英语写作主体段的展开方法

一、列举法列举法可以说是英语应试作文中一种最常见的方法，这种方法常见于议论文中。作者首先在主题句里提出自己的观点，然后列举出一系列的具体事实和依据来说明其观点。1.写作步骤1）首先用主题句点明主题内容；2）然后选择适当的关联词分别列举内容；3）最后从段落内容中得出合乎逻辑的结论。2.写作模式↗事实1↘主题句→事实2→总结↘事实3↗3.常用词语1）表示先后顺序的序数词：first，second，third2）表示并列关系的副词：firstly，secondly，finally，next，then，last3）表示并列关系的词语：one，another，other，firstofall，inaddition，moreover，besides，furthermore例1：Nuclearpowercouldbeasourceofenergyformanyyearstocome.However,thereareseveralproblemswhichhavetobesolved.Thefirstoneisthedisposalofradioactivewaste.Thisishighlyharmfulandremainsactiveforthousandsofyears.Anotherproblemisthepossibilityofanaccidentthatliberatesradioactivematerialintotheenvironment.Stillanotherproblemwiththedevelopmentofnuclearenergyisthedangerofitsbeingturnedintotheproductionofatomicbombs.文中“However,thereareseveralproblemswhichhavetobesolved”是段落的主题句，表明在核能源的发展方面存在一些问题有待解决。接下来作者用列举法列举了三个方面的问题，段落中使用的连接词是thefirstone,another,stillanother.例2：Johnlikestoflyasanairlinepassengeratnightratherthanduringthedayforfourreasons.First,itcostsless.Forexample,hewouldhavetopay$125toflyfromSanFranciscotoMexicoCitybyday.Butbynight,thefareis$75.Second,theplaneislesscrowdedonnightflights.Becauseofthis,Paulorarelyhastositthreeabreastwhenhefliesatnight.Asaresult,hehasmoreroomtostretchout.Third,nightflightsarequieterthandayflights.Forinstance,Johncanstudyorreadwithoutbeingdistractedbyloudconversationsorbypeoplewalkingupanddowntheaisle.Fourth,passengersonnightflightscanusuallysleepquitecomfortablyifthey1wantto.Theydothisbyfoldingupthearmrestsbetweenthreeemptyseats.Thisallowsapassengertoliedownforanapunderablanket.Forthesereasons,Johnrarelyreservesadaytimeflightonacommercialairline.在此例中，作者在第一句主题句中概括出约翰喜欢晚间坐飞机，原因有四。接下来在扩展部分把四种原因一一道来。使用的连接词是first，second，third，fourth，最后一句对全段做了一个概括性的总结。纵观全段，条理清晰，结构工整，是成功运用列举法的一个典范。4.注意事项在利用列举法展开段落时，要注意所列举内容的顺序。主要顺序如下：1）有时可以以时间发展的顺序来安排素材，这时只要把握住时间的脉络,就不难做到段落的连贯。2）有时可以按空间顺序发展段落，就是根据事物的位置及其相互关系来安排素材。这种位置关系往往是写作者的观察顺序。3）在大学英语写作中，经常使用列举法按照事物重要性的顺序来发展段落，通常的顺序是由非重要到重要、由特殊到一般。二、举例法

在写作中，我们经常需要举例来阐明要表达的思想。举例法就是举出实例，阐述主题句思想的方法。举例法简单易行，能以生动的例子使空泛、抽象的观点具体化，具有较强的力和感染力。大学英语作文往往要求作者提出某种观点并加以阐述，以使读者相信这种性，因此，在段落的发展中如果能够援引适当的例子来阐述自己的观点，将会起果。1.写作模式举例法的写作模式和列举法很相似，但这种模式并不是一成不变的，所举例子的数量也要视具体情况而定，有时可以是一个，有时可以是多个。↗例子1↘主题句→例子2→总结↘例子3↗例如：Unlikehumanbeings,animalscommunicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:forexample,manybirdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger；apesutterdifferentcries,suchasexpressionofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.Forinstance,animals'criesarenotarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,forexample,thekindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelandconsonantsTheyalsolackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords．