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医学英语 含骨科

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一、名词性后缀

1、-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称,percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗,出法,gavage管词法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少。

2、-cy表示抽象名词,accuracy准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期。

3、-ence、-ance表示性质和动作,difference不同,interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence存在,significance意义,意味。

4、-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀,difficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅,sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变。

5、-er表示……人、……者,diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,shutter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿。

6、-ics 表示……科学,psdiatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopdics矫形科学,auristrics耳科学,gnathostomatics口腔生理学,andriatrics男性医学,男性科。

7、-ian表示人称名词,physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员。

8、-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为……化,simpliffcation简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往。

9、-ing由动词变化而来的动名词,nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制……图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning把……放在适当的位置,mathching和……相配,imaging成像。

10、-ion由动词构成的名词,occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形。

head 头

throat 喉咙,咽喉

armpit hair 腋毛

nipple 乳头

chest 胸部

pit 胸口

navel 肚脐

abdomen 腹部

private parts 阴部

thigh 大腿

neck 脖子

shoulder 肩

back 背

waist 腰

hip 臀部

buttock 屁股

skull 颅骨,头盖骨

collarbone 锁骨

rib 肋骨

backbone 脊骨,脊柱

shoulder joint 肩关节

shoulder blade 肩胛骨

breastbone 胸骨

elbow joint 肘关节

pelvis 骨盆kneecap 膝盖骨

bone 骨

skeleton 骨骼

sinew 腱

muscle 肌肉

joint 关节

blood vessel 血管

vein 静脉

artery 动脉

capillary 毛细血管

nerve 神经

spinal marrow 脊髓

brain 脑

respiration 呼吸

windpipe 气管

lung 肺

heart 心脏

diaphragm 隔膜

exhale 呼出

inhale 呼入

internal organs 内脏

gullet 食管

stomach 胃

liver 肝脏

gall bladder 胆囊

pancreas 胰腺

spleen 脾

duodenum 12指肠

small intestine 小肠

large intestine 大肠

blind gut 盲肠

vermiform appendix 阑尾

rectum 直肠

anus 肛门

bite 咬

chew 咀嚼

knead 揉捏

swallow 咽下

digest 消化

absord 吸收

discharge 排泄

excrement 粪便

kidney 肾脏

bladder 膀胱

penis 阴茎

testicles 睾丸

scroticles 阴囊

urine 尿道

ovary 卵巢

womb 子宫

vagina 阴道

妇产科检查中英文对照

2009-7-16 9:19 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 发红 redness

发疹 eruption

溃疡 ulcer

糜烂 erosion;erodet

白斑 vitiligo leukoplakia

阴蒂肥大 clitorimegaly

处女膜 hymen

阴道窥器 vaginal speculum

阴道分泌物 vaginal secretion;vaginal discharge

阴道横隔 transverse vaginal septum;transverse vaginal septa

宫颈糜烂 erosion of cervix

宫颈肥大 hypertrophy of cervix

宫颈息肉 cervical polyp

宫颈粘膜炎 endocervicitis

宫颈腺囊肿 Naboth cyst

宫颈裂伤 cervical laceration

接触性出血 contact bleeding

前位子宫 anterial uterus

后位子宫 posterial uterus

子宫附件 uterine adnexa

子宫底 fundus of uterus

包块 mass

检查项目

常规检查

全血细胞分析 whole blood cell test

红细胞 red blood cell;erythrocyte

白细胞 white blood cell;leucocyte

血红蛋白 hemoglobin

血小板 thrombocyte;thromboplastid

血型 blood type;blood group

