了“陪审员选举与服务法案”，开创了陪审员制度民主改革的新纪元。说明最后一段是在 介绍陪审团制度的改良方案。综上所述，从第一段到第四段，介绍了陪审团制度的原则、存在 的问题以及解决方案，原则可以替换为选项 D 中的 tradition“传统”，而从问题到解决可以合 并为选项 D 中的另外一个词 development“发展”，因此，选项 D 符合题目要求，是对全文主 旨的最好概括，故本题的正确选项为 D。

2011 年 Text 1

真题原文

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’ board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’ s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive ’ s proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than ,000 different directors between 19 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for [A] gaining excessive profits

.

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[B] failing to fulfill her duty

[C] refusing to make compromises [D] leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be [A] generous investors [B] unbiased executives [C] share price forecasters [D] independent advisers

.

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to . [A] become more stable [B] report increased earnings

[C] do less well in the stock market [D] perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors [A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm [C] are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D] will decline incentives from the firm

.

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is [A] permissive [B] positive [C] scornful [D] critical

. 答案解析

21.答案： B

分析： 推断题。由题干可直接定位到第一段。③句中的 was under fire for（因……受到攻 击）正好对应题干的 was criticized for，故文中 for 后的内容即为本题答案所在。其内容为“在 任职薪酬委员会期间，巨额奖金在不 经意间就被发放出去”，由此推断，这是因其玩忽职守所 致，故 B 最恰当。A 中的 excessive profit 与文中的 enormous bonus payouts 看似有关联，但文中 表示的是 Simmons“发放了”let…pass）这笔资金，而不是自己“获取”，故不能选。C“拒 绝妥协”在原文中找不到相应信息，故可排除。Simmons 辞职是在受指责之后，故不可能是受 指责的原因，D 颠倒因果，排除。

22.答案： D

分析： 事实细节题。第二段中作者对外部董事在公司担任的职责做了详细的描述。Outside

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directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. 一般来说，外 部董事担任公司董事会的顾问，他们不带有那么大的偏见，而且他们的存在于公司的发展有好 处。另外，他们在公司的地位非常(independent)，可以自由提出自己的见解。根据这些细节， 我们可以判断，外部董事被认为是公司的 independent advisers，[D]为正确答案。

23.答案： C

分析： 事实细节题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的细节内容判断正确信息的能力。问题问 根据俄亥俄大学研究者的研究，一位外部董事意外离职后公司很可能会发生什么事情。利用查 阅式阅读，我们可以在文章第三段第四、五、六句话中找到相关信息：他们发现在外部董事意 外离任后，其所在公司随后必须重述收益的概率增加了近两成，卷入联邦集体诉讼案的可能性 也会增大，而股票的表现可能会更糟糕。公司越大，这种效应往往也越强。由此可以推断出本 题的正确答案应该是 C:在股票市场表现欠佳。选项 A:变得更加稳定；文章中没有提到这个内容。 选项 B:报告增加了的收益；选项 D:在诉讼案中表现更糟糕。选项 B 和 D 的内容与原文不符， 均为干扰项。

24.答案： A

分析： 推断暗示题。根据题干中段落提示信息 the last paragraph 和题干中的关键词 outside director 可 以将相关信息定位在全文最后一段。本题的相关信息是最后一段最后两句：Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 意思 是：公司要想在困难时期留住外部董事可能就必须要建立奖励机制。否则，外部董事将会仿照 西蒙斯女士的例子，在校园再次大受欢迎。我们可以推断出:董事可能因为希望得到公司的 奖励而留任，这就和选项 A 中的 may stay for the attractive offers from the firm“可能为了得到来 自公司的丰厚奖励而留任”意思吻合，因此本题的正确答案是选项 A。

25.答案： B

分析： 本题考查作者的态度，这需要统观全文来分析。首段举例，并未表示作者的观点。 第二段作者描述外部董事职能时用了“helpful（有用的），less biased（公正的），且能在危难 时挽救公司”等词，这些都是正面积极的肯定，而后面两段提到的一些负面信息都是关于外部 董事的做法，与其本身角色职能无关，故确定 B 为答案。本题的关键在于审清题目，本题考查 的是作者对“外部董事的角色职能（role）”的态度，而非对“外部董事的所作所为”的态度， 尽管在后两段中指出外部董事有因另谋高就或明哲保身而弃公司危难于不顾的嫌疑，但这些行 为都与外部董事的职能无关，所以解题应该抓住第二段含褒义色彩的关键词作答。而 A、C、D 都是表示否定意义的词，故可一并排除。

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2011 年 Text 2

真题原文

Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America ’ s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like... their own doom” (Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspapers . [A] neglected the sign of crisis [B] failed to get state subsidies

[C] were not charitable corporations [D] were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because [A] readers threatened to pay less

[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C] journalists reported little about these areas

.

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[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .

