医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案

Chapter 1

Human Body as a Whole

Medical Terminology

Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided. 1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland 2. inflammation of the adrenal gland 3. pertaining to medicine 4. pertaining to biology 5. pertaining to chemistry 6. pertaining to the blood vessel 7. pertaining to cells 8. pertaining to molecules

9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing 10. the study of the living thing

11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing 12. the study of the heart 13. the disease of the heart 14. the record of the heart waves

15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands 16. pertaining to the production of hormone 17. the study of inner gland secretion 18. the red blood cell 19. the white blood cell 20. the lymph cell 21. the study of cell

22. the study of chemistry of cell 23. the study of biology of cell

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24. the study of embryo 25. the tumor of the embryo

26. the study of the disease of the embryo

27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands 28. pertaining to the inside of the heart 29. pertaining to the inside of the cell 30. above the skin 31. above the skin

32. inflammation of the skin 33. red blood cells

34. instrument of measuring red blood cells 35. to breathe out the waste gas

36. to drive somebody or something out 37. to spread outside

38. sth that produces diseases 39. the study of blood 40. blood cells 41. the study of tissues 42. the study of tissue pathology

43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment 44. pertaining to the base 45. pertaining to the toxin 46. pertaining to symptoms

47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases 48. protected from

49. deficiency in the immune system of the body 50. substance from the adrenal gland 51. water from it

52. the study of societies 53. the study of urinary system

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54. the study of cell 55. lymph cells

56. tumor of the lymphatic system 57. the study of the lymphatic system 58. the study of physical growth 59. a doctor of internal medicine 60. treatment by physiological methods 61. the new growth ,tumor 62. the study of mind

63. abnormal condition of the mind

. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology 65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland 66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland 67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland

68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences 69. cut open the bone 70.to cut the heart open

71. pertaining to the blood vessel 72. inflammation of the blood vessel

73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vessel

Key to the Exercises B.

1. （embryo）embryology 2. (process/condition) mechanism 3. (heart) cardiovascular 4. (color) chromatin 5. (secretion) endocrinology 6. (cell) cytology

7. (sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen 8. (lymph) lymphatic

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9. (the study of) psychology 10. (pertaining to) regular

Language Points:

put together组成 known as 叫做 joints between bones关节

to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动 hip joint髋关节 flexible有韧性的 cushioning缓冲 replaced by bone 骨化

one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动 contents物质 nourishment营养物质 function发挥功能 waste products废物 accumulate积聚 poison the body危害生命 distributes运送 needed materials有用的物质 unneeded ones废物

is made up of包括 protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point） identical对等的 receives吸收 traveled through流经 forced out压送 reenter流入 directly直接地 channels 管道 filters过滤 larynx喉管 trachea气管

two lungs左右肺 very large number of 大量的 air spaces肺泡 release释放出 extending 延伸到 broken down分解

absorbed into吸收进 chewing咀嚼 esophagus食管

Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.

1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)

2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the body temperature constant.)

3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste ones.)

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4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.) 5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)

6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.) 7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.) 8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts of the body to be carried out.)

9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keep active male sex cells.)

10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with a complete layer.)

Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.

1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary 3. the urinary tract 4. molecules 5. artery 6. endocrinology 7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva

9. histology 10. blood circulation 11. hematology 12. physiology

13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive 15. nervous cells 16. immunology 17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle 19. embryology 20. psychology

Section B, Passage 2 Cells and Tissues Language Points

Organized组（构）成 arranged in to构成 in turn are grouped into又进一步组成 serves its specific有特定的 bear in mind记住 result from源于 billions亿万 determind确立 fit on合在一起 by contrast相比之下 machinary机构

while normally在正常情况下 function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用

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are subject to易于发生 result in导致 millionth百万分之一

equal等于 average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点 The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。 living jelly生命胶囊 encloses 覆盖 is done完成 external以外的 semipermeable半透性的 phospholipid磷脂（膜） intact完整 distribute分布 diffusion扩散 dissolved分解 pinocytosis胞饮作用 breaks loose出来 drifts into进入 varies from---to在---范围内变化 depending on取决于 vanish消失 stiffening增强剂 glucose葡萄糖 run through交织 twists through交织穿过

stacks堆 appear to看来 play a part in对---起作用 hereditary traits细胞特性 strands条串 too thinly strung过于稀疏 spherical structure球体状 cavities孔穴 coordinates协调 Key to the Exercises B