大便常规 routine stool test

大便潜血试验 stool occult blood test

专科检查

阴道分泌物涂片 vaginal secretion smear

妊娠试验 pregnancy test

基础体温 basal body temperature,BBT

性激素 sexual hormone;gonadal hormone

雌激素 estrogen,E?? 雌二醇? estradiol,E2

孕激素 progesterone,P

睾酮 testosterone,T

促激素释放激素 luteinizing hormone,LH

腺垂体促卵泡激素 follicle stimulating hormone,FSH

催乳素 prolactin,PRL

抗精子抗体 anti-sperm antibody ,ASAB

抗心磷脂抗体 anticardiolipins,ACL

抗子宫内膜抗体 EMAb

宫颈粘液检查 cervical mucus examination

宫颈粘膜碘试验 Schiller test

宫颈管刮片 endocervical scraping smear

子宫颈涂片细胞学检查 cervical smear and cytological examination

超声检查 ultrasonography

B超 B-scan

经阴道超声检查 transvaginal ultrasonography

子宫发育不良 hypoplasia of uterus

宫内节育器 intrauterine device,IUD

月经期子宫内膜 menstrual phase of endometrium

子宫内膜 endometrium

卵泡 follicle

孕囊 fertilized egg

囊肿 cyst;hydatidoma;hydatoncus

子宫肌瘤超声所见 ultrasound view of uterine myoma

子宫腺肌症超声所见 ultrasonic feature of uterine adenomyoma

子宫输卵管造影术 hysterosalpingography

单角子宫 unicornuate uterus

双角子宫 uterus bicornis

残角子宫 rudimentary horn of uterus

输卵管积水 hydrosalpinx;hydrops tubae;tubal dropsy

诊断性刮宫 diagnostic curettage;exploratory curettage

宫颈锥切术 conization of cervix

输卵管通液术 fluid infusion of fallopian tubes

经阴道后穹窿穿刺术 colpocoeliotomia posterior

宫腔镜 hysteroscope

阴道镜 colposcope ; vaginoscope

腹腔镜 peritoneoscope;ventroscope;laparo;laparoscope;laproscope

常用中医治疗

补肾滋阴 replenishing vital essence to tonify the kidney

疏肝养肝 soothing and nourishing the liver

健脾和胃 strengthening the spleen and stomach

补益气血 invigorating qi and enriching the blood

活血化瘀 promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis

理气行滞 regulating the flow of qi

清热凉血 removing pathogenic heat from blood

温经散寒 expelling pathogentic cold from channel

利湿除痰 removing dampness by diuresis and eliminating phlegm

解毒杀虫 detoxicating and destroy intestinal worms

中医特色治疗

四黄水蜜外敷 application with

毛冬青保留灌肠 retention-enema with hairy holly root

莪棱保留灌肠 retention-enema with zedoary and burreed tuber

激光治疗 laser therapy

针灸治疗 acupuncture and moxibustion therapy

常用西医治疗

保守治疗 expectant treatment

手术治疗 surgical therapy

药物治疗 drug treatment

放射治疗 radiotherapy

心理治疗 psychotherapy

物理疗法 physical therapy

抗炎 anti-inflammatory therapy

利尿 diuretic therapy

杀菌 sterilization

妇科手术

前庭大腺囊肿造口术 fistulization of bantbolin gland cyst

无孔处女膜切开术 excision of imperfcrated hymen

子宫颈息肉切除术 excision of cervical polyp

全子宫切除术 panhysterectomy ; complete hysterectomy

经腹全子宫切除术 abdominouterectomy ; laparohysterectomy

经腹输卵管卵巢切除术 abdominal salpingo-oophorectomy ; laparosalpingo-oophorectomy

子宫肌瘤剔除术 myomectomy

会阴切开术 episiotomy ; sectio perinealis ; perineotomy

剖宫产 cesarean section ; abdominal delivery ; caesarean section ; cesarean delivery

人工流产 artificial abortion ; induced abortion ; abactio ; abactus venter

药物流产 anti-early pregnancy with drug ;induce abortion with drug

1、总论[Introduction]

superior[上]

inferior[下]

Cranial[头侧]

Caudal[尾侧]

anterior[前]

posterior[后]

ventral[腹侧]

dorsal[背侧]

medial[内侧]

lateral[外侧]

internal[内]

external[外]

superficial[浅]

profundal[深]

proximal[近侧]

distal[远侧]

ulnar[尺侧]

radial[桡侧]

tibial[胫侧]

fibular[腓侧]