[A] have more sources of revenue

[B] have more balanced newsrooms [C] are less dependent on advertising [D] are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business? [A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. [B] Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. [D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be [A] American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival [B] American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind [C] American Newspapers: A Thriving Business [D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

.

答案解析

26.答案： D

分析： 推断题。第一段中作者主要介绍了在经济危机背景下，人们对于报纸行业的普遍 担忧。The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom“. 经济危机使 最后一批还没有被互联网夺走的广告商和读者也渐渐远离报纸。像《旧金山编年史报》一类的 报纸剩下的日子已经屈指可数。”通过这样的句子，作者就是想要揭示人们想象中的报纸行业 可能面临的悲惨境遇。[D]为正确答案。[A] neglected the sign of crisis（忽视了危机的信号）， 与文意相反。[B]failed to get state subsidies（没有得到国家的补贴）和[C] were not charitable corporations（不是慈善公司）具有一定的干扰性，都是利用第一段中的原句设置干扰。

27.答案： B

分析： 推断题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的具体细节进行推断理解的能力。问题问有 些报纸拒绝为远郊区的读者送报可能的原因是什么。文章第三段相关信息指出：许多报纸没有 翻船是采取了把记者推下船的方法。美国新闻编辑协会估计，自从 2007 年以来有 13500 个人丟 掉了编辑部里的工作。读者正在为一些重量更轻的产品支付更多的钱。有些报纸甚至胆敢拒绝 为远郊区的读者送报。由此我们可以推断出这部分介绍的是各家报纸采取的具体措施，包括裁 员、减少报纸登载内容和降低送报成本等。因此，本题的正确答案应选 B:报纸想降低成本。选

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项 A:读者威胁要减少付费；选项 C:记者对这些地区报道得很少；选项 D:报纸订购者抱怨报纸 重量更轻。这几个选项的内容在文章中都没有提到，因此均为干扰项。

28.答案： C

分析： 事实细节题。根据题干中的关键结构 Japanese newspapers are much more stable 可 以将本题的题干定位在全文第四段最后一句：Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. 意思是：怪不得，日本的报业更为稳定。其中的逻辑关系词 Not surprisingly 可以将 原因向前定位，而真正的原因应该跳出数据在论点中得到，所以我们可以跳过第四段的第三和 第四句，到了第二句：American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.意思 是：长期以来，美国报业过分地依赖广告收益。我们可以分析出，原因很可能是日本的报纸行 业对于广告的依赖性不是那么强，这就和选项 C 中的 are less dependent on advertising“不太依 赖广告收入”意思相一致，因此，本题的答案是选项 C。 29.答案： A

分析： 推断题。①句后半部分表示“最不具特色的（least distinctive）部门损失最惨重”， 可看出报社为求生存选择优先淘汰特色不明显的版块， 而坚持保留的是其“ 独特性” （distinctiveness），故可知报纸“独特性”的重要性， 故 A 的推论是正确的。B 因果颠倒，由 ⑤句可知，报纸完整性的缺失是由于裁减诸多版块而导致的，而归根到底，这是由于报业危机 （failure of newspaper）而导致，故完整性的缺失是报业衰退的结果，不是原因。④句提到驻外 办事处被无情裁减（savagely cut off）,可见驻外办事处并不是那么重要，所以 C 可以排除。虽 然②句中表示“汽车和电影评论员被辞退了”，原因是他们属于 least distinctive 的部门，而读 者是否对其失去兴趣就无从得之，D 属于过度推测，应排除。

30.答案： A

分析： 本题考查文章主旨。本文虽然在第一段谈到了人们对于报纸行业未来的种种担忧， 但是从第一段最后一句话开始，作者就谈到了自己的观点，他认为美国的报纸行业还没有到病 入膏肓的地步，相反，报纸行业在经济危机的背景下，大刀阔斧的改革已经初见成 效。因此， 最适 合做 本文标 题的 答案应 该是[A] American Newspapers ： Struggling for Survival 。 而 [B] American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind 和[D] American Newspapers：A Hopeless Story 都是在 利用第一段的内容做文章。[C] American Newspapers：A Thriving Business，则也不符合基本事 实，美国的新闻行业衰退是有目共睹，不能说这是一个蒸蒸日上的行业。

2011 年 Text 3

真题原文

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly

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be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller — two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet — than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time. The trend toward “ less ” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses — usually around 1,200 square feet — than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 10s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ [A] prosperity and growth [B] efficiency and practicality [C] restraint and confidence [D] pride and faithfulness

.

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? [A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War II. [C] Most American architects used to be associated with it. [D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

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[A] was related to large space [B] was identified with emptiness

[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration [D] was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive? [A] They ignored details and proportions.

[B] They were built with materials popular at that time. [C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings. [D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”? [A] Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration [C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect. [D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.