1. cytology 2. protoplasm 3.cell membrane 4. cell nucleus 5. cytoplasm 6. deoxyribonucleic acid 7. semipermeable 8. molecular biology 9. carbodydrate 10. differentially 11. to keep …. intact

12. on the evidence of … 13.hereditary trait 14. diffusion 15. transaction 16. blueprint 17. chromosome 18. pigment 19. to excrete waste liquid 20. to disperse 21. impulse 22. ribonucleic acid

Key to the Exercises C

1. 细胞质的各处以及沿着胞浆网有数量很多的核糖体。

2. 位于细胞上的叫做“小穴”的小室收集化学信号，并把它们传送到细胞。 3. 研究细胞的科学家已经确立：一个细胞可能有一个网球那么大，也可能成千上万个细胞合在一起才有针尖那么大。

4. 对于那些单细胞的有机体而言，这种液体是题细胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小溪；但对于多细胞的生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分——对于植物来讲

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是它的汁液， 对于动物来讲是它的血液。

Chapter 2 Diseases and Disorders Medical Terminology

Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided. 1. without symptoms 2. lack of blood

3. pertaining to the condition of lacking shape

4. cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciences 5. examination through separation, taking things apart 6. a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis 7. the x-ray photo of the blood vessel 8. surgical repaie of the vessel 9. inflammation of the blood vessel

10. destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes the poison they produce 11. stimulates the production of antibodies

12. destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria 13. sth to do with the lungs 14. pertaining to the urinary tract 15. pertaining to heredity 16.not enough; lack

17. no longer generate, produce, go down 18. ribonucleic acid without oxygen 19. the complete knowledge about a patient 20. complete separation of waste matter from … 21. a cross measurement of a round surface

22. the machine which records the heart electric waves 23. the record of the muscle electric wave

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24. the record of electric wave of the brain 25. within a particular group of people 26. to close in 27. to swallow in

28. complete knowledge of a patient

29. the state of knowing sth before it actually occurs 30. record of electric wave of the heart 31. an x-ray photo of the blood vessel

32. an x-ray photo of the muscle（spinal cord） 33.the machine which records the heart electric waves 34. the instrument which measures the time 35. the instrument which measures the breath 36. the process of taking X-ray photograph

37. the process of using ultra sound to detect the abnormality of the body 38. inflammation of the liver 39. the cell of the liver

40. pertaining to the liver and stomach 41. inflammation of the colon 42. inflammation of the stomach 43. inflammation of the intestine

44. the process of taking x-ray photos of the breasts 45. x-ray photos of the breasts 46. surgical reconstruction of the breasts

47. the instrument for measuring amount of air breathed into the lungs 48. the instrument for measuring temperatures 49. the instrument for measuring pressure 50. the abnormal condition of hardening 51. abnormal mind condition 52. pertaining to infection 53. pertaining to the nerve

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54. pertaining to the mucus 55. the study of diseases 56. the instrument to record diseases 57. germs that produce diseases

58. a tape of cell of the body defense system destroys invaders

59. the study of how the cell of the body defense system destroys invaders 60. surgical repair of the blood vessel 61. surgical repair of the bone 62. surgical repair of the muscle 63. status of a woman before her labor . to make statement about the future event 65. before it is mature 66. pertaining to the lungs 67. the study of the lungs 68. inflammation of the lungs

69. the science which deals with x ray or radioactive substances 70. pertaining to radioactivity

71. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening

72. the instrument that can make bacteria and virus look larger enough to be examined 73. the instrument which is used to examine the bladder

74. the instrument for measuring the amount of air breathed into the lungs 75. breathing 76. having to do with the spirometer 77. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening 78. the chest pain

79. to measure the circumference of the chest 80. treatment of diseases by medicine (chemistry) 81. treatment of diseases by x ray or radioactive agents 82. treatment of diseases by physical means 83. the study of urinary system

84. the instrument which measures sugar in the urine

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85. to do with the reproductive organ and the urinary tract

Key to the Section A Exercise B

1. the colon colitis 2. the stomach gastritis 3. the intestine enteritis 4. the lungs pumonitis 5. the breast mammitis 6. the thyroid thyroiditis