2、运动系统[locomotor (kinetic)

vertebrae[椎骨]

cervical vevtebrae[颈椎]

thoracic vertebrae[胸椎]

lumbar vertebrae[腰椎]

sacrum[骶骨]

sternum[胸骨]

rib[肋骨]

thoracic cage[胸廓]

skull[颅]

frontal bone[额骨]

parietal bone[顶骨]

occipital bone[枕骨]

temporal bone[颞骨]

system]

sphenoid bone[蝶骨]

ethmoid bone[筛骨]

mandible (submaxilla)[下颌骨]

maxilla (supermaxilla)[上颌骨]

nasal bone[鼻骨]

coronal (sagital, lambdoid) suture [冠状(矢状,人字)缝]

orbit[眶]

clavicle[锁骨]

scapula (shoulder blade)[肩胛骨]

sternum (breast bone)[胸骨]

manubrium sterni (presternum)[胸骨柄]

midsternum[胸骨体]

xiphoid[剑突]

humerus[肱骨]

radius[桡骨]

ulna[尺骨]

carpal bone[腕骨]

metacarpal bone [掌骨]

phalanges[指(趾)骨]

hip bone[髋骨]

ilium[髂骨]

ischium [坐骨]

pubis[耻骨]

femur [股骨]

patella[髌骨]

tibia[胫骨]

fibula [腓骨]

articulation[关节]

ligament[韧带]

flexion[屈]

extension[伸]

adduction[收]

abduction[展]

medial rotation[旋内]

lateral rotation[旋外]

pronation[旋前]

supination[旋后]

circumductoin[环转]

vertebral column[脊柱]

intervertebral disc[椎间盘]

temporal-mandibular joint[颞下颌关节]

shoulder joint[肩关节]

elbow joint[肘关节]

radiocarpal joint[肩关节]

radiocarpal joint[桡腕关节]

pelvis[骨盆]

hip joint[髋关节]

knee joint[膝关节]

ankle joint[踝关节]

muscle [肌肉]

tendon[肌腱]

fascia[筋膜]

tendinous sheath[腱鞘]

trapezius[斜方肌]

latissimus dorsi[背阔肌]

sternocleidomastoid[胸锁乳突的]

scalenus [斜角肌]

pectoralis major[胸大肌]

intercostales[肋间肌]

diaphragm[膈肌]

inguinal canal[腹股沟管]

masseter[咬肌]

temporalis[颞肌]

deltoid[三角肌]

biceps brachii[肱二头肌]

triceps brachii[肱三头肌]

axillary fossa [腑窝]

gluteus maximus[臀大肌]

piriformis[梨状肌]

sartorius[缝匠肌]

quadriceps femoris[股四头肌]

triceps surae[小腿三头肌]

femoral triangle[股三角]

3、内脏[Viscera]

viscera[内脏]

oral cavity[口腔]

lip[唇]

cheek[颊]

palate[腭]

tooth[牙]

dentes[牙]

tongue[舌]

parotid gland[腮腺]

pharynx[咽]

esophagus[食管]

stomach gaster[胃]

duodenum[十二指肠]

jejunum[空肠]

ileum [回肠]

large intestine[大肠]

caecum[盲肠]

vermiform (appendix)[阑尾]

colon[结肠]

rectum[直肠]

anal canal[肛管]

dentate line[齿状线]

anus[肛门]

liver (hepar)[肝]

porta hepatis[肝门]

gallblader[胆囊]

pancreas[胰]

nose[鼻]

nasal cavity[鼻腔]

paranasal sinus[鼻旁窦]

larynx[喉]

laryngeal cavity[喉腔]

vocal cord[声带]

trachea[气管]

bronchi[支气管]

lung [肺]

pulmonary[肺的]

pleura[胸膜]

mediastinum[纵隔]

kidney[肾]

renal pilvis[肾盂]

ureter[输尿管]

urinary bladder[膀胱]

urethra[尿道]

testis[睾丸]

epididymis[附睾]

ductus deferens[输精管]

spermatic cord[精索]

prostate[前列腺]

scrotum[阴囊]

penis[阴茎]

ovary[卵巢]

uterine tube[输卵管]

uterus[子宫]

vagina[阴道]

clitoris[阴蒂]

mamma (breast)[乳房]

mammary papilla (nipple)[乳头]

perineum[会阴]

pelvic diaphragm[盆膈]

peritoneum[腹膜]

omentum[网膜]

