一.新闻的定义

一．新闻的定义

❖“新闻是新近发生的事实的报道” （《我们对于新闻学的基本观点》）

❖正在发生的或将要发生的事实也是新闻报道特别是广播电视新闻的对象。

\"Taikonauts\" a sign of China's growing global influence

2008-09-25 14:03:07 GMT2008-09-25 22:03:07 (Beijing Time) Xinhua English

❖BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China made another giant leap into space with the Shenzhou-7 craft launch on Thursday carrying a crew that is scheduled to make the nation's first space walk.

❖The word \"taikonaut\" cropped up in media reports around the world. It's appearing in dictionaries, too.

The word is a hybrid of the Chinese term \"taikong\" (space) and the Greek \"naut\" (traveler), or astronaut, according to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Another variation on the term is \"cosmonaut\

❖\"The fact that taikonaut has been listed in popular dictionaries like Oxford and Longman shows that the word has been recognized by quite a number of English speakers. It can be seen as another sign of China's growing global

1

influence,\" said Chen Lin, a linguistics professor at the Beijing Foreign Studies University.

❖\"It is not the first time that a Chinese word was 'adopted' by users of a foreign language,\" Chen said, citing such terms as kungfu, hutong (the small alleys seen in Beijing) and names of Chinese dishes seen in restaurants around the world.

❖But all the other words that were borrowed by foreign languages users refer to things of China's past, Chen said. This new word \"shows that China has more to export to the world than just kungfu and Chinese food,\" he said.

❖Taikonaut was coined in 1988 when China started to train astronauts. It became well known in 2003 when China sent its first spaceman Yang Liwei to space in the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft.

❖Two years later, the Shenzhou-6 took off from China's Jiuquan Launch Center for a five-day mission carrying taikonauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.

❖During the Shenzhou-7 mission, one of the three taikonauts on board will make China's first space walk, in a China-made space suit. That walk will make China the third nation after Russia and the United States to stroll in space.

❖\"China is not only recognized as a nation with a long and fascinating history, but also a leading technological power,\" Chen said.

2

❖Taikonaut was coined in 1988 when China started to train astronauts. It became well known in 2003 when China sent its first spaceman Yang Liwei to space in the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft.

❖Two years later, the Shenzhou-6 took off from China's Jiuquan Launch Center for a five-day mission carrying taikonauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.

❖During the Shenzhou-7 mission, one of the three taikonauts on board will make China's first space walk, in a China-made space suit. That walk will make China the third nation after Russia and the United States to stroll in space.

❖\"China is not only recognized as a nation with a long and fascinating history, but also a leading technological power,\" Chen said.

二. 新闻英语的范畴

指英文报刊上常见的各类文章，体裁多样，有新闻报道、新闻特写、广告、公报、文艺作品、述评、访谈、学术介绍和争鸣……题材广泛，内容包罗万象。

❖“由于这类文本体裁多样，涉及面广，所以没有统一的新闻文体模式。如消息类和通讯类的新闻体文本就有明显区别。后者主要采用散文体形式，翻译时可运用跟散文翻译相类似的方法；而前者则要求具有 ‘快速’、‘新颖’、‘简洁’和‘详实’等特点。”

（朱徽 p182）

3

三.新闻价值(News value)

❖美国著名报人Joseph Pulitzer 要求记者采访“与众不同的、有特色的、戏剧性的、浪漫的、动人心魄的、独一无二的、奇妙的、幽默的、别出心裁的”新闻，认为符合上述要求的，就是有价值的新闻。

新闻价值作为选择报道事实的标准，包括下列因素：

❖1）时新性(freshness/timeliness)

❖2）重要性 (importance/significance)

❖3）接近性(nearness/locality)

❖4）显著性(prominence)

❖5）趣闻性(interest)

四.新闻的分类

❖1）按事实发生的状态分突发性新闻、持续性新闻、周期性新闻❖2）按事实发生与报道的时间差距分事件性新闻和非事件性新闻 4

❖3）按新闻发生的地区与影响范围分国际性新闻、全国性新闻、地方性新闻

❖4）按新闻事实的材料组合分典型新闻、综合新闻、系列新闻

❖5）按传播渠道和信息载体分文字新闻、图片新闻、电声新闻、音像新闻

❖6）按反映社会生活内容分政治新闻、经济新闻、法律新闻、军事新闻、科技新闻、文娱新闻、 体育新闻、社会新闻

主要文体类型

❖消息报道 News reporting

❖特写 Features

❖社论 Editorial

❖广告Advertisements

新闻报导的结构类型

倒金字塔结构 (Inverted Pyramid)