答案解析

31.答案： C

分析： 细节题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的具体细节内容推断观点和结论的能力。问题 问战后美国人的住房模式很大程度上反映了美国人的什么精神。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以 在第二段找到相关的信息：但是当说到他们的住房时，那可真是一个坚信“少即是多、简单就 是美”的信念和常识流行的年代。在经济大萧条和战争时期，美国人已经学会了简朴地生活， 而这种节俭的理念再加上战后人们对未来的信心，使得小型高效的住房无疑非常流行。所以， 我们可以推断出战后美国人的信念是节制与自信。因此，本题的正确答案应该选 C：节制与自 信。选项 A：繁荣与发展；选项 B：高效与实用；选项 D：自豪与忠诚。这三个选项都不符合 文意，所以均为干扰项。

32.答案： D

分析： 推断暗示题。根据题干中的关键词 Bauhaus 可以将题目的相关信息定位到全文第三 段第二句 和第三句：The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.意思是：他和其他来自德国包豪斯设计学院的建筑师一样，在“二战” 前移民到美国，并在美国各建筑学院任教任职。这些设计师对美国的建筑业产生了巨大的影响， 但没有人的影响力能超过 Mies。我们可以推断出，其中的 These designers 指的就是来自包豪斯 设计学院的设计师，那么文中的 These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture 就和选项 D 中的 It had a great influence upon American architecture “它

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对美国的建筑实际风格产生了巨大的影响”意思相吻合，因此，本题的正确答案是选项 D。

33.答案： C

分析： 细节题。根据题干中的关键词 Mies 及 elegance 可定位至第四段②句。该句提到， 密斯相信优雅（elegance）不是来自大量的装演（abundance），C 中的 was not reliant on（不依 赖于）及 abundant decoration（大量的装潢）分别是对文中的 did not derive from（不是来自）及 abundance 的同义替换，故 C 为正确答案。第四段末句提到，密斯设计的房屋空间并不是又大 又空（big and empty），而是小巧实用（small and efficient），A 中的 large space 及 B 中的 emptiness 都不是密斯设计房屋的特点，故 A、B 可排除。D 中 的 efficiency 是密斯已采用的特点，但 D 的意思（was not associated with……）与文意相反，故 D 也不正确。

34.答案： D

分析： 细节题。根据题干锁定文章第五段的内容。麦斯在芝加哥的湖滨大道上设计建造的 塔楼公寓是小两居室。smaller— two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast，“比邻座黄金海岸的两居室小”，因此，[C]说 They were more spacious than neighboring buildings，这一表述错误。关于它的建筑材料，文章第四段 中曾经提到麦斯善于使用金属、 玻璃和复合夹板等材料。 Like other modern architects, he employed metal,glass and laminated wood— materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future.这些材料在我们现在的生活中习以为常，但是在 20 世纪 40 年代的时 候却非常前卫。由此，我们可以判断[B] They were built with materials popular at that time 这种说 法错误。[A]说 They ignored details and proportions，这种说法错误，因为第五段提到 they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions……，“他设计的公寓却大受欢迎，这是因为其透明的玻璃幕墙、开阔的 视野以及大楼细节和比例的优雅……”只有[D]是正确的，因为第五段中提到麦斯的设计体现了 抽象艺术的建筑风格（the architectural equivalent of the abstract art）。

35.答案： B

分析： 推断题。此题考查考生根据上下文中的具体细节进行判断的能力。问题问关于“案 例研究屋”的设计我们可以了解到什么。根据文章最后一段：另一个对“简单即是美”这个趋 势带来影响的国产因素是“案例研究屋”，它是在 1945 年到 1962 年间由《加利福尼亚艺术与 建筑》杂志委托一些才华横溢的现代建筑师完成的。园林、新型材料和直率的细节带来了美学 效果。在其“案例研究屋”中，拉尔夫·莱普森可能错误地预言了机械对人们日常生活影 响的方式——没有多少美国家庭拥有直升机，不过大多数人家最终都购置了干衣机——但是他 认为人们向往自给自足而且不可避免地将实现自给自足这种理念却得到了广泛的认同。所以， 本题的正确答案应该选 B:这种设计考虑了自然景色。选项 A:广泛运用了机械装置；选项 C:为了 整体效果牺牲了细节；选项 D:运用了有益于生态的建筑材料。这三个选项不符合原文内容，均 为干扰项。

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2011 年 Text 4

真题原文

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is

stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and

competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different: “European economic

government ” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the

European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that . [A] it has more or less lost faith in markets [B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro [D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers [A] are competing for the leading position [B] are busy handling their own crises

.

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[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization [D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that . [A] EU funds for poor regions be increased [B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination [D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that [A] poor countries are more likely to get funds

[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries [C] loans will be readily available to rich countries [D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

.

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel [A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopeful

.