本段的中心话题是动物之间的交流方式与人类使用语言来进行交流的方式是不同的。这2说服观点的合理到事半功倍的效原本是一个比较抽象的、专业性较强的话题，但作者通过举例的方式，生动具体地阐述了自的观点。2.举例法的分类己根据说明主题的例证材料，举例法基本上分为数据举例、引语举例和事件举例三种。1）数据举例法顾名思义，就是援引数据来说明自己观点的方法，数字的使用能增加文章的权威性和可靠性。在前面谈过的段落中，作者采用数据举例法，运用数字的对比，具体而真实地证实落的主题，非常有说服力。Johnlikestoflyasanairlinepassengeratnightratherthanduringthedayforfourreasons.First,itcostsless.Forexample,hewouldhavetopay$125toflyfromSanFranciscotoMexicoCitybyday.Butbynight,thefareis$75.Second,theplaneislesscrowdedonnightflights...用于数据举例的词语:some,about,orso,approximately,theapproximatenumberof,theaverageof,theproportionof…to...intheproportion/ratioof...2）引语举例法了段引语举例法是直接或间接引用名人或权威的话语或研究成果来证实自己观点的方法。以下例文的作者用estimatedthat和said分别间接、直接地引述电脑专家DonnB.Parker的言论来说明段落主题。Thecoststothevictimsofcomputercrimeareveryhigh.Inhisbook,computerexpertDoneB.Parkerestimatedthatfinanciallossestobusinessfromcomputertheftswouldexceed$10billionin1978.AlthoughParker'sestimateisbasedondocumentedcases,noonereallyknowstheextentofcomputercrimebecausetheftsbycomputersarealmostimpossibletodiscover.“ThereisjustnoreliablewaytodetectcomputertheftsParkersaid.”Itisnotjustthemoneytheycontrol,theycontroldata,anddataispower.”用于引语举例的词语:saidthat,as...said,continuetosaythat,stated(that),asstated,believe(that)3）事实举例法事实举例法就是举出相关的事实或实例来说明自已观点的方法。这种举例方法是最常见，也是说理性最强的一种。下例以人们很难客观地评价某一个人为主题，采用了Jack和Sam两个人的实例说明这一观点。Itisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherperson'sperformanceobjectively.Forexample,Jackrecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendSamwroteamarvelousdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothJackandSamwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.They3wereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgment.用于事实举例的词语和句型:①forexample,forinstance,foranotherexample,thatis,namely,suchas,like②Thiscanbeshown/illustratedby...③Totake...asanexample,④Oneexampleis…;anotherexampleis...⑤AisjustanillustrationofB.⑥AgoodexampleofXis...⑦Thereisenoughevidencetoshow/support/indicatethat…3.注意事项1）所选的例子一般是读者能感受到的具体的事情，或是读者较为熟悉的日常事件或现象，2）所举的例子应该尽量典型、具体、有代表性，并能服务于写作目的。3）举例数量应适可而止，多了显得罗嗦，少了说明不了问题。4）举例的顺序要安排得当，一般的安排顺序是由非重要到重要，由熟悉到不熟悉，由过去到现在。三、定义法定义法是通过下定义对概念或术语进行解释或说明，以达到阐明观点、解释问题的目的。大学英语写作中定义法的使用不同于辞典中的同义词替换，而是需要提供更多、更具体的解释。定义法可以是对某一事物的解释，对某一过程的描述，也可以是对某一概念或术语的定义。1.写作模式用定义法展开的段落一般包括两个部分：一部分是定义句，用以阐明被定义物的种属和类别；另一部分是扩展部分，展开叙述有关方面的内容，如被定义物的性质、特征、结构、用途等。因此，定义法的最基本模式是：定义对象+动词+总类名词+引导词+定义对象所具有的区别性特征例如：Homesickness(定义对象)is(动词)amentalstate(总类名词)inwhich(引导词)onefeelsslow-spiritedinaccountofabsencefromhome(区别性特征)。有的定义对象无法用一个词或者一个句子就解释明白，必须将其转化为主题句，或者发展成一个段落甚至一篇文章。