❖把最重要的内容放在新闻的最前面。随后按重要性递减依次排列其他内容。它的优

5

点是能迅速地把最新鲜、最重要的事实，开门见山地告诉读者，使读者一目了然，节省读报时间。把新闻五要素（即5W）放在第一段

消息的五个部分

❖标题 headline

❖导语 lead

❖主体 body

❖背景 background

❖结语 conclusion

五.新闻标题汉译英C-E Translation of News Headlines

❖总理将出访亚洲四国并出席亚太经济组织会议

❖Premier Plans Asia Trip

❖为中国的改革开放事业做出贡献，数十位外国专家获得友谊奖

❖Foreign Experts Awarded Medals

6

❖为方便记者来祖国采访，台办颁布新规定

❖Journalists from Taiwan to Benefit from New Rules

❖美国航天史上最大悲剧 “挑战者”号航天飞机空中爆炸

❖Challenger Explosion Brings Grief Worldwide

(一)、英文标题的词汇特点

(Lexical Features)

❖广泛使用名词(Nouns)

❖广泛使用简短小词(Midget Words)

❖使用缩略语(Abbreviations)

The Use of Nouns

❖Divorce New York Style (NYT) 纽约式离婚

❖Cabinet papers leak inquiry (Guardian) 内阁文件泄密事件调查工作

7

❖Corruption Reports Against Police Rise (NYT) 指控警方受贿呼声四起

❖The rod comes back (Newsweek) （英国小学中体罚之风又起

❖GOP Shakedown Cruise (Newsweek) 共和党的（竞选）试航（揭开序幕）(Grand Old Party: the Republican Party in US)

The Use of Midget Words

❖help --- assistance try --- attempt

car --- vehicle ease --- facilitate

home --- residence enough --- sufficient fire --- conflagration begin --- implement

probe --- investigate feud --- controversy

row --- conflict pact --- agreement

talk --- address envoy --- ambassador

Abbreviations ( Acronyms & Initials )

8

NPC (the National people’s Congress)全国人民代表大会

CPPCC (the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference )中国人民政治协商会议

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)联合国教科文组织

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) （美国）国家航空航天局

EU (European Union) 欧盟

WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织

Abbreviations (Clipped Words)

❖biz＝business(商业)

❖lib＝liberation()

❖pro＝professional(专业的；职业的)

❖nat'l＝national(全国的)

9

❖com'l＝commercial(商业的；广告)

❖tech＝technology(技术)

❖pix＝pictures(电影)

❖Russ＝Russia(俄罗斯)

❖Sec＝secretary(秘书)

❖chute＝parachute(降落伞)

❖copter＝helicopter(直升机)

❖N. Y. Officials Want More DNA Samples

纽约市需要更多DNA 样本

❖US, DPRK resume talks on nuke (nuclear weapon) Issue 美国和朝鲜民主主义共和国恢复核武器问题的会谈

❖Australia’s GDP growth outlook improves

10

澳大利亚国内生产总值稳定增长

(二)、英文标题的语法特点

(Grammatical Features)

❖广泛使用现在时， 兼用其他时态

❖广泛使用非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs)

❖从句法结构上讲，省略是标题的最大特点

Journalistic Present Tense

( 新闻现在时）

❖French Culture Is In The Doldrums (nor be growing/ improving)

法国文化颓然不振

❖Husband And Wife Team Unlocks New Gene Secrets 夫妻联手解开新的基因奥秘

❖One of the Lost Tribes of Israel Surfaces in India

11

一个被忘却的以色列部落在印度出现

❖‘The Departed' Lands Best Picture Oscar

《无间道行者》获79届奥斯卡最佳影片奖

Other Tenses

❖It Was a Good Barn

昔时，它曾是座好谷仓

❖Women Are Becoming Experts At Home Repairs

妇女正在成为家庭装修能手

❖U. S. Analysts Find No Sign Bin Laden Had Nuclear Arms 美分析人士未发现本·拉登拥有核武器的证据

广泛使用非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs)