答案解析

36.答案：B

分析：事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词 so many problems 可以将题目的相关信息定位在 全文第一段最后一句：Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.意思是：但如今，甚至是对欧 盟最热衷的拥护者也在谈论欧洲所面临的由债务、人口下降和经济增速放缓所构成的“百 慕大三角式”的困境。其中的 cheerleaders 和选项 B 中的 supporters 相对应，这句话的意思和选 项 B 中的 even its supporters begin to feel concerned“甚至是它的支持者也开始关注”的意思相一 致，因此，本题的正确答案是选项 B。

37.答案：C

分析： 推断题。根据题干中的关键词 EU’s single currency is stuck 可快速定位至第三段② 句。该句就是原因所在，由 because 从句可知，法国和德国这两大主导力量虽然同意在欧元区 内进行更多的协调，但在协调内容上却又存在分歧（agree on…, but disagree about…）。也就是 说，它们没能就协调达成一致，即 C。关于争夺领导权的话题在文中完全没有提及，A 属于无 中生有。文中第二段虽有提到危机（crisis）， 但那是欧盟成员国共同面临的问题，B 在文中也 无据可依。D 偷梁换柱，文中 disagree 后的宾语为 what to harmonise,即协调的内容，而由①句 可知，这讨论的目的是使欧元免于瓦解（from disintegration），而 D 中为 towards disintegration，

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两者意思相悖，故可排除。

38.答案：B

分析：细节题。本题考查对文章第四段内容的理解。作者在第四段中就德国提出的拯救欧 盟的措施做出了详细的论述。[B]选项 stricter regulations be imposed 是对第四段第一句话中的 Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules 的同义改写，为正确答案。[A]EU funds for poor regions be increased（欧盟对贫穷地区的资助应该增加）与原文含义相反，第四段提到的是 应该 freeze EU funds for poorer regions（冻结欧盟在贫困地区的资金）。根据第四段第三句 It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27members of the EU club（德国始终认为欧盟 内部的经济协调应该涉及所有 27 个成员国）可以确定[C]选项 only core members be involved in economic co-ordination（只有核心成员 国应该服从经济协调）表述错误。根据第四段第二句中 的 and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils（甚至取缔某个国 家在欧盟级理事会议上的投票权），可以确定[D]选项 voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed（欧盟成员国的选举权应该得到保障）表述错误。

39.答案：A

分析： 推断题。此题考查考生根据上下文对相关信息进行快速查找并理解推断的能力。问 题问法国对处理危机的建议暗示了什么。利用查阅式阅读，我们可以在文章的第五段前半部分 找到相关内容，这部分指出：而以法国为首的“南部”阵营则想要不同的东西：欧元区成员内 部核心中的“欧洲经济”。换言之，它意味着政坛人物干涉货币和将资源从较富裕成 员国向较贫穷成员国进行重新分配的制度，可以利用购买比较低价的共同的欧洲债券或者 完全的财政转移的方式来实现。言外之意是比较贫穷的国家可以获得货币和资源上的支持。 因此，本题的正确答案应选 A：贫穷国家比较可能获得资助。而选项 B：要在贫穷国家实施严 格的货币；选项 C：富裕国家将会很容易获得贷款；选项 D：富裕国家将会主要控制欧洲 债券。这几个选项都不符合原文内容，均为干扰项。

40.答案：D

分析：态度题。作者在全文的最后一段集中发表了对于欧盟的个人看法，所以本题的相关 信息可以定位在最后一段。根据最后一段前两句：It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the World’s largest trading block.意思是:而现在就宣布欧盟的失败还为时尚早。它现在仍然是世界 上 最 大 的 贸 易 区 。 还 有 最 后 一 句 ： It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.意思是:欧盟做出一次雄心勃勃的尝试，那就是钝化全球 化这把剑最锋利的一面，同时使资本主义变得宽厚仁慈。从中我们不难看出作者对于欧盟的态 度是寄予厚望的，这就和选项 D 中的 hopeful“充满希望的”意思吻合，因此，本题的正确答案 是选项 D。而选项 A 中的 pessimistic“悲观的”，选项 B 中的 desperate“绝望的”以及选项 C 中的 conceited“自负的”均与文意不符，故可以排除。

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2012 年 Text 1

真题原文

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for

setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.

21、It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework A.is receiving more criticism

B.is no longer an educational ritual C.is not required for advanced courses D.is gaining more preferences

.

22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students A.tend to have moderate expectations for their education B.have asked for a different educational standard C.may have problems finishing their homework D.have voiced their complaints about homework

.

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23. According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may A.discourage students from doing homework

B.result in students' indifference to their report cards C.undermine the authority of state tests D.restrict teachers' power in education

.

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether A.it should be eliminated B. it counts much in schooling C. it places extra burdens on teachers D.it is important for grades

.

