词汇学名词

.Lexicology: -is a branch of linguistice,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology:-is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of morpheme construct.Etymology:- is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.Stylistics:-is the study of style.It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects.Lexicography:- shares with lexicology the same problems;the form,meaning ,origins and usages of words,but they have a pragmatic differentce.Word:is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Vocabulary:All the words in a language make up its vocabulary.Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language ,but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historyical period.We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Content words:-denote clear notions includeing nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs and numerals.Borrowed words:Words taken over from foreign languages. Terminology术语:-consists of technicall terms used in particular discipleines and academic areas. Jargon行话;-refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves.Slang俚语:sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.Argot黑话:It generally refers to the jargon of criminals.Archaisms:-are words or forms that were once in common use but are morph:The morphenow restricted onlymes are realized by to specialized or l more than one moimited use.Neologisrph according to thms新语词:-are neweir position in a wly-created words orord.Stem词干:-can expressions,or worbe defined as a fords that have taken m to which affixeson new meanings.N ofany kind can beative words:-,also added. root:what rknown as Anglo-Saemains of a word xon words,are wordafter the removal os brought to Britaif all affixes Inflectn in the 5th centuryional affix:-is an a by the German triffix that indicates gbes.Borrowed wordrammatical relationss(load words):1,Worhips.Derivational ads taken over fromffix:-is an affix tha foreign languages.t forms new words2,for instance,the w with a stem or a ord’cloak’is borrowroot.afixation词缀ed from French.De法:-,also called derinizens同化:-are wovation,is the formatrds borrowed earlyion of new words in the past and nby adding affixes tow are well assimilo stems.prefixationated into the Englis前缀:-is the formatih language.Alienson of new words b非同化:-are borrowy adding prefixes ted words which hao stems.suffixationve retained their or后缀:-is the formatiiginal pronunciationon of new words b and spelling.Transly adding suffixes tation-loans:-are woro stems.Suffixes geds and expressions nerally change the formed from the exword class.For exaisting material in tmple,”emply”is a vhe english languageerb,but “employer”b but modelled on tecomes a noun whhe patterns taken fren the suffix –er isom another languag added to the steme.Semantic-loans借 “employ”.compou义词:Words whose nding复合构词:-,almeanings are borroso called compositiwed and whose foron,is the formationms are not borrowe of new words by d.Old English:It rejoining two or morfers to the language stems.conversione used from 450 to转类:-is the formati 1150.now people on of new words bgenerally refer to y converting wordsAnglo-Saxon as Ol of one class to and English.Middle other class.borroweEnglish:It refers tod words:They are the language usedwords taken over f from 1150 to 150rom foreigh langua0.Modern English:ges,including denizefrom1500 up to thens,aliens,translation- present.Morphemeloans and semantic-s词素:The minimalloans.blending首 meaningful units i尾，首首，首词，n language are kno词尾:-is the formatiwn as-.Free morphon of new words beme:A morpheme ty combining parts hat can stand alone.of two words or aBound morpheme: word plus a part -can not occur as sof another word.clieparate words.Theypping:To shorten a are bound to othe longer word by cr morpheme or moutting a part off thrphemes to form we original and usinords.Bound morpheg what remains insmes include two tytead.acronymy首字pes:bound root(the 母拼音:-is the procpart of the word thess of of forming at carries the fundanew words by joinimental meaning anng the initial lettersd has to combine of names of sociawith other morphel and political orgames to make words)nizations or specialand affix. Affixes noun phrases and 词缀:-are forms thatechnical terms.initit are attached to walism首字母缩略:-ords or word elemeare words pronouncnts to modify meaned letter by letter.aing or function.Allocronyms首字母拼