4、心血管系统[Cardiovascular system]

heart[心]

artery[动脉]

vein[静脉]

capillary[毛细血管]

atrium[心房]

ventricle[心室]

tricuspid valve[三尖瓣]

bicuspid valve[二尖瓣]

aortic valve[主动脉瓣]

pulmonary valve[肺动脉瓣]

sinuatrial node[窦房结]

atrioventricular node[房室结]

atrioventricular bundle[房室束]

right/left bundle branch[右/左束支]

coronary artery[冠状动脉]

coronary sinus[冠状窦]

pericardium[心包]

aorta[主动脉]

innominate artery[无名动脉(头臂干)]

common carotid artery[颈总动脉]

carotid sinus [颈动脉窦]

internal(external) carotid artery[颈内(外)动脉]

facial artery[面动脉]

subclavian artery[锁骨下动脉]

mesenteric artery[肠系膜动脉]

common iliac artery[髂总动脉]

popliteal artery [腘动脉]

vena cava [腔静脉]

internal jugular vein[颈内静脉]

cephalic vein[头静脉]

basilic vein[贵要静脉]

saphenous vein[隐静脉]

lymphatic duct[淋巴导管]

thoracic duct[胸导管]

lymph node[淋巴结]

spleen[脾]

thymus[胸腺]

5、感觉器[sense organs]

sensory organ[感觉器]

receptor[感受器]

visual organ[视器]

eyeball [眼球]

cornea[角膜]

sclera[巩膜]

choroid [脉络膜]

ciliary body[睫状体]

iris[虹膜]

retina[视网膜]

optic disc[视神经盘]

macula lutea[黄斑]

aqueous humor[房水]

lens[晶状体]

vitreous body[玻璃体]

eyelid [眼睑]

conjunctiva[结膜]

lacrimal gland[泪腺]

vestibulocochlear organ[前庭蜗器]

ear( auris) [耳]

auricle[耳廓]

acoustic meatus[耳道]

tympanic cavity[鼓室]

tympanic membrane[鼓膜]

pharyngotympanic tube [咽鼓管]

bony(membranous) labyrinth[骨(膜)迷路]

vestibule [前庭]

semicircular canal[半规管]

cochlea[耳蜗]

cochlear duct[蜗管]

olfactory organ[嗅器]

gustatory organ[味器]

taste bud[味蕾]

skin[皮肤]

6、神经系统[Nervous system]

central nervous system[中枢神经系统]

peripheral nervous system[周围神经系统]

visceral nerve[内脏神经医学教.育网搜集]

afferent nerve[传入神经]

efferent nerve[传出神经]

neuron[神经元]

axon [轴突]

dendrite[树突]

glia [神经胶质]

gray matter [灰质]

white matter[白质]

cortex[皮质]

madulla[髓质]

nucleus[神经质]

ganglion[神经节]

fasciculus[神经束]

nerve[神经]

spinal nerve[脊神经]

cervical plexus[颈丛]

brachial plexus[臂丛]

lumbar plexus[腰丛]

sacral plexus [骶丛]

phrenic nerve[膈神经]

median nerve[正中神经]

ulnar nerve[尺神经]

radial nerve[桡神经]

femoral nerve[股神经]

ischiatic nerve[坐骨神经]

common peroneal nerve[腓总神经]

cranial nerve[颅(脑)神经]

olfactory nerve[嗅神经]

optic nerve[视神经]

oculomotor nerve[动眼神经]

trochlear nerve[滑车神经]

trigeminal verve[三叉神经]

abducent nerve[展神经]

facial nerve[面神经]

vestibulocochlear nerve[前庭蜗神经]

glossopharyngeal nerve[舌咽神经]

vagus nerve[迷走神经]

accessary nerve[副神经]

hypoglossal nerve[舌下神经]

autonomic nervous system[自主神经]

vegetative nervous system[植物神经]

sympathetic nerve[交感神经]

parasympathetic nerve[副交感神经]

spinal cord[脊髓]

encephalon (brain)[脑]

brain stem[脑干]

medulla oblongata[延髓]

pons [脑桥]

mesencephalon[中脑]

midbrain[中脑]

cerebellum[小脑]

diencephalon[间脑]

thalamus[丘脑]

hypothalamus[下丘脑]

hypophysis[垂体]

telencephalon[端脑]

cerebrum[大脑]

cerebral cortex[大脑皮质]

corpus striatum[纹状体]

internal capsule[内囊]

spinothalamic tract[皮质脊髓束]

medial lemniscus[内侧丘系]

lateral lemniscus[外侧丘系]

spinal lemniscus[脊髓丘系]

trigeminal lemniscus[三叉丘系]