25. A suitable title for this text could be . A.Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy B.A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students C.Thorny Questions about Homework D.A Faulty Approach to Homework

答案解析

21.答案： A

分析：推断题。第一段①句提及家庭作业从来都不太受欢迎，第 2 分句着重说“近年来（recent years）更加是饱受鄙视（scorned）”，题干中的 nowadays 语义与 recent years 对应，而 criticism （批评）则与 scorned 均属于同一语义范畴，都含贬义，故可推断正确答案是 A。B 与文意相悖， preferences 与文章中的“不太受欢迎”相反，可排除。C 利用原文原词 educational ritual 进行干扰， 原文说人们开始对此“惯例”进行思考，跟题干意思不匹配，可排除。③句有提到 advanced courses， 但是原文并没有说高等课程就不设家庭作业，排除 D。

22.答案： C

分析： 细节题。本题考查对第二段内容的理解。作者在第二段中介绍了洛杉矶教育联合会 颁布作业新规的原因。第二段第一句话指出“这项规定旨在解决差生或者家庭环境不理想的学生 在完成家庭作业方面遇到的困难。” [C]选项是对这句话的同义改写，为正确答案。 [A]选 项内容在原文中并未提及，原文只说差生在完成作业方面有困难，并没有说他们对自己要求不 高。 [B]选项利用第二段最后一句话...the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children 设置干扰，原文说的意思是洛杉矶的这项决议无异于是降低了对差生的要求，而不是说 差生自己要求区别对待。[D]选项是原文中未提及的内容。

23.答案： A

分析： 细节题。问题问根据第三段，该的一个问题是它可能会怎样。文章第三段指出： 学区说，家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分，允许老师想布置多少作业就布置多

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少作业。但如果家庭作业记入学生成绩的比例不能超过 10%的话，学生就能轻易地逃避一半的 家庭作业，而在成绩报告单上几乎看不出差别。 有些学生可能不做完家庭作业也能在州考试中 取得好成绩。但那些做了家庭作业并在考试中取得好成绩的学生怎么样呢？很可能是做家庭作 业帮助了他们。但是，这项没有授权老师找出最适合学生的办法，而是给老师强加了一条 断然的、一揽子式的规定。由此我们可以判断，规定家庭作业记入成绩的比例不超过 10% 的话，学生少做一半的家庭作业在成绩单上不会有区别，因而学生就会选 择少做一半的家庭作 业。因此本题的正确答案是 A，挫伤学生做作业的积极性。 选项 B 的意思是“导致学生对学习 成绩单的漠视”；C 的意思是“削弱州测试的权威性”；D 的意思是“教师在教育中的影响力”。 这三个选项不符合原文内容，均为干扰项。

24. 答案： B

分析： 细节题。根据题干中的关键词 a key question unanswered about homework 可以将题 干定位到全文第四段第一句，而该题目的相关信息在随后的两个含有 if 的句子中。根据第四段 第二和第三句：If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. 意思是：如 果该学区发现家庭作业对于孩子的学业不是很重要，那就应该减少或者免除家庭作业，而不是 减轻作业在成绩中的所占的分量。相反，如果家庭作业很关键，那它就应该在学生成绩中占有 很重要的一部分。 请考生注意， 在连续两个句子的 if 所引导的条件状语从句中提到了 unimportant“不重要”和 matters“很关键”，而这两个词在意思上是对立的，因此，我们可以看出 关于家庭作业的棘手的问题就是家庭作业是否重要，这就和选项 B 中的 it counts much in schooling“在教育过程中很重要”意思吻合，因此，本题的正确答案是选项 B。

25.答案：D

分析： 本题是主旨题，要结合全文大意来判断与文章主题最接近的标题。全文都是针对洛 杉矶教学区新推出的一项有关家庭作业的进行论说，中间三段均批评该的不合理。且 文中出现大量批评该的字眼，如 Unfortunately（不幸地），inflexible policy（缺乏弹性的政 策），unclear and contradictory（不清晰且自相矛盾的），flat, across-the-board rule（一刀切的规 定），addresses none of the…questions（没有解决任何问题），does nothing to ensure（没有采取 任何措施确保）等。D 中的 Faulty Approach（错误的方法）最能概括文章意思，故选 D。 全文 基调基本是在批评新政，B 中的 welcomed 与文意相悖，可排除 B。C 是该新政未能解决的问题， 属于文章的细节内容，不能作为文章标题，故排除 C。全文都在解读该项，批评它的不足， 不是解读本身有误，而是该有误，A 也错误。

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2012 年 Text 2

真题原文

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.

Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural

to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should

create a \"third stepping stone\" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after \"toddler\" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.

26. By saying \"it is ... The rainbow\"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink A.hould not be the sole representation of girlhood B.should not be associated with girls' innocence C.cannot explain girls' lack of imagination D.cannot influence girls' lives and interests

.

27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours? A.Colors are encoded in girls' DNA

B.Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls

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C.Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders D.White is preferred by babies

28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by .