例1What,then,isgenerationgap?Generationgapreferstothedistanceand原理、contradictionbetweentheoldandtheyoung.It’sacommonphenomenonthatexistseverywhereintheworldandinfluencesboththeoldandtheyouth,Generationgapresultsindifferentunderstandingandappreciationofthegreatandconstantchangeroftheworld,different4reactiontonewthings,anddifferentattitudestotraditionalprinciplesandbelief.本段先用提问的方式提出主题，然后用定义法自问自答，解释说明了什么是“代沟”。接下来说明这一现象的广泛存在，并阐述这一现象会导致的种种结果。例2Naturalresourcesarethesupplieswedrawfromabountifulearth,suchasfood,buildingand,clothingmaterials,minerals,waterandenergy…Therearetwocategoriesofnaturalresources:renewableresourcesandmineralresources.Resourcesderivedfromlivingmatter,suchasfood,clothing,andwood,arerenewableresourcesbecausetheyarereplenishedeachgrowingseason.Evenifoneseason’scropisconsumed,thenextseasonbringsarenewedlarger.Butmineralresourcessuchascoal,oil,atomicenergy,copper,iron,andfertilizersarenotrenewedeachseason.Theyarenonrenewable.本段先用定义法对自然资源进行概括说明，然后将自然资源分成可再生资源和非可再生资源两大类，接着通过举例法分别分析这两种资源的特点。例3Lookingforwardtothefuture,onewonderswhatpersonalqualitieswillbeneededforsuccess.Possiblythefouressentialqualitiesareflexibility,honesty,creativity,andperseverance.First,ourrapidlychangingsocietyrequiresflexibility—theabilitytoadaptoneselftonewideasandpractices.Second,honesty,thecapacitybothtotellandfacethetruthcourageously,willbeimportantinallaspectsofpersonalandpublicrelations.inaddition,creativitywillberequiredtomeettheconstantlychangingworldaroundus.Finally,perseverance,theabilitytoholdonatallcostswillberequiredinasocietywherecompetitionforspace,food,andshelterwillincreasewithagrowingpopulation.此段说明了获得成功必须具备的个人素质：适应能力、诚实、创造力和韧性。四种要素之间分别用了first，second，inaddition，finally词语连接，并对这四个方面分别加以定义。2.常用词语及句型①bedefinedas，beexplained，beunderstood，bedescribed，beinterpreted，illustrate,referto②This(word)means…③Themeaningofthiswordis…④This(word)canbedefinedas…⑤Inotherwords…⑥Thedefinitionof…is…⑦Asthetermsuggests…3.注意事项1）定义法通常要对某一术语或概念进行解释，在解释的过程中要避免使用需要解释的词语本身或其同根词。如：Economicsisthestudyofeconomy.此定义中用economy解释5economics，犯了循环定义的错误。2）定义的范围要避免太窄或过宽，范围太窄或过宽都不利于下文的展开。3）由于被定义的词语本身可能比较生疏，因此在解释的过程中要避免使用生词难词，否则会使文章晦涩难懂。四、比较--对比法比较—对比法是论述性作文中发展段落的一种使用频率较高的方法。比较对比的内容涉及事物的优点和缺点(advantagevs．disadvantage)、长处和短处(strengthvs．weakness)、益处和害处(benefitvs．harm)等等。严格地讲，比较—对比法可分为比较法和对比法两种，分别用来说明事物的相同点和不同点。如果强调不同的人物、事物在某些方面的相同之处，用比较法；如果强调相同的人物、事物在某些方面的不同之处，则用对比法。在实际写作中，这两种方法经常一起使用，既比较相同点，又对比不同点，以使文章更有说服力。1.写作模式模式一：A的特点1主题句A的特点2A的特点3B的特点1B的特点2B的特点3结尾句模式二：A的特点1B的特点1主题句A的特点2B的特点2A的特点3B的特点3··结尾句例1TheAmericancarofthe1980sisquitedifferentfromitsoldmodels.Thestrikingdifferenceisthesize.Whiletheoldmodelswerelargeandspacious，theneweronesaresmallerandmorecompact.Inthepast，carswerealsoconstructedofheaviermaterials.Nowadayslight-weightaluminumandplasticshavereplacedtheheavy-weightmaterialsofyesterday.Enginesarenowmorefuelefficient.TenyearsagotheaverageAmericancargottenmilespergallontocompeteinthemarket.Manyofthesedifferencesareadvantageoustotoday’sdriver,butunfortunatelythesesmallerlightercarsarenotassafeifanaccidentoccurs.