7. the lymph vessel lymphangitis 8. the blood vessel vasculitis 9. the adrenal gland adrenalitis 10. the blood vessel angitis Section B Readings

Passage One Human Diseases Language Points:

brief survey 概论 glimpse 印象 fundamentals 基础、原理 the picture is not complete 这一概论就不完整

the modern approach to the study of disorder 现代对疾病的研究方法 aspect方面 defined as a condition 被定义为一种状态 succumb to 受制于 in turn 反过来说 detect 觉察

swollen blood vessel 血管扩张 strikes 侵袭 community 社区 runs a short course 病程短 often hits without warning 常常发作没有前兆 gradual onset 发病慢 ailment （精神）病 causative agents 病愿体 airborne droplets 空气小粒 sneeze 打喷嚏 produce 导致 a disease-producing organism 一个致病的有机体 disturbances紊乱 poorly operating nervous system 神经系统工作不良 provoked 引发 drug addiction 吸毒成性 Furthermore 而且 gene patterns 基因 improperly operating 工作状态不良 Genetic disorders 基因失调 inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢失调

mental retardation 智力发育迟缓 places to breed 繁衍的世界

broadly 广义地 ward off 阻止 sexual contact 性接触 cholera 霍乱 typhoid fever 伤寒热 tainted 腐烂的 barriers 屏障

offer considerable resistance 在很大程度上抵抗 In minor cases在较轻的病例中lined with mucus-secreting cells 覆盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞 trap 捕捉

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dust particles 尘粒 wave like a field of wheat 象麦田里的小麦一样舞动 foreign matter 异物 potential 潜在的 thrive 蓬勃繁殖 assumes higher 达到高烧 Wax 蜡 flock to 群集在

try to localize the infection 使感染局部化 pus-filled abscesses 脓块 Unless 如果不 drain 排除 blocked 挡住 tender 松柔的 brought 感染上传 traces 侵袭 long-lasting 长期的 range 包括 are a class of 一种被称为 sites 部位 link with 相连 hook up 粘和 out of action 失去作用 by inactivating 失去活性

key portion of the harmful substance 关键有害部分 butter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油

make them tastier to phagocytes 让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们

intermediate 中间体 actually destroy 实施消灭 fixes 会有一个 eat through 咬穿 burst 暴开 several kinds 若干

the most plentiful and versatile 数量最多用途最多 next most plentiful 数量次多 adapted to 适合 at the first signs of 一有。。出现 against the infection 对付传染病 involved 涉及 triggered by 触发 to multiply 准备繁殖

are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens不是对付广普抗原的最好选择 concentrates 集中 sticks well to 粘连 switched off 停止 example of negative feedback control 消极反馈控制的例子

Key to the Exercise E

1. （每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位（即氨基酸）的重链和一条轻链所构成。这条轻链上

有特别的部位，氨基酸能使其补体和抗原子相连。）

2. （某些情况下，通过调理素作用的过程，抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些“奶油” ，让

吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们。）

3. （在另一些情况下，抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以后，却需要一个中间体，或补体来实

施对该细胞的消灭。于是，当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时，该结合体有一个补体附体。）

4. （在第一天左右，血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体。但是，这只是因为涉及抗

造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖。）

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Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercise F

1. to impair proper function 2.to contaminate environment 3. malfunction 4. causative agent 5. vulnerable groups 6. localized infection 7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibody Section B, Passage 2 Diagnosis and Prognosis Language Points：clinical encounters就诊过程 set the stage for making a diagnosis触使医生作出一个诊断

diagnosis is accomplished with一个完整的诊断由病人的。。。而组成 standard标准 preferably quoting the patient最好引用患者的自述 stating the purpose of the visit陈述就诊的目的 the duration of the complaint 病痛持续的时间

the patient states a request instead of a complaint也可将患者的要求作为主诉 Other physicians involved in the patient’s care患者的其他保健医生 how much轻重程度 What makes the symptom better or worse, past medical care 症状的好转或加重的影响因素 to narrow diagnostic possibilities缩小诊断范围 drug habits有无药物成瘾

available to the patient患者可获得 Review回顾 Prognosis预后 encounter遇到 get recovered 痊愈

to stay well病情好转 the forecast of the probable results对病情可能的发展作出预测 discuss探讨 to expect from the clinical course of the condition在治疗过程中所期盼的

resolve痊愈 reassurance is often all that is needed安慰就行了 a given patient特定的病人 be determined primarily主要取决于

aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis意识到讨论预后与否取决于病人的愿意

best conducted at follow- up visits最好在随访中进行 the two双方 The best最高明的

blend….together交融在一起

through the complicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness度

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过身患致命疾病的震惊，否认，抑郁，和接受现实的复杂阶段 abandon the patient扔下病人不管 Key to the Exercise B

1.(These question will set the doctor working towards a diagnosis, i. e. determine the cause of an illness.)