A. the marketing of products for children B.the observation of children's nature C.researches into children's behavior D.studies of childhood consumption

29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised A.focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothes B. attach equal importance to different genders C.classify consumers into smaller groups D.create some common shoppers' terms

.

30. It can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be A.clearly explained by their inborn tendency B.fully understood by clothing manufacturers C.mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen D.well interpreted by psychological experts

. 答案解析

26.答案： A

分析： 推断题。本题考查对文章第一段中一句话的理解。作者指出，现在粉色在小女孩 的生活中无处不在。粉色这种颜色本身并没有什么问题，但它只不过是七色光谱上的一个小小 组成部分。此处强调粉色和其他颜色相比没有什么特别，只是光谱上的一个色系，作者的言下 之意就是粉色不应该成为女孩的唯一代表色。另外从第一段最后一句话 I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls, lives and interests（我真为人们对女孩子的生活和兴趣如此缺乏想 象力感到失望）也可以看出，作者认为女孩的生活是丰富多彩的，而不应该让粉色成为少女时 代的唯一代表，[A]选项准确地描述了这层含义。[B]选项利用第一段中的 innocence 设置干扰。 [C]选项利用第一段最后一句话中的 lack of imagination 设置干扰，但是原文是说以为女孩子的生 活中只有粉色的人缺乏想象力，而不是说女孩子缺乏想象力。[D]选项同样也是对最后一句话的 曲解。

27. 答案： B

分析： 细节题。问题问根据文章第二段内容，下面哪项对颜色的理解是正确的。文章第 二段指出：女孩们喜欢粉红色似乎不可避免，似乎以某种方式编码进了她们的 DNA 中，但根 据美国研究副教授乔·保莱迪的说法，情况不是这样的。20 世纪初之前，孩子们的穿衣根本没有 颜色标准的：在家用洗衣机问世之前的时代，从实用性出发，所有的婴儿都穿白色，因为那时

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唯一使衣服干净的方法就是用开水煮烫衣服。另外，那时的男孩、女孩都穿人们认为不分性别 的衣服。当托儿所色彩引入后，粉红色当时实际上被认为是更有男性特征的颜色，它是红色的 柔和版，而红色与力量相关。蓝色象征着女性气质，代表圣母玛利亚、坚贞与忠诚。直到 20 世 纪 80 年代中期，突出年龄和性别差异成为儿童用品市场的主要营销战略时，粉色才进入全盛时 期，才开始似乎天生受女孩们的喜欢，成为定义女性特 征的一部分，至少在最初关键的几年中 如此。因此本题的正确答案应该是 B：蓝色曾经被认为是女孩子的颜色。选项 A 的意思是“颜色 被编码进了女孩们的 DNA 中”；C 的意思是“粉红色曾经在 象征性别方面被用作中性颜色”；D 的意思是“婴儿喜欢白色”。这三个选项的内容都不符合原文，为干扰项。

28. 答案： A

分析：细节题。根据题干中的关键结构 our perception of children’s psychological development 可以将题目的相关信息定位到全文第三段第一句：I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids ， including our core beliefs about their psychological development. 意思是：我之前没有意识到，我们对孩子天性的认知会受到市场营 销趋势深刻的影响，包括我们对儿童心理发展的核心理念。这就和选项 A 中的 the marketing of products for children“儿童产品的营销”意思相一致，因此，本题的正确答案是选项 A。

29. 答案： C

分析：细节题。题干的 department stores 提示了在第四段①句可找到答案。该句中 that 引导 的宾语从句表明，商场收到的建议是在婴儿服装（infant wear）与大童服装（older kids’clothes） 之间新设立一个 third stepping stone，即将原先童装的两个区增加为三个区，细分婴童服装消费 群，C 的 classify...into smaller groups 与此相符，且与③句的 Splitting...into ever-tinier categories 意思相近，故 C 为正解。 ①句并没有提到有关性别（gender）的信息，B 为无中生有，可排除。 ①句提到 infant wear 和 older kids’clothes，但不是说“聚焦”这两个服装市场，而是说要在此基础 上再细分消费群，故 A 不正确。创造销售术语是百货商场在细分消费群体后的附带结果，百货 商场没有直接被建议这样做，D 属于偷换概念。

30.答案： C

分析： 细节题。本文主要讨论的就是商业营销对于人们认知的影响，由女孩偏爱粉色这个 话题引入，后又转入儿童心理发展这个话题。看似散漫，但是万变不离其宗，本文讨论的始终 是商家在大众文化中扮演的角色。女孩对于粉色的偏爱，在作者看来，绝不是天生的，文章第 二段就否定了这种说法，故[B]选项错误，这是商业宣传的结果。 [A]选项提到了 clothing manufacturers，作者在文中提到这个词的时候，是说服装生产商人对儿童心理发展的认知方面 发挥的作用，而不是女孩偏爱粉色的关系。[D]答案错误，文中提到的心理学家只是指出女孩偏 爱粉色并不是天生的倾向，但是到底从何而来，作者并没有提到有心理学家对这个问题进行过 详细阐述。所以只有[C]选项正确。

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2012 年 Text 3

真题原文

In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”

Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like A.their executives to be active B.judges to rule out gene patenting C.genes to be patentable D.the BIO to issue a warning

32. Those who are against gene patents believe that A.genetic tests are not reliable B. only man-made products are patentable

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C. patents on genes depend much on innovations D.courts should restrict access to genetic tests

33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for A.establishing disease compellations B.discovering gene interactions C.drawing pictures of genes D.identifying human DNA

.