以上段落主题句后的发展部分从四个方面用对比法说明了新型车和旧型车的不同之处：大小规模不同、材料不同、耗油量不同以及安全程度不同。该段的展开模式是：主题句(不6同点)→A1，B1→A2，B2→A3，B3→A4，B4。例2Ihavetwogoodfriends.Theyarequitedifferentincharacterandyethavesomethingincommon.Oneofthemisajollyfellowandfondofcompanyandtheotherisaquietandratherunsociablesortofchap.Thejollyonelikesallkindsofgames.Heisclever,buthedoesn’tcaremuchforbooks.Theotherone,however,likesbeingaloneandlovesreading.Heneverplaysgames.Inspiteofallthesedifferences,theyarebothsokindandsympathetic,sohonestandstraight-forward,soloyalandtrue.Theyarebothfineandunselfishfellows.Ilikethemboth.这段文章既写出了两位朋友的共同点，又写出了他们之间的差异，通过对比和比较，把两个人的性格生动具体地描写出来。本段采用的展开模式与上一例相同。例3Secondaryeducationandcollegeeducationrequiredifferentwaysoflearning.Insecondaryeducation,theacquisitionofbasicknowledgeisessential,andconsequently,thestudentsaresupposedtofollowtheteacher’sinstructionsclosely,memorizealotofdetailsanddoplentyofdrills.Ontheotherhand,theaimofcollegeeducationisforthestudentstomajorinoneparticularfieldanddeveloptheirpotentialability.Soinsteadofrelyingontheteachertoomuch,thestudentsshouldworkmostlyindependentlyanddoalotofthinking,soastostudyindepth.Thus,onenteringcollege,thefreshmenmustadjustthemselvestothenewwaysoflearning.这一段落通过对比法阐明了高中阶段和大学阶段不同的学习方法。在主题句之后先探讨的是高中阶段的学习目的，以及由此决定的学习方法，随后谈的是大学阶段的学习目的和方法。两部分由连接词ontheotherhand连接。因此段落的展开模式是：主题句→A1，A2，A3→连接词→B1，B2，B3→结尾句。例4Boththecameraandtheeyehaveconverginglenssystem.Simplecamerashaveasinglelensandmoreexpensivecamerashaveanumberoflenses.Intheeyes,thecorneractsasalensandsotheeyemayberegardedashavingtwolenses.However,theirwaysoffocusingaredifferent.Inthecamera,theimageisfocusedonthefilmbymovingthefrontlensbackwards.Thefurtherawaytheobject,thecloserthelensmustbetothefilm.Theeyedoesitsfocusingbymakingitslensthinnerorthicker.Athicklensisneededforobjectsthatareclose.作者在主题句后采用了比较和对比的方法来发展主题——照相机和眼睛都有聚焦系统。先谈的是聚焦系统的相似之处，后谈两者的聚焦方式有所不同。此段的对比比较发展模为：主题句→相同点A1，B1→连接词→不同点A2，B2。2.常用词语及句型1））用于比较法的词语：like,thesameas,similarly,inthesamemanner,incommon,incomparisonwith,resemble,comparewith,comparedwith2）用于对比法的词语：unlike,ontheotherhand,incontrastto,onthecontrary,but,yet,although,however,nevertheless,whereas,while,conversely,likewise,inspiteof,differfrom,be式7differentfrom3）用于比较法的句型：①Thesimilaritybetween…and…liesin…②…issimilarto…in…③…hassomething/manyfeaturesincommonwith…④…isthesameas…⑤…and…sharesimilar…4）用于对比法的句型：①Theobviousdifferencesbetween…and…are…②Thedifferencebetween…and…1iesin…③…differfrom…in…④ComparedwithA,Bhassome/many/moreadvantages．