7、体表标记[Anatomic marks]

naso-labial groove[鼻唇沟]

suprasternal fossa[胸骨上窝]

supraclavicular fossa[锁骨上窝]

infraclavicular fossa[锁骨下窝]

armpit (axillary fossa)[腋窝]

midsternal (midian) line[胸骨中线(正中线)]

anterior midian line[前正中线]

parasternal line[胸骨旁线]

midclavicular line[锁骨中线]

mammillary (nipple, milk) line[乳线]

posterior (mid-, anterior) axillary line[腋后(中,前)线]

scapular line[肩胛线]

midspinal line[脊柱中线]

dorsomedian line[后正中线]

linea paravertebralis [脊椎旁线]

the left (right) upper abdomen (quadrant)[左(右)上腹]

epigastrium[上腹部]

the middle abdomen[中腹部]

the lower abdomen[下腹部]

linea pararectalis[腹直肌旁线]

anterior superior spine[髂前上棘]

symphysis pubis (symphysion)[耻骨联合]

ischial tuberosity[坐骨结节]

groin (inguen)[腹股沟]

popliteal fossa[腘窝]

upper extremity(limb)[上肢]

lower extremity(limb)[下肢]

posterior superior spine[髂后上嵴]

anterior (dorsal) part of chest(前(后)胸部)

scapular region[肩胛区]

anterior (posterior) fontanelle[前(后)囱]