❖Five Ways To Be Romantic

12

浪漫五法

❖New Efforts To Learn About Planet Mars

探测火星的新举措

❖Helping the Homeless to Help Themselves

帮助无家可归者自强自立

❖Looking Back to Look Ahead

回首往昔 展望未来

❖Film Star Clint Eastwood Honored in Gala Tribute 影星克林特伊斯特伍德受庆典嘉奖

❖Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire

房屋起火五伤四亡

省略(Ellipsis)

❖Cloning Technology Unlikely to Take Over the World 克隆技术不太可能主宰

13

世界

❖Ten Die in Kashmir Temple Attack 克什米尔神庙附近发生大火， 十人丧生

❖Anderson Chief Quits in Effort to Rescue Firm 安然总裁为挽救公司辞职

❖Location of 2007 Grammys in Question 2007年度格莱美奖颁奖地点未定(三)、英文标题的修辞特点

(Rhetorical Features)

❖简约 (Short and Simple)

❖使用俚俗词语 (Slang and Colloquialism)

❖使用修辞格 (Figures of Speech)

One-word Headlines and the Use of Phrases

❖Endgame 最后一盘棋

❖Playtime 欢乐时光

14

❖Alcohol and Death 酒精与死亡

❖Monarch at the Crossroads 英国王室处在十字路口

❖Nike, From Small Beginnings to World Giant 耐克，从无名小卒到世界巨人

Slang and Colloquialism

❖Cops: Man Wanted in N. J. Arrested 警方称，新泽西州通缉犯已被抓获

❖Florida Court Oks Proposed Office Smoking Ban 佛州通过办公室禁止吸烟提案

❖Pioneer Colleges Face Axe 一些实验学院面临砍削

❖Tourism Up and Violence Down, Jamaica says 牙买加称，旅游业蒸蒸日上， 暴力犯罪日益减少

Figures of Speech

❖（押韵）After the Boom, Everything is Gloom

繁荣过后，尽是萧条

15

❖双关Soccer Kicks Off With Violence 足球开赛拳打脚踢

❖（比喻）Middle East: Cradle of Terror

中东 --- 恐怖主义的摇篮

❖（夸张）A Vow to Zip His Lips

誓将守口如瓶

❖（仿拟） Liberty: Mother of Success

自由是发明之母

❖（双关）”Silent” Office Workers Demand To Be Heard “不闻不问” 的办公室员工，今后将不再不闻不问

❖（比喻） Russian Reform --- Old Wine in New Bottle

俄罗斯改革---- 新瓶装旧酒

六. 汉英新闻标题对比

16

(一)、概括程度不同

A.汉语新闻标题:详尽完整的综述要点

B.英文新闻标题:精炼的概括要点

例如:

在社会主义现代化建设和改革开放事业中 45位外国专家获友谊奖

出席颁奖仪式

(《人民日报》1996年9月28日）

Foreign Experts Awarded Medals （ China Daily,Sept.28,1996)

(二)、措词手法各异

Ａ．动词的使用及其在标题中的位置

做出突出贡献

17

例1:

挽留北京旧城墙(《北京青年报》1996年11月24日)

Beijing to fix ancient city wall

(China Daily, Nov.1,1996)

❖例2：

严禁非法金融活动 维护经济秩序稳定

（《光明日报》1996年11月25日）

State eliminates illegal banking

(China Daily, Nov. 25, 1996)

Ｂ．修饰语的使用

例如：在贵州、广西考察扶贫开发 工作强调

扶贫攻坚战必须打好，务求全胜

18

（《人民日报》１９９６年１１月５日）

Jiang: Abolish rural poverty

(China Daily,Nov.5,1996)

去掉不必要的修饰成分

❖西部大开发

(grand) western development

❖全面提高

to enhance (completely)

❖认真执行

to execute (conscientiously)

❖“切实加强治安管理”

❖“得到专家的一致好评”

19

❖“彻底肃清封建迷信思想”

❖“有了新的突破”

❖“取得卓著的成就”

(三)、时间表达有别

❖A. 英语新闻标题：一般过去时表过去；

不定式表将来

B. 汉语新闻标题：借助时间词

例1：

施罗德将出访美国

Shroeder to visit US forging ties with the new Bush Ad’tion (DPA德意志新闻社)