2. (Therefore, it is essential for the doctor to tell the patient what disease he is suffering and offer to discuss with the patient about the prognosis.)

3.(If the patient is to recover without any bad physical consequence, all the physician needs to do is to take him feel that he will be well soon.)

4.(Although most patients want to know whatever happens to them, a doctor should know whether to tell them the truth depends not on him but on patients.)

5.(A doctor’s duty is to make his patient realize whether to discuss the prognosis is up to the patient to decide.)

6.(What a best doctor can do is to tell the patient the truth together with self-confidence and help him through the most difficult steps of shock, denial, depression and acceptance of the fact.)

Key to the Exercise D

1. electromyogram 2. nuclear magnetic resonance 3. multiple scletosis 4. glucose-tolerance test 5. electrocardiograph 6. optimistic prognosis 7. sequelae of disease 8. ultrasonography 9. fiber optic technology 10. medical history 11. hematopoietic system 12. follow –up activity 13. fatal illnesses 14. nutritional deficiency 15. body fluids 16. to highlight details 17. hazard-free treatment 18. electroencephalogram 19. non-invasive test 20. blood-starved tissue

Chapter 3 Muscular System

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Section A Medical Terminology

Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided. 1. pertaining to an artery 2. inflammation of an artery 3. study of arteries

4. the muscle of two heads in the front of the upper arm 5. both hands 6. to two sides

7. pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord 8. inflammation of the outer parts of the pleura 9. pertaining to a cortex 10. inflammation of the skin 11. of skin and muscle

12. the science of the skin and its diseases

13. disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism 14. painful or difficult urination 15. imperfect or painful digestion 16. surgical removal of the thymus gland 17. surgical excision of the stomach 18. surgical removal of a part of an artery 19. deficiency of blood supply

20. unrestrained growth of leukocyte and their precusors in the tissues 21. the number of circulating red blood cell 22. pertaining to the outside of the eye or vision 23. in the blood

24. a mature, fiber-forming cell 25. pertaining to reproduction 26. reproducing; generation 27. an act of forming a new organism

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28. high blood pressure

29. increase in size of an organ or structure 30. deficiency of suger in the blood 31. having a body temperature below normal 32. low blood pressure

33. lack of necessary or proper blood substances in the body 34. abnormal shape or structure 35. defective function

36. the science of structure and form without regard to function 37. forms of organisms 38. without definite form 39. having more than two nuclei 40. having more than two cells 41. having more than two molecules 42. any disease of striated muscles 43. death of muscle tissue 44. the muscle layer of the heart

45. any one of the various branches of science concerned with growth, development and function of the nervous system 46. any disease of the nerve 47. inflammation of a nerve 48. pertaining to the eye or vision

49. a physician who is a specialist in diseases of the eye 50. tumor of the thymoma

51. a tumor containing muscle tissue 52. a fibrous tissue tumor 53. device for measuring the pelvis 54. inspection of the pelvis 55. loose pelvis organs 56. pertaining to surrounding

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57. enclosing the heart

58. inflammation of the spinal cord 59. the gray matter of the spinal cord 60. connective tissue such as muscle or bone 61. resembling flesh 62. pertaining to tendon 63. inflammation of a tendon

. a tumor originating in epithelial tissue of the thymus gland 65. a cell in the thymus gland

66. surgical removal of the thymus gland 67. dealing with a region of the body 68. an anatomist dealing with a body region 69. a poisonous substance 70. the study of toxic substance 71. diseases caused by toxin

72. of three heads in the back of the upper arm 73. a cycle with three wheels

74. sending from one(person) to another 75. changing from one form to another

76. size or wasting away of part of an organ or tissue 77. disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism 78. concerned with nourishment

Key to the Exercises A

1. artery arterial 2. shape; form morphology 3. eye ocular 4. poison toxin 5. flesh sarcoplasm 6. muscle myopathy

