沾专天然气此 第36卷第1期 OIL&GAS GEOLOGY 2015年2月 文章编号:0253—9985(2015)01—0168—07 doi:10.1 1743/ogg20150122 纵波一转换横波联合反演技术在页岩气藏 勘探中的应用 袁书坤 ,陈开远 ,Bob A Hardage ,冯志强 ,魏水建 (1.中国地质大学能源学院,北京100083;2.中国石化国际石油勘探开发公司,北京100083;3.美国德克萨斯大学 奥斯汀分校经济地质局,德克萨斯奥斯汀78758;4.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院,北京100083) 摘要:近几年的页岩油气开发实践表明,页岩非均质性及水平井段的方位对页岩气单井产量、采收率及页岩气开采的经济性影响较 大,而页岩非均质性主要受到天然微裂缝的影响。因此,开展页岩内天然微裂缝研究,寻找页岩储层“甜点”等是成功部署高产气 井、提高页岩气开采经济效益的必然选择。基于美国阿巴拉契亚盆地Marcellus页岩区的3C/3D高分辨率地震资料,利用快/慢速转 换横波(PSV一1/PSV一2)反射时间厚度差法,对Marcellus地层的天然微裂缝发育带进行了探测。应用纵一转换横波(PP—Ps)联 合反演技术,结合联合反演密度、纵横波速度比( )等组合属性参数,对天然微裂缝的开闭性及张性天然微裂缝孔隙空间的含气 性分别进行了识别和检测,并利用实钻井资料对地球物理方法预测的页岩储层“甜点”(含气张性微裂缝)进行验证,取得较好效果。 实际应用表明,纵一横波联合反演技术对于张性天然微裂缝的识别及含气性检测具有突出优势,能有效降低钻探风险。 关键词:转换横波;联合反演;微裂缝探测;含气性检测;Marcellus页岩 中图分类号:P631.4 文献标识码:A Application of joint PP and PS inversion to the exploration of shale-gas reservoirs Yuan Shukun ,Chen Kaiyuan ,Bob A Hardage ,Feng Zhiqiang ,Wei Shuijian (1.School ofEnergy Resource,China University f oGeosciences,Beijing 100083,China;2.International Petroleum Exploration and Production Corporation,SINOPEC,Beijing 100083,China;3.Bureau ofEconomic Geology,University fTeoxas,Austin,TX 78758,USA;4.Petroleum Exploration&Production Research Institute,SINOPEC,Beijing 100083,China) Abstract:In recent years,the development of shale oil and gas shows that shale heterogeneity and lateral orientation have relatively great impacts on single well shale gas production,recovery factor and the economy of shale gas exploitation,and natural micro—fracture is the main factor resulting in shale heterogeneity.Accordingly,to carry out research on the natural micro‘fractures and prediction of sweet spots within shale has become an inevitable choice for successful emplacement of high—yielding wells and improving economic benefits of shale gas exploitation.Based on the high resolution 3C/3D seismic data in Marcellus shale play within Appalachian Basin,North America,natural micro-fracture zone of Marcellus shale was predicted by means of fast and slow converted shear wave(PSV一1/PSV一2)integrated interpretation,then the open/closed fractures and gas-bearing property of extensional micro・fractures were separately identiied and detected by utfilizing com— bined attribute parameters like joint inversion density,velocity ratio of compressional and converted wave(?Jp/vs)extracted from joint inversion of compressional wave and conve ̄ed shear wave(PP-PS).In addition,drilling data were used to veri— fy the sweet spots predicted by geophysical method in Marcellus shale.Joint inversion technique(PP.PS)has outstanding advantages in natural extensional micro-fractures identification and gas-bearing detection,which can effectively reduce the drilling risk. Key words:converted shear wave,joint inversion,micro-fracture detection,gas—bearing detection,Marcellus shale 21世纪以来,随着水平钻井、水力分段压裂和微 页岩储层一般具有厚度薄、波阻抗低、天然裂缝带 地震压裂监测等技术的快速发展及天然气价格逐渐回 升,非常规致密砂岩、页岩油气藏的开采逐渐变得具有 经济、可行性。北美Marcellus页岩气藏是页岩开发最 为成功的案例之一。 较发育和非均质性强等特点,天然裂缝发育与否对页 岩油气藏的经济性至关重要,尤其体现在单井初始产 量上…。近年来,转换横波(PS)地震资料在天然微裂 缝探测方面的优势日益受到业内关注。 收稿日期:2014—01—22;修订日期:2014—10—20。 第一作者简介:袁书坤(1982一),男,博士研究生、工程师,海外油气勘探地质管理、非常规油气、含油气盆地分析及层序地层学。E.mail:skyuan sipc@sinopec.con。 基金项目:美国能源安全合作研究组织项目(RPSEA一08122)。 第1期 袁书坤,等.纵波一转换横波联合反演技术在页岩气藏勘探中的应用 173 3.3预测效果分析 Calibration一1是3C/3D研究区内唯一的领眼井, 其测井特征如下:①Marcellus下段页岩较上段具有相 对高伽马、低密度的测井响应特征;②深、浅侧向电阻 率曲线均有明显齿化特征,可能有裂缝发育的迹象;③ 深浅侧向电阻率值近乎相同,表明Marcellus的下段页 岩具有超低孔低渗特征,稳定页岩段不易受到泥浆浸 入影响;④地层电阻率最高仅为40 Q・1TI(图1),未 见含气显示L3 ;⑤裂缝欠发育页岩段的Vp//V 均值约 为1.56。因此,Calibration.1井应位于张裂缝分布范 围内,但在页岩气富集区之外,故测井上有裂缝发育 迹象但无明显气测显示。此外,据赞助方反馈,Call— bration.1井北西方向水平井段(Cal一1 )的含气显示 及气产量明显好于sE方向的水平井段(Ca1—2 )。 总之,Calibration一1的岩、电性特征与地球物理方法 预测的结果高度吻合,这很好地验证了PSV一1/ PSV一2方法裂缝探测结果及应用PP—Ps联合反演 方法进行天然微裂缝性页岩气储层“甜点”_3 预测 的正确、可行性。 4结束语 基于3C/3D地震资料,本文应用PSV一1/PSV一 2时间厚度差法对Marcellus页岩的天然微裂缝分布 进行预测,并结合PP—PS联合反演属性对裂缝性 质、张裂缝含气性分别进行识别和检测,较好的展示 了PP—PS联合反演技术的优越性,主要有以下 认识: 1)PP—PS联合反演可直接、充分引入横波的岩 性、微构造等信息,比传统的PP地震反演具有更高的 纵、横向分辨率,有利于岩性识别和页岩气储层“甜 点”的精细刻画。 2)在岩性分布相对稳定的地区,PP—Ps联合反 演的密度、 / 。等组合属性对天然微裂缝的开闭性识 别、含气性检测等具较大优势。但是,该方法对地震解 释及PP和PS信息匹配精度要求较高。 3)裂缝性页岩储层的影响因素众多,联合反演 分析应综合考虑多种地质、地物及地化参数(如应力 环境、胶结程度、地震反射差异、流体性质及饱和 度等)。 致谢:感谢Michael,Joseph和Dallas在访学工作 中给予的帮助,感谢公司和部门领导对我赴美访学的 支持,感谢审稿专家及编辑老师们的热心指导。 参考文献 [1]Lee D S,Herman J D,Elsworth D,et a1.A critical evaluation of un- conventional gas recovery from the Marcellus shale,Northeastern U— nited States[J].KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,2011,15(4): 679—687. 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