例2：

20

我国承担的人类基因组“天书”接近完成

（《人民日报》2001年2月14日）

China to complete draft of 1% Human Genome

（人民网2001.2.15）

七. 新闻标题的翻译原则

(Translation Principles)

❖标题是文章的“眼睛”，新闻标题尤其如此。

❖新闻标题贵在语言简洁生动，翻译时要简明扼要。

八. 汉语标题的英译技巧

(Translation Strategies)

❖中英标题风格各异。翻译时，应适当照顾英文标题的特点。为了达意，汉语标题中的修辞手段有时要做出牺牲； 汉语标题的语言结构有时要打破重组以契合英文标题的习惯特征。

21

(一)、变汉语的偏正结构为英语的“名词中心语 + 后置修饰语”结构

❖举世瞩目的中国农业

Chinese Agriculture Attracting Worldwide Attention

❖农民可放心的几件事

The Things That Farmers Needn’t Worry About

❖走向世界的南京大学

University set to go international

(二)、变句子为短语

❖美国不要做干涉他国内政的事情

US told to stop its ‘interfering’

❖上千律师义务帮助二战中国劳工(forced laborers)打官司

Lawyers to help forced laborers

22

❖青海湖二百年内将成为盐湖

Qinghai Lake to Become Salty Within 200 Years

(三)、转换标题形式结构

❖英文标题无引题，因此应将汉语标题中的引题和主题合二为一。例如：

（引题）大坝出现“大裂缝”？

资金是个“无底洞”？

（主题）三峡总公司避谣：空穴来风

Big Rift and Fund Shortage: A Rumor

(四)、修辞翻译

❖原则是：

23

在不影响达意的情况下直译，否则意译。

仿拟(parody)

❖（引题）烦恼的江津

（主题）“去！不去！这是个问题？”

Football Star Jiang: To Go or Not to Go, That is the Question. 拟人(Personification)

❖（引题）修建广场 拓宽道路

（主题）武昌部分路段路灯“失明”

Some Street Lamps in Wuchang Blinded. （直译）

❖公交站牌“说胡话”

Public Transport Signpost Gives Wrong Directions （意译）

❖片头片尾该“减肥”

直译）24

(

Both ends of Films to be Shortened. （意译）

押韵(Rhyme)

❖哥国镇长不好当 当着当着就挨

Town Head in Columbia Killed. （意译）

附世界主要新闻机构名称（一）

❖Reuters: Reuters News Agency 路透社

❖AP: Associated Press 美联社

❖AFP: Agence France Presse 法新社

❖UPI : United Press International 合众国际社

❖TASS : Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union塔斯社

❖KYODO: Kyodo News Agency 共同社

❖DPA：Deutsche Presse-Agentur 德新社

25

世界主要新闻机构名称（二）

❖ABC: American Broadcasting Company

美国广播公司

❖BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

英国广播公司

❖CBS: Columbia Broadcasting System

哥伦比亚广播公司(美国三大商业广播电视公司之一 )

❖NBC: National Broadcasting Company

全国广播公司(美国国家广播公司)

❖CBC: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

加拿大广播公司

❖TBS: Tokyo Broadcasting System

26

东京广播公司

英美部分主要报刊名称及网址

❖New York Times 《纽约时报》：www.newyorktimes.com

❖USA Today 《今日美国》

❖www.usatoday.com

❖Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》www.washingtonpost.com❖Time 《时代周刊》: www.time.com

❖The Times 《泰晤士报》

❖Guardian 《卫报》

❖Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》

Practice:

航天员平安返回地球

27

❖中国首位航天员杨立伟乘“神舟五号”在太空飞行约21个小时之后，于10月16日早晨返回地球，在内蒙古某地平安着陆。航天员称自我感觉良好。图示杨立伟在走出“神舟五号”返回舱(return capsule)后向回收队(recovery team)挥手致意。“神舟五号”于10月15日上午九点在甘肃酒泉卫星基地点火升空。控制中心的专家称飞行全程完全成功。这使中国成为继美国和前苏联之后，第三个实现载人航天飞行的国家。

Astronaut Returns Safely

❖Yang Liwei, China’s first space man, returned safely to the earth Thursday morning, October 16. Yang spent 21 hours in the outer space before the capsule landed in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Yang said he felt good. The picture shows that he waves to the recovery teams after walking out of the return capsule of the Shenzhou V (Divine Vessel V) spaceship, China’s first manned spaceship --- The spaceship blasts off into space at the Jiu Quan Satellite Launch Center in Northwest China’s Gansu Province at 9:00am Wednesday morning October 15. The control center described China’s first manned spaceflight as a “complete success”, making China the third country in the world to send a person into orbit after former Soviet Union and the US.