⑤…hasnothing/littleincommonwith…5.注意事项1）在使用比较—对比法时，文章的层次比较多，结构较复杂，因此要注意文章的结构安排。两种写作模式选定其一之后，不要再做更改，否则两种模式混杂在一起，会使文章条理不清，杂乱无序。2）比较—对比法针对事物的相似点或不同点进行分析比较，因此在写作过程中要选中事物的可比点，有了可比之处才可以进行比较。五、因果分析法因果分析法是依据事物内部的因果关系来展开的，由于人们分析问题的方法不同，因而产生了根据事物的原因推出结果或根据事物的结果分析其原因等方法。在写作过程中，主与支持句，甚至主要的支持句与次要的支持句之间存在一种因果关系。我们在展开段落进行分析说明或论述时，可能出现的情况多种多样，可以先因后果，也可以先果后因。以下将对可能出现的情况逐一进行分析。1.原因型有的段落侧重于分析原因，由一系列的原因推导出某一结果。写作模式：原因l原因2原因3例如：Perhapstheinventionofagriculturemarkedthebeginningofadifferentiationbetweenmen’sandwomen’srole．Mencontinuedtohunt，andwomenbecamefoodgatherersandtendedthefield.Menlaterbecameagriculturistsaswell，whenthehuntnolongerprovidedenough8就题句结果(主题)sustenanceforthecommunity．Thebiologicalfactthatwomenbearchildren，andthateachtimetheygivebirththeyareunable，foratime，fullytoplaytheirroleintheprovisionofsustenanceandotherworkforthefamily，slowlygaverisetomoredistinctmen’sandwomen’srole．Menwhoarephysicallystrongertookonsuch“natural”rolesaswarriors，andinmostcasesmenbecamechiefs，commanders,andkings．Asaresult,inthecourseofhistory，asmatriarchalsystemsbecameminoritiesinmanycultures，therolesofmenandwomeninmanysocietiesbecameincreasinglygender-orientedanddifferentiated.本段先列举了一系列原因，由于生活生产需要、家庭的需要、生理的需要，推导出最后的结果：男女性别的不同，导致不同职责慢慢形成。2.结果型有的段落侧重于分析结果，由某一结果分析出一系列原因。写作模式：原因1结果(主题)原因2原因3例如：WhatIremembermostisrunningdownthedrivewaytoourhouse,clutchingmybackandscreamingwithpain,andthenfeelingtheagonyofmyhandssoakediniodine.Thisisexperiencewastheresultofmyhabitasachildofcollectingstraydogsandbringingthemhome.ItbeganonedustydayinthemiddleofsummerwhenIintroducedastraydogtoourfamilyoffivedogs，callingthefivebyname，pettingthestray，andtryingtomakeeverybodyfeelathome.Nobodywashappyaboutthesituationbutme，andsoonafightstarted，withmyhandsonthestraydoginthemiddleofit.Inseconds,myhandswereriddledwithdogbites．Becausetheshockwassogreat，Ididnotfeelthepainatfirstinmyhands.Instead，mybackjerkedoutofshape，andIrandowntothehousehumpedover,likeanoldlady.MyfranticmotherlookedtoseewhatwaswrongwithmybackasIscreamedtoher,“No.Myhands!Myhands!”Bloodgushedfromthepuncturesthedogshadmade.Mymotherranforthemedicinechest,grabbedabottleofiodine,andpouredthewholebottleovermyhands.作者在段落开头即点明了事情的结果，接下来通过详细而生动的语言解释了产生这一结果的原因，段落写作方式是先果后因。3.递进型这种因果关系较为复杂，阐述的某一原因A可能产生结果B，而结果B又成为另一结果C的原因。每一层原因和结果之间都是一种递进关系。写作模式：原因A→结果B9(原因)B→结果C(原因)C→结果D…例如：Asthepriceofeverythingfromtoothpastetotuitionincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducefurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffsandunemployment,whichfurtherdecreasethedemandforgoods.物价高涨→工人要求增加工资→物价更加高涨／对产品需求量减少→产品生产量减少→工人失业→进一步降低人们对产品的需要。这就是一种因果连锁反应。4.