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7. blood condition ischemia 8. nourishment dystrophy 9. two biceps 10. surgical excision of thymectomy

Section B Readings Passage One Muscles

Language Points:

Tough坚韧 throwing投掷 in the jaw to chew腭部 groups类 help hold…together把….组合在一起 make up a large part占有很大比例 vary greatly in size大小差异很大

depending on the type of job they do根据作用之不同 fairly相对的 thigh大腿 stands erect直立 rigid挺直 stays stiff保持强直

act both ways能同时作两动作 work in pairs成对运动 bends a joint令关节弯曲 does the opposite做相反的动作 the front of the upper arm上前臂

pull it back to its original length把它恢复到原位 flesh belly肌腹 firmer更结实 voluntary muscles随意肌

under the control of our willpower接受主观意愿的驱使 passes over跨过 firmly牢固地

produces movement at the joint使关节运动 pulling on拉动 attachment附着点 attached end附着点 advantages优点

fleshy throughout their length全是肌腹 thick粗 resistant to the rubbing or friction between the tendon and the moving bones of the joint 对关节处活动的骨头有很强的抗磨能力

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characteristic cross striations of the muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope显微镜下肌肉组织所呈现的横状条纹特色 arrangement排列 arranged in bundles成束排列

A transverse section through a striated muscle shows在横纹肌的横截面上可见 surrounded by fibrous connective tissue被肌纤维结缔组织包绕 alimentary canal消化道的内壁 found as表现为 viewed from microscope在显微镜下

our willpower主观意志 branched交叉组合 originated开始 electrical impulse电脉冲 conducting传导

capable of controlling控制 order of contractions收缩的节奏 at birth出生时 size体积 is due to是因为

separate…with分支出 going to分配到

the nerve supply to muscle支配某块肌肉的神经 is said称为 increasing the flow of blood to血液加速流向肌肉 applied to limb在肢体扎上

through such a cutoff of the blood supply在完全切断供血的情况下

Key to the Passage 1 Exercise E

1.muscle fiber 2.voluntary muscle 3. alimentary canal 4. belly

5.striated muscle 6. hypertrophy of muscles 7. muscle contraction 8. attachment of the muscle 9.muscle relaxation 10.arterial bleeding 11.insertion 12. origin 13. blood supply 14.flexor

15.protein molecule 16. fibrous connective tissue 17. extensor 18.willpower 19.transverse section 20. pacemaker

医学专业英语 第一分册 第四章 Chapter 4

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Skeletal System

Medical Terminology

1. inflammation of the joint 2. pain in a joint 3. the study of joints 4. pertaining to joints 5. a joint

6. to join together as a joint

7. a cell concerned with the formation of bone 8. any form of nucleated red corpuscles 9. a cell that give rise to a lymphocyte 10. there is increased calcium in the blood 11. calcium deficiency in body tissues and fluids 12. containing calcium

13. pertaining to the carpus or wrist 14. excision of the carpus or partion of it 15. both wrist and foot 16. a cell that forms cartilage 17. pain in or about cartilage 18. inflammation of cartilage 19. pertaining to a rib and its cartilage 20. cutting through a rib or cartilage 21. surgical excision of a rib 22. pertaining to the cranium 23. examination of the skull 24. pertaining to an epiphysis 25. pertaining to a metaphysis 26. pertaining to esophagus 27. a female

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28. the study of the cause of disease

29. pertaining to the cause or causes of disease 30. pertaining to the femur 31. femoral hernia 32. the femur and tibia 33. inflammation of the stomach

34. surgical removal of a part or the whole of the stomach 35. pertaining to the stomach

36. membraneous, pertaining to the inside of membrane 37. within the stomach 38. within the eyeball 39. resembling bone marrow 40. a tumor

41. bone marrow or the spinal cord

42. a new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth 43. a newly-found disease 44. a newborn infant 45. resembling bone 46. resembling sesame 47. resembling a cyst 48. hormone

49. a specialist in orthopedics 50. the formation of bone substance 51. pain in a bone

52. side by side with another 53. at the side of the thyroid 54. the parathyroid glands 55. fingers and toes

56. inflammation of one or more phalanges 57. surgical excision of one or more fingers and toes

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58. the formation of blood cells 59. the formation of red blood cells 60. the formation of lymphocytes 61. something that throws forward