34. By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that A.the Supreme Court was authoritative B.the BIO was a powerful organization C.gene patenting was a great concern

D.lawyers were keen to attend conventions

35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is A.critical B.supportive C.scornful D.objective

答案解析

31.答案： C

分析： 细节题。问题问第一段中暗示生物技术公司愿意怎样。文章第一段指出：2010 年， 一位联邦法官彻底撼动了美国生物科技行业。各公司获得单独的 DNA 的专利已经几十年了，截 至 2005 年，大约有 20%的人类基因被授予了专利。但是，2010 年 3 月，一位法官判决基因是 不能授予专利的。各公司的高管们开始了公开激烈的讨论。一个贸易组织——生物科技行业组 织向其成员保证这只是长期斗争的一个前奏。由此我们可以推断出，公司对法官判决基因不能 授予专利反响热烈，并要与这种裁决作斗争。因此，本题的正确答案应该是 C：生物科技公司 希望基因可被授予专利。 选项 A 的意思是“它们的高管可以积极些”；B 的意思是“法官们 禁止基因专利申请”；D 的意思是“生物科技行业组织能发出警告”。这三个选项都不符合原文的 内容，为干扰项。

32.答案： B

分析： 细节题。根据题干中的关键结构 Those who are against gene patents believe...可以将 题目的相关信息定位到全文第三段第三句： Critics make three main arguments against gene patents : a gene is a product of nature， so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. 意 思是：反对基因专利的批评者们持有三点理由：基因是自然产物，所以不能被注册成专利；基 因专利抑制创新而不是奖励创新；像 Myriad 公司这样对于专利的垄断了他人进行基因测试

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的机会。其中的第一个关键理由 a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented“基因是自然 产物，所以不能被注册成专利”和选项 B 中的 only man-made products are patentable“只有人造产 品才能注册成专利”意思相吻合，因此，本题的正确答案是选项 B。

33.答案： B

分析：推断题。根据题干中的 Hans Sauer 可快速定位至第五段④句。题干中的 companies are eager to win patents for 与原文的内容一致，故答案应与原的“connecting the dots”意思一致。该词 组词意可回看该段③句，生物公司研究的是 how genes interact, looking for correlations,由此推断 文中的 dots 实指 genes，即“基因如何连接”，B 的 gene interactions 与此同义，故为答案。 ③ 句说的是寻找基因的相互关系去确诊病因，A 说的却是确定疾病之间的相互关系，是利用原文 该处的 disease 和 correlations 进行随意拼凑，本身语义不对，也不是生物公司研究的领域，可排 除 A。C 的 drawing pictures 毫无原文依据，可排除。生物公司是想要申请人类 DNA 的专利， 但不是为了鉴别（identify）它们，D 的说法缺乏原文支持，可排除。

34.答案：C

分析： 推断题。文章最后一段提到了生物科技产业组织最近要召开的一个会议。Each meeting was packed 中的 packed 的原意为“打包，包装”，而在此句中的意思是“挤满、塞满”，即 会议挤满了人，从而反映了大家对基因专利的关注，故正确答案为[C]。 [A]选项与题干无 关；[B]选项属于主观臆断；[D]选项是干扰项，训练律师只是这次大会的一部分内容，以偏概 全。

35.答案：D

分析： 态度题。问题问总体来说，作者对基因专利的态度是什么。通读全文，我们可以发 现作者主要介绍了美国对基因专利的争议。文章按照时间先后和事件发展顺序展开。 第一段提 出，一位法官判决基因不能授予专利，引起了生物科技公司的激烈讨论；第二段介绍联邦上诉 推翻此裁决；第三段、第四段指出反对基因专利者持有的三个理由，并提出这个问题会继 续下去；第五段和第六段指出还会有更多关于基因专利的案例，而生物技术公司则正在研究基 因是如何互相影响的，试图寻找基因的相关性。文章作者只是客观叙述不同的人对基因专利的 不同看法，并没有表达作者对于此事的具体观点。因此本题的正确答案 应该是 D：客观的。 选 项 A 的意思是“批评的”，B 的意思是“支持的”，C 的意思是“轻蔑的，嘲笑的”，都不符合作者 的态度，为干扰项。

2012 年 Text 4

真题原文

The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,

It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.