常用词语1）表示原因：because，becauseof，since，onaccountof，for，dueto，inthat，owingto，forthisreason，Thisexplainswhy…，Thereasonwhy…isthat…2）表示结果：so,asaresultof，resultin，leadto，cause，becausedby，thus，therefore，consequently，accordingly，sothat，soasto，hence，contributeto5.注意事项1）在分析因果关系时，要尽量做到公正、客观，在逻辑上要尽量严密、准确，这样才能使自己的分析让人信服。2）因果关系法要求写作的逻辑关系及推理过程必须严谨，否则会使文章凌乱，出现整体不一致的现象。3）要清楚一个原因可以导致多种后果，反之，一种后果也可能是由多种原因产生的。在实际写作中，既可以从阐述原因开始，进而罗列种种后果；也可以先陈述后果，再来分析产生这种后果的原因。一般来说，后者更容易操作。六、分类法分类法就是按照一定的标准对有包含关系的一系列事物进行分组归类，其目的是使读者对这些互相关联的事物有一个系统全面的认识，既了解各种事物的共性，又了解某一事物个性。例1：WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:OneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishassecondlanguageforthepurposesofeducation,commerce,andsoon.Intheformergroupwe,obviously,wouldincludeEngland,Canada,theUnitedStates,Australia,andNew-zealand.Naturally，notallpeopleinthesecountriesspeakEnglishnatively,butalargermajoritydoes.Inthelattergroupwewould的10includeamongmanyothers,India,Denmark,Kenya,Burma,Turkey,Ethiopia,andthePhilippines.NotalltheseuseEnglishforthesamepurposeortothesameextent,buteachusesEnglishforimportantsocialandcommercialactivities.作者将讲英语的人分成两种：把英语作为母语的人和把英语作为第二语言的人，接着再对两个群体所在的国家和地区分别进行了阐述。例2：AccordingtoComradeLi,thefifteenstudentsofhisclassfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem“goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeaguebranch,andthecaptainoftheclassvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime,soLicallsthem“goodorganizers”．Fourotherstudentsareverykindtotheirclassmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.Theyhelptocleantheclassroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodcomrades”.“Whataboutyourself?”someoneaskshim.“I’magroupbymyself—agoodobserver.”这一段文章风趣幽默，作者成功地用分类法把班上十五个学生分三个类别描写，既具体又生动。1.常用词语及句型①thefirst，thesecond，theformer，thelatter，fallinto，divide…into…，classify…into，putinto，arrange.②…maybedividedintothefollowingkinds．③…maybecategorizedintoseveralkinds．④Thereare…(major，chief，main，some)kinds/sorts/types/classes/sectionsof…⑤Theclassificationisbasedon…⑥…maybeclassifedintoseveraltypes．2.注意事项1）明确段落的主题和分类的标准，分类的标准必须与作者的目的相一致。同时要有所侧重，突出写作目的。2）同一事物根据不同的分类标准可以有不同的分类方法，为避免彼此交叉覆盖，分类的过程中要使用惟一的分类标准。而且在某一个分类标准之下，分类要彻底，不能有疏漏。3）总类与分类之间必须要有逻辑关系。七、过程分析法过程分析法一般用于描述一个事件的完整过程或某一操作步骤，这种方法常用于科技文章或操作说明书中。例如：Fewpeopleliketocook,buteveryonelikestoeat.Cookingcanbefunandcanbeeasy,11too.Ifyouwanttomakesomethingthatisquick,easy,anddelicious,followthisrecipeforspinachpie.First,beat2eggs.Add6tablespoonsofflourandcontinuetobeatuntilthemixtureissmooth.Then,adda10-ouncepackageoffrozenspinach.Thespinachshouldbechopped.Stirthemixture.Next,add1.5cupsofcheese,and1.5teaspoonofsalt.Mixwell.Afterthat,greasethebottomandsidesofabackingdish.Then,pourthemixtureintothedish.Finally,coverthedishandputitintheoven.Bakethespinachpiefor1hourat350℃.Thepiewillservefourpeople.Afteryoutakethepieoutoftheoven,youwillneedtoletitcoolforafewminutes.Then,serveitwithafreshgreensalad,warmbread,andredwine.Freshfruitmaybenicefordessert.