62. knowing something before it actually occurs 63. go forward; carry on . the bone of the breast

65. cost / o ribs, hence pertaining to the sternum and ribs 66. resembling the sternum 67. calcic substance 68. breastbone

69. hyper+calci+uria, hence urine that contains excessive calcium (高钙尿) 70. pertaining to urine

71. any disease affecting the urinary tract 72. pertaining to a vertebra or the vertebra column 73. excision of a vertebra or part of it 74. pertaining to a vertebra and a rib Exercise:

A. 1. rib costochondral 6. bone osteoma

2. stomach gastritis 7. sternum sternocostal

3. cause etiology 8. calcium calcemia

4. resembling osteoid 9. formation erythropoiesis 5. female estrogen 10. joint arthritis

Section B Readings

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Passage One The Skeletal System Language Points:

Grasping抓握 jar挤压震动 framework支架 performs行使 provides形成 provides a point attachment 提供了附着点 pelvic bone 骨盆 acting as levers象杆杠一样作用 Mineral storage储存矿物质 be distributed to分布 on demand需要时 Blood cell production造血 in immature stages不成熟的

on the basis shape按形状 variable number数量不一 for strength因为受力 structurally结构上的

points部位 evenly distributed平均分配 nearly equal几乎相当 Examples of short bones点型的短骨 ankle bones髁

more or less parallel大致平行的 enclosing a layer of spongy bone围绕一层松质骨 afford considerable protection担负相当的保护作用 be grouped in to归类

just described上述 also vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present松质骨和密质骨的含量也多少不一 two additional types另外有两类

between the joints结合处 varies greatly from person to person各体差异很大 considerable pressure develops相当压力部位 in all individuals每个人体内 either intramembranous or endochondral膜类骨化或软骨内 remodeled重塑 initial caleification最初的盖化 destruction组织 construction组织的形成 perpetually终生 in its place取代 at rest停止 reappropriates适合 along lines of mechanical stress应力线的方向

Bones shares with skin the feature of replacing itself骨与皮肤一样具有自我更新的特性 in various body regions在机体的不同部位 The distal portion of the femur股骨远侧端 bone in certain areas of the shaft某些躯干骨

Remodaling allows worn or injured bone to be removed从塑过程使得陈旧的或受伤骨得以清除

It also allowsbone to serve as the body’s storage area for calcium这也便骨成为机体盖的储存库. in order to perform their functions在行使它们的功能 trades off calcium with the bone与骨交换盖

removing calcium when it and other tissues are not receiving enough of this element在血液于其它组织盖不足时移走骨盖

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and resupplying the bones with dietary calcium to keep them from losing同时从饮食中补充骨盖已避免丧失 believed to be responsible for进行 delicate homeostasis is maintained微妙的体内稳定

bone-making osteoblasts in depositing calcium沉积骨盖的成骨细胞

the surplus may form thick bumps多余物会形成厚的隆起 interferes with影响 send out projections伸出突起 protein digesting enzymes溶酶体 collagen胶原 dissolve溶解 fragments碎片 components成分

shown….significantly inhibits laying down明显抑制participates参与 otherwise否则 manufacture生产

responsible for能够 is responsible for the general能够全面保进 specailize in regulating专门调节 accelerates促进 synthesized合成 transports calcium from urine转移尿钙 promote促进 act as a double-edged sword作用有两面性 degeneration退化 individual机体 Premature puberty早熟

simultaneous premature degeneration同时伴随的软骨板退化 and continues thereafter然后持续不断 typically明显的

one of the factors related to a condition called osteoporosis骨质疏松症的有关因素之一 results in adecreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix使产生骨机质的有机成分的能力下降 As a consequence结果是 lesser proportion of organic matrix有机基质比例较小 inorganic无机质 more sesceptible to更容易

E. Translate the following in to English 1. mineral absorption 2. mechanical stress 3. the organic portion of bone matrix

4. premature puberty 5.protein-digesting enzyme 6. ostioclast 7. spongy bone 8. fracture 9. irregular bones 10. the skeletal system 11. vitamin absorption 12. the lost of calcium from bones

13. growth hormone 14. epiphyseal cartilage

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15. magnesium deficiency 16. osteoblast 17. compact bone 18. marrow cavity 19. red marrow 20. endochondral ossification

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