Nervous System 神经系统

peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统

neuron 神经元

neuroglia 神经胶质

nucleus 神经核

tract 神经束

ganglion 神经节

nerve 神经

spinal nerves 脊神经

cervical plexus 颈丛

phrenic nerve 膈神经

brachial plexus 臂丛

longthoracic nerve 胸长神经

thoracodorsal nerve 胸背神经

axillary nerve 腋神经

musculocutaneous nerve 肌皮神经

median nerve 正中神经

ulnar nerve 尺神经

radial nerve 桡神经

thoracic nerves 胸神经

intercostal nerve 肋间神经

lumbar plexus 腰丛

lumbosacral trunk 腰骶干

femoral nerve 股神经

obturator nerve 闭孔神经

sacral plexus 骶丛

sciatic nerve 坐骨神经

tibial nerve 胫神经

common peroneal nerve 腓总神经

superficial peroneal nerve 腓浅神经

deepp eroneal nerve 腓深神经

cranial nerves 脑神经

olfactory nerve 神经

optic nerve 视神经

oculomotor nerve 动眼神经

trochlear nerve 滑车神经

trigeminal nerve 三叉神经

abducent nerve 展神经

facial nerve 面神经

vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经

glossopharyngeal nerve 舌咽神经

vagus nerve 迷走神经

accessory nerve 副神经

hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经

visceral nervous system 内脏神经系

autonomic nervous system 自主神经系

vegetative nervous system 植物性神经系

sympathetic nerve 交感神经

parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经

central nervous system 中枢神经系统

spinal cord 脊髓

gray matter 灰质

white matter 白质

substantia gelatinosa 胶状质

nucleus thoracicus 胸核

fasciculus gracilis 薄束

fasciculus cuneatus 楔束

spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束

corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束

brain (encephalon) 脑

brain stem 脑干

medulla oblongata 延髓

pons 脑桥

midbrain (mesencephalon) 中脑

pyramid 锥体

pyramidal decussation 锥体交叉

inferior olive nucleus 下橄榄核

gracilis tubercule 薄束结节

cuneate tubercule 楔束结节

inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚

fourth ventricle 第四脑室

rhomboid fossa 菱形窝

striae medullaris 髓纹

hypoglossal trigone 舌下神经三角

vagal trigone 迷走神经三角

area postrema 最后区

obex 闩

medial eminence 内侧隆起

facial colliculus 面丘

vestibular area前庭区

acoustic tubercle 听结节

middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚

superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚

inferior colliculus 下丘

superior colliculus 上丘

crus cerebri 大脑脚

cerebral aqueduct 中脑导水管

medial lemniscus 内侧丘系

spinal trigeminal tract 三叉神经脊髓束

spinal trigeminal nucleus 三叉神经脊束核

solitary nucleus 孤束核

nucleus ambiguus 疑核

pontine nuclei 脑桥核

trapezoid body 斜方体

lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系

locus ceruleus 蓝斑

substantia nigra 黑质

red nucleus 红核

reticular formation 网状结构

raphe nuclei 中缝核

cerebellum 小脑

diencephalon 间脑

thalamus 丘脑

metathalamus 后丘脑

epithalamus 上丘脑

subthalamus 底丘脑

hypothalamus 下丘脑

opticchiasma 视交叉

telencephalon (cerebrum) 端脑(大脑)

temporal lobe 颞叶

frontal lobe 额叶

parietal lobe 顶叶

occipital lobe 枕叶

insula 岛叶

limbic lobe 边缘叶

corpus callosum 胼胝体

central sulcus 沟

lateral sulcus 外侧沟

parieo-occipital sulcus 顶枕沟

calcarine sulcus 距状沟

precentral gyrus 前回

postcentral gyrus 后回

angular gyrus 角回

supramarginal gyrus 缘上回

lingual gyrus 舌回

cuneus gyrus 楔回

dentate gyrus 齿状回

parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回

uncus (海马旁回)钩

paracentral lobule 旁小叶

cingulate gyrus 扣带回

lateral ventricle 侧脑室

basal nuclei 基底核

caudate nucleus 尾状核

lentiform nucleus 豆状核

putamen 壳

globus palidus 苍白球

corpus striatum 纹状体

fornix 穹窿

internal capsule 内囊

cerebral cortex 大脑皮质

dura mater 硬脑膜

arachnoid 蛛网膜

pia mater 软脑膜

basilar artery 基底动脉

cerebral arterial circle 大脑动脉环

cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液

Thermometer[体温表]

·Tongue depressor (spatula)[压舌板]

·Needle[针头]

·Syringe[注射器]

·Cotton stick (ball)[棉签(球)]

·Bandage[绷带]

·Elastic bandage[弹力绷带]

·Esmarch`s bandage[橡皮绷带]

·Tourniquet[止血带]

·Gauze[纱布]

·Adhesive plaster[橡皮膏]

·Dressing[敷料]

·Splint[夹板]

·Rubber glove[橡皮手套]

·Sand bag[沙袋]

·Ice bag[冰袋]

·Hot water bottle[热水瓶]

·Bedpan[便盒]

·Urinal[尿壶]

·Catheter[导尿管]

·Rectal tube[肛管]

·Dilator[扩张器]

·Gastric tube[胃管]

·Lavage tube[洗胃管]

·Oxygen tube (cylinder)[吸氧管]

·Sengstaken-Blakemore tube[三腔二囊管]

·Visual testing chart[视力表]

·Incubator[保温箱]

·Plaster bed[石膏床]

·Sheet[被单]

·Bedding[被褥]

·Blanket[毛毯]

·Diaper[尿布]

·Pillow case[枕套]

·Bedside table[床头柜]

·Towel[毛巾]

·Basin[脸盒]

·Comb[梳子]

·Tooth-paste[牙膏]

·Tooth-brush[牙刷]

·Rubber cushion[橡皮圈]

·Air cushion bed[气垫床]

·Scale[台秤]

·Flashlight[电筒]

·Scissors[剪刀]

·Tray[托盘]

·Sputum cup[痰杯]

·Test tube[试管]

·Infusion support[输液架]

·Infusion drip monitor[输液滴速监护仪]

·Micropump[微泵]

·Operating table[手术台]

·Shadowless lamp[无影灯]

·Slit lamp[裂隙灯]