音:-are words formantic change:-means spelling and meaned from initial lette mn old word foring.Synonyms同义rs but pronounced m which takes on 词:-can be defined as a normal word.ba new meaning to as words different iackformation:-The meet the new need.n sound and spellinmethod of creatingConceptual meanig but most nearly words by removinng:-is the meaning alike or exactly theg the supposed suffgiven in the diction same in meaning.ixes.adjective suffiary and forms the Absolute synonyms:x:The suffix that iscore of word-meani-also known as co added to the stem,ng.Associative meamplete synonyms awhatever class it bning:-is the secondare words which areelongs to ,the resulry meaning supple identical in meanit will be an adjectimented to the concng in all its aspectve.reference所指:-ieptual meaning.Cons,i.e.both in gramms the relationship bnotative meaning atical meaning andetween language an内含:-refers to the lexical meaning.reld the world.By meovertones or associative synonyms:-alsans of reference,a sations suggested byo called near-synonpeaker indicates wh the conceptual meyms are similar or ich things in the waning.Stylistic meannearly the same inorld(including persoing文体:The distinc denotation,but embns)are being talkedtive stylistic featurerace different shade about.The referencs of words which s of meaning or die of a word to a tmake them approprfferent degrees of ahing outside the laiate for different co given quality.Antonguage is arbitrary ntexts.Affective menymy反义-can be and conventional.Thaning感情:-indicatedefined as words wis connection is thes the speaker’s attithich are opposite i result of generalizude towards the pen meaning.Contradiation and abstractiorson or thing in quctory terms互为矛n.Concept概念:-,westion.Collocative 盾(present/absent,bohich is beyound la（搭配）meaning:Ty/girl.same.male.deanguage is the resulthis meaning consistd/alive):These anton of human cognitios of the associationyms truly representn,reflecting the objs a word acquires i oppositeness of mective world in then its collocation.poleaning.They are so human mind.It hasysemy:. -is a com opposed to each o many refering expmon feature peculiather that they are ressions.Sense语义:r to all natural lanmutually exclusive Generally speaking,guages.This is partiand admit no possisense could be tercularly true of highbility between them.med as the meaninly deveoped languaContrary terms相g of “meaning”.Unlges like dnglish .T对反义(rich/poor.bigike reference,sense here are words that/small.old/young):Adenotes the relation have two or threentonyms of this typship inside the lang senses,and the moe are best viewed iuage.The sense of st commonly used n terms of a scale an expression is itsones can have as running between tw place in a systemmany as over a huo poles or extreme of semantic relationdred.radiation辐射s.relative terms相nships with other e型：A semantic pro互关系反义(pare:nt/xpressions in the lacess in which the child.predecessor/sunguage.motivationprimary meaning stccessor,employer/em词义理据:-accountsands at the centre ployee,etc.) The pai for the connectionand the secondary rs of words indicat between the linguimeanings proceed oe such a reciprocalstic symbol and itsut of it in every di social relationship meaning.Onomatorection like rays.co that one of them poeic motivation:Tncatenation连锁型：cannot be used withe words were creaA process where eahout suggesting theted by imitating thch of the later mea other.hyponymy上e natural sounds orning is related only下义关系:-deals wit noises.morphologi to the preceding oh the relationship ocal motivation形态:ne like chains.Homf semantic inclusioAccounts for the conymy同形同音异n.That is ,the meanonnection between 义：Words different ing of a more specthe meaning of thein meaning but eithific word is include word and the meaer identical both ind in that of anothening of each morp sound and spellingr more general worheme in the word. or identical only id.extension(mill,jouThe meanings of mn sound or spelling.rnal,bonfire,butcher,any words are the perfect homonyms:-companion):A procesum total of the mare words identicalss by which a wororphemes combined. both in sound andd which originally Semantic motivatio spelling,but differehad a specialized n语义:-refers to thnt in meaning, homeaning has now be mental associatiomographs同形异音ecome generalized.ns suggested by th异义:-are words idenarrowing(liquor,mee conceptual meanintical only in spelliat,disease,poison,accng of a word.etymng but different in ident):It also calledological motivationsound and meaning. specilization,is the词源:The meaningshomophones同间异 opposite of wideni of many words of形异义：are words ng meaning.It is a ten relate directly tidentical only in soprocess by which ao their origins.Semund but different in word of wide mea

ning acquires a narrower of specialized sense.elevation(angel.knight.earl,governor,fond,minister)also called amelioration:It refers to the peocess by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.degradation降格(silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust):It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.transfer:Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. linguistic context:refers to the words,clauses,sentences in which a word appears. phrasal verb:They are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a preposition and a particle.grammatical context:-refers to the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.lexical context:-refers to the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.non-linguistic context:It refers to the physical situation in which a word appears,which embraces the people,time,place,and even the whole cultural background.English idioms:Strictly speaking,idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements.In a broad sense,idiomsmay include colloquialisms,catchphrases,slang expressions,proverbs,etc.They form an important part of the english vocabulary.idioms nominal in nature:Idioms of this class have a noun as the dey word in each and function as a noun in sentences. Metaphor暗喻in some idioms,animals are used to refer to people . metonymy转喻：this refers to idioms in which the name of on

e thing is used for that of another associated with it .synecdoche借代（earn one’s bread,fall into good hands,two heads are:-involves substituting part for the whole and vice versa.replacement:A constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech,resulting in synonymous or antonymous idoms addition or deletion删减：some constituents can be added or deleted,which does not affect the meaning of the idioms.position-shifting位移：the positions of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning.shortening:this occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings,where onl a part of them is used instead of the whole..dismembering:肢解1,break up an idiom into pieces.2,an unusual case of using idioms.3,in literature or popular press for special effect. dictionary:-is a book which presents in an alphabetical order the words of english with information as to their spelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rules of grammar,and in some,their etymology.monolingual dictionary:Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language.specialized dictionary:The dictionary that concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge.unabridged dictionary:足本It is a complete record of all the words in use and provides a great quantity of basic information about a word.desk dictionaries:-are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000to 150,000 .pocket dictionaries:these dictionaries have about 50,000entries or fewer. lignuistic dictionary:-aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language.They usually cover such areas as spelling,pronunciation,meanin

g ,grammatical function,usage and dtymology,etc.encyclopedia:百科全书-refers to the dictionary which is not concerned with the language per se but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword.Specialisation:the opposite of widening meaning. A process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized meaning.