No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many

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said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.

But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.

Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.

31. By saying“to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to A. seek subsidies from the government B. explore reasons for the unemployment C. make profits from the troubled economy D. look on the bright side of the recession

.

32. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people A. realize the national dream B. struggle against each other C. challenge their lifestyle D. reconsider their lifestyle

.

33. Benjamin Friedman believed that economic recession may A. impose a heavier burden on immigrants B. bring out more evils of human nature

C. Promote the advance of rights and freedoms D. ease conflicts between races and classes

.

34. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to . A. lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities

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B. catch up quickly with experienced employees C. see their life chances as dimmed as the others’ D. recover more quickly than the others

35. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is A.certain B.positive C.trivial D.destructive

. 答案解析

31.答案： D

分析： 推断题。根据题干关键词 to find silver linings 可以将题目的相关信息定位到全文的 第二段。根据第二段第二句：No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. 意思是：在这次全国范围内爆发的经济灾难中，没有人会比失业人员更加 努力地寻找一线希望的光芒。许多人说尽管失业非常痛苦，但是也从几个方面提高了自我：他 们变得不再那么注重物质上的享受，在经济上更加谨慎；也比以前更多地关注到他人的奋斗。 由此我们可知失业虽然痛苦，但是也从几个方面提高了自我，紧接着冒号后面就说明了提高自 我的具体内容，同时第三句中也指出经济萧条将会使社会有所好转。由此可以推断出选项 D 中 的 to find silver linings“看到经济衰退中光明的一面”与文中的意思相符，因此，本题的正确答 案是选项 D。

32.答案： D

分析： 细节题。 第二段主要讲述 recession 的积极影响。 主要有两方面： 使个人 less materialistic（不那么物质化）、 more financially prudent（经济上更谨慎）和 more aware of the struggles of others（更能体谅别的艰难）；对社会方面则 end...reckless personal spending（结束了 人们挥霍无度地花钱的习惯）。这些变化概括起来可算是生活方式、消费方式的改变，由此可 见 D 的说法正确。 A 是利用原文的名词 struggle 进行语义干扰，实际原文是“艰难”，A 中是 动词的“斗争”之义，语义不一致，也文不对题，可排除 A。B 中的 national dream 出现在④， 原文说的是“从……美梦中唤醒”，而非“实现”，故可排除 B。C 是利用②句中的 prudent 一 词进行干扰，原文是说人们花钱变得更慎重，C 所述与此无关。

33.答案：B

分析： 细节题。根据题干中的人名锁定文章第三段的内容。第二段提到经济危机可能带来 的额外的好处，但是第三段中的这位学者弗莱德曼却坚定地认为长期经济危机会对社会产生破 坏性的影响。[A]选项利用原文中的 immigrant 设置干扰，但是原文中是说随着经济危机的加剧， Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases，“反移民情绪升温”，而并没有提到经济危机给移

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民造成沉重负担。 [B]选项符合原文内容。弗莱德曼认为长期的经济危机会 left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive，“使得社会道德退步，凝聚力降低”。这里社会道德的退步， 就对应这里“释放了人性中的罪恶”这种说法。[C]选项错误，原文提到长期的经济危机会 stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms，“逆转人类在自由和权力方面取得的进步”，[C] 选项表述完全相反。[D]选项与原文的 Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes 表述完全相反。

34. 答案：D

分析： 细节题。问题问蒂尔·冯·韦希特尔的研究表明萧条时期从精英大学毕业的学生常 常会怎样。利用查阅式阅读，可以在第四段发现与问题相关的信息：哥伦比亚大学经济学家蒂 尔·冯·韦希特尔的研究表明，不是所有毕业就进入萧条时期的人都认为自己的人生机会是暗 淡无光的。那些拥有精英大学学位的毕业生的收入很快就赶上了如果他们在经济良好时期毕业 本该达到的水平；落后的人正是居于他们之下的普通大众。由此我们可以推断出，精英大学毕 业生能够在经济萧条时期赶上经济良好时期所能达到的收入水平。所以本题的正确答案应该是 D，比其他人更快地赶上本该达到的水平。 选项 A 的意思是“由于机会减少落后于其他人”， 与原文内容相反；B 的意思是“很快赶上有经验的雇员”，这个选项在原文中根本没有提到；C 的意思是“认为他们的人生 机会和其他人一样暗淡无光”，与原文内容相反。

35.答案：A

分析：态度题。根据题干关键词。由文章最后一句 But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend“但可以确定，它肯定会改变我们的社会结构，并且经济萧条持续 时间越长，改变的就越多”，可知艰难时期对社会的影响是确定的。所以选项 A“确定的”为 正确答案。 其中选项 B“积极的”，选项 C“不重要的”，选项 D“毁灭性的”均与文中意思 不符。因此，本题的正确答案是选项 A。

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