神舟七号飞船返回舱运抵北京

❖1. 新华网北京9月30日电（记者孙彦新）神舟七号飞船返回舱30日下午运抵北京昌平火车站，主着陆场正式向飞船研制单位中国空间技术研究院交接返回舱。

28

2. 15时30分许，载有返回舱的专列徐徐进站，载人航天工程有关负责人和飞船系统科研人员列队迎接。着陆场系统负责人和飞船研制单位负责人在交接书上签字后，返回舱从火车吊装到汽车上，并运回北京航天城的厂房内。

❖3. 经初步检查，返回舱外观良好。飞船系统总指挥尚志介绍，返回舱将于10月1日上午正式开舱，接下来的一段时间，科研人员将对返回舱进行外观检查，对返回舱和降落伞等散落物进行研究分析。开舱后，固体润滑材料试验样品将交中国科学院进行后续研究，舱内搭载的国旗等物品向有关部门移交。

Shenzhou-7 capsule shipped to Beijing for further studies

❖BEIJING, Sept. 30 (Xinhua) -- The re-entry module of China's Shenzhou-7 spacecraft arrived in Beijing Tuesday afternoon, two days after its safe landing in northern China's Inner Mongolia.

❖The capsule was shipped to Beijing's Changping Railway Station by train at about 3:30 p.m. Tuesday, and will be later delivered to the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), where the spacecraft was manufactured, for checks and further studies.

❖Preliminary examination of the capsule said its exterior remained in good shape.

❖CAST experts will open the capsule on Wednesday morning and conduct

29

further examinations on the capsule and the parachute that helped the craft's safe landing.

❖The test sample of solid lubricant fetched by China's first spacewalker Zhai Zhigang on Saturday afternoon from the outside of the orbital module during his 20-minute spacewalk will be handed to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and studied there.

❖Back from a 68-hour successful mission that included the country's maiden spacewalk, the Shenzhou-7 re-entry module carrying three taikonauts landed safely by parachute at about 5:40p.m. Sunday in China's northern grassland.

❖42-year-old taikonaut Zhai Zhigang, assisted by his fellow Liu Boming, made China the third country in the world to successfully stage an extra-vehicular activity in the space only after the United States and Russia.

❖Other tasks of the mission included carrying out trials of satellite data relay and releasing a 40-kilogram companion satellite.

\"Taikonauts\" a sign of China's growing global influence

❖BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China made another giant leap into space with the Shenzhou-7 craft launch on Thursday carrying a crew that is

30

scheduled to make the nation's first space walk, the word \"taikonaut\" cropped up in media reports around the world.

❖It's appearing in dictionaries, too.

❖The word is a hybrid of the Chinese term \"taikong\" (space) and the Greek \"naut\" (traveler), or astronaut, according to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Another variation on the term is \"cosmonaut\Soviet space era.

❖\"The fact that taikonaut has been listed in popular dictionaries like Oxford and Longman shows that the word has been recognized by quite a number of English speakers. It can be seen as another sign of China's growing global influence,\" said Chen Lin, a linguistics professor at the Beijing Foreign Studies University.

❖\"It is not the first time that a Chinese word was 'adopted' by users of a foreign language,\" Chen said, citing such terms as kungfu, hutong (the small alleys seen in Beijing) and names of Chinese dishes seen in restaurants around the world.

❖But all the other words that were borrowed by foreign languages users refer to things of China's past, Chen said. This new word \"shows that China has

31

more to export to the world than just kungfu and Chinese food,\" he said.

❖Taikonaut was coined in 1988 when China started to train astronauts. It became well known in 2003 when China sent its first spaceman Yang Liwei to space in the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft.

❖Two years later, the Shenzhou-6 took off from China's Jiuquan Launch Center for a five-day mission carrying taikonauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.

❖During the Shenzhou-7 mission, one of the three taikonauts on board will make China's first space walk, in a China-made space suit. That walk will make China the third nation after Russia and the United States to stroll in space.

❖\"China is not only recognized as a nation with a long and fascinating history, but also a leading technological power,\" Chen said.

32