这篇短文通过使用first，then，next，afterthat，then，finally这些连接词语，使读者清楚地了解了做菠菜馅饼所需要的原料及其制作过程。1.常用词语tobeginwith，first(second，third…)，firstofall，finally，next，then，afterthat，moreimportantly，lastbutnotleast…2.注意事项1）过程分析法用于描述事情的经过，或叙述生产流程、试验反应、操作和制造过程等重要的活动，所以在使用这种方法时，要注意按一定的时间、程序、步骤进行一步一步的叙一层一层的分析，不能漏掉重要情节。这样读者才能清楚地跟随描述，了解全过程。述，2）过程分析法的段落多使用祈使句，而且常用代词you做句子的主语，动词常用一般现在时及被动语态。八、综合法在实际写作中，有时可能只用某一种方法展开段落。但多数情况下，同一段落中，我们会使用多种方法来阐述主题，使用多种手段阐述主题的方法，我们统称为综合法。例1Balloonshavebeenusedforsportsforaboutl00years,Therearetwokindsofsportsballoons：gasandhotair.Hotairballoonsaresaferthangasballoons，whichmaycatchfire.HotballoonsarepreferredbymostballoonistsintheUnitedStatesbecauseoftheirsafety.Theyarealsocheaper,andeasiertomanagethangasballoons.Despitetheeaseofoperationonaballoon,pilotsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.Sportballoonflightsarebestearlyinthemorningorlateintheafternoon,whenthewindislight.OvertheyearsballoonistshadtriedunsuccessfullytocrosstheAtlanticOcean.Itwasuntil1978thatthreeAmericanballoonistssucceeded.IttookthemjustsixdaystomaketheirtripfromtheirhomeintheUnitedStatestoParis,France.Theirvoyagecapturedtheimaginationofthewholeworld.段落的主题句中用了分类法，说明气球可以分为两类：充气气球和热气球。接下来用了比较法说明热气球要比充气气球安全；同时，作者还用了因果分析法说明热气球以其安全能为美国人所青睐。整个段落综合运用了分类法、比较法以及因果分析法。性12例2Poetryisabranchofliteraturewhichexploresideas,emotions,andexperiencesinadistinctiveformandstyle.Poetry,sometimescalled“verse”,dependsgreatlyontherhythmsandsoundsoflanguageforitsspecialeffects.Poetry,evenmorethanprose(allotherwritings),dependsonpreciseandsuggestivewording.Inotherwordsapoemsaysmuchinlittlespace.Poetrydiffersfromproseinobviousways,also.Mostoftenthefirstwordofeverylinebeginswithacapitalletter,eveninthemiddleofasentence.Poemssometimescontainrhythms,andoftentheyhaveaparticularrhythm,likemusic.本段首先通过下定义的方法说明了poetry的含义，接着用比较对比的手法指出poetry与prose以及music的异同，同时又采用了举例法说明poetry与prose的区别。因此该段综合运用了定义法、比较对比法和举例法。Exercises1.阅读下面的段落并指出其中所使用的展开段落的方法。1)Cloudscangreatlyaffectthetemperatureoftheearth'ssurface.Whentherearemanycloudsinthesky,allofthesun'srayscannotreachtheearth.Thecloudyday,then,willbecoolerthanthecloudlessday.Cloudsalsopreventtheearthfromcoolingoffrapidlyatnight.Forthisreason,countriessuchasEngland,Scotland,Northernland,whichareoftencoveredbyclouds,havearelativelyconstanttemperature.Theweatherinthesecloudyareasisneitherveryhotinsummernorverycoldinwinter.Ontheotherhand,placessuchasdeserts,whichhavefewornoclouds,haveverysharpvariationsintemperaturebetweennightanddayaswellasbetweensummerandwinter.2)Students’failuretopassthroughcollegeeducationareduetoavarietyofcauses.Butsomeofthecausescanbetracedtonon-adaptivebehavioronthepartofthestudenthimself.Themostimportantcausemaybethestudents’poorstudyhabits,suchasinsufficientpreviewandreview,failuretohandintheirassignments,etc.Thentoomanysocialactivitiestakeupmostoftheirtime.Suchpoorbudgetingoftimekeepsthemfromconcentratingontheirstudies.Anothercauseoftheiracademicfailureistheirlackofmotivation.Whentheycanfindwell-paidjobswithoutauniversitydegree,howcantheyfeelobligedtostudyhard?Therefore,inordertoachievesuccessatcollege,onemustbewelladaptedtocollegelife.Thesooner,thebetter.2.给下列句子中被比较或对比的成分划线，并给表示比较和对比的词语加上括号。1)TheUnitedStateshasademocraticformofgovernment,justasGreatBritaindoes.2)TheUnitedStatesoperatesunderatwo-partysystem;GreatBritaindoesalso.3)ThegovernmentsofGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesarequitedissimilarinseveral13aspects.4)UnliketheUnitedStates,whichhasawrittenconstitution,GreatBritainhasnowrittenconstitution.5)ThemethodsofgettingalawpassedinGreatBritainisalmostthesameasthemethodofgettingalawpassedintheUnitedStates.3.给下列句子中陈述原因的部分划线，并给引出原因的词或词组加上括号。1)Thecomputerisalearningtoolsinceithelpschildrentomastermathsandlanguageskills.2)Amedicalcomputersystemisanaidtophysiciansbecauseofitsabilitytointerpretdatafromapatient'shistoryandprovideadiagnosis.3)Publictransportationisbecomingpopularbecausethecostofgasolinehasbeenrising.4)Smogresultsfromchemicalairpollutantsbeingtrappedunderalayerofwarmair.5)Thepatient'sdeathwastheresultofthedoctor'snegligence.4.用分类法重新排列下列句子。1)Forstudentswhoenjoytalkingtopeople,salesjobsareideal.2)Thereareseveralpart-timejobsforcollegestudentswhoneedmoneytohelppaytheirbills.3)Otherpeoplepreferworkingindepartmentstores.4)Andthosewholiketokeeptheirsurroundingscleanandneatmightfindthatbeingdishwashers,stockroompersons,orjanitorsfillstheirneedsforbothmoneyandjobsatisfaction.5.用过程分析法重新排列下列句子。1)Afteryouhavecompletedthelist,determinewhatyourpurposewillbeforrelatingtheevents.2)Ourfinalstepistoedityourwork,andwriteyourparagraphinanappropriateparagraphform.3)Yourfirststepistojotdowntheeventstoberelatedandarrangethemintimeorder.4)Asyoureviseyoursentences,makecertainthatyouuseappropriatetimeorderconnectives.5)Thus,yoursecondstepistocomposeatopicsentencewithacontrollingidea.6)Writingatimeorderparagraphiseprocessdividedintoseveralsteps.7)Whateveryourpurposeis,stateitasthecontrolling,ideainyourtopicsentence.8)Yournextstepistoselectthoseeventsthatsupportthecontrollingidea,andthenusethemtocomposeyoursupportingsentences.14