·Scalpel[手术刀]

·Silk sutures[丝线]

·Rubber drainage[引流管]

·Operating gown[手术衣]

·Overalls[工作服]

·Operating sheet[手术床单]

·Mask[口罩]

·Hemostatic forceps[止血钳]

·Needle forceps (holder)[持针钳] 全身症状

发热 fever

潮热 hot flushes

乏力 easy fatigability

怕冷 sensation of chill

神经质 hervousness

头晕 vertigo

头痛 headache

心慌 palpitation

恶心 nausea

呕吐 emesis;vomiting

腹泻 diarrhea

腰痛 lumbago

麦氏点 McBurney's point

失眠 insomnia

外阴瘙痒 pruritus vulvue

下腹部肿块 abdominal mass

妊娠 pregnancy

多毛 trichauxe;polytrichia;hypertrichiasis

肥胖 obesity;obese

浮肿 edema

脱垂感 sensation of prolapst

乳房 breast

乳汁不行 lack of lactation

月经 menstruation

月经初潮 menarche

月经不规则 irregual menstruation

月经出血量 amount of menstrual bleeding

月经过少 hypomenorrhea

月经过多 hypermenorrhea

月经频发 polymenorrhea

月经稀发 oligomenorrhea

子宫不规则出血 metrorrhagia

子宫不规则过多出血 menometrorrhagia

月经淋漓 menostaxis

月经停闭 amenorrhea

血块 clots

避孕 contraception

避孕套 condom

药物避孕 pharmacologic contraception

疼痛 pain

痛经 dysmenorrheal

下腹痛 lower abdominal pain

发散性疼痛 radiating pain

持续性疼痛 continuous pain

急性疼痛 acute pain

搏动性疼痛 throbbing pain

广泛性疼痛 generalized plain

钝痛 dull pain

锐痛 sharp pain

剧痛 excruciating

牵引痛 dragging pain

触痛 tenderness

下肢痉挛痛 cramp pain of the lower extremities

阵痛 labor pain

白带 vaginal discharge ; vaginal fluor ; leucorrhea

大量 excess massine

中等量 moderate

少量 scanty

浆液性 serous

泡沫状 frothy

水样的 watery

恶臭 fetid ; malodour ; foul

霉臭 musty

酸味 acid

排尿排便

残尿感 sensation of residual urine

多尿 urorrhagia ; polyuria

少尿 uropenia ; oliuria

尿闭 urodialysis

尿失禁 urinary incontinentia ; uroclepsia

尿频 frequent urination

无尿 anuria

血尿 hematuria

便秘 constipation

体温 temperature

脉搏 pulse

呼吸 respiration

血压 blood pressure

128个护理诊断-医学英语

2009-7-16 9:9 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】

NANDA通过的以人类反应型态(Human ResPonse Patterns)的分类方法。现将人类 反应型态分类方法的128个护理诊断分列如下:

(1)交换(Exchanging)

营养失调:高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:More Than Body Requirements)

营养失调:低于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition: less Than Body Requirements)

营养失调:潜在高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:Potential for More Than Body Requirements)

有感染的危险(Risk for Infection)

有体温改变的危险(Risk for Altered Body Temperature)

体温过低(Hypothermia)

体温过高(Hyperthermia)

体温调节无效(Ineffective Thermoregulatlon)

反射失调(Dysre flexia)

便秘(Constipation)

感知性便秘(Perceived Consttipation)

结肠性便秘(Colonic Constipation)

腹泻(Diarrhea)

大便失禁(Bowel Inconttinence)

排尿异常(Altered Urinary Elimination)

压迫性尿失禁(Sires Incontlnence)

反射性尿失禁(Reflex Incontlnence)

急迫性尿失禁(Unge Incontlnence)

功能性尿失禁(Functional Incontlnence)

完全性尿失禁(Total Incontlnencd

尿储留(Urinary Retentron)

组织灌注量改变(肾、脑、心肺、胃肠、周围血管)(Altered Tissue

Perfuslorl( Renal, Cereral, Cardlopulmonary Gastrolntestlnal,Peripheral)

体液过多(Fluid Volume Excess)

体液不足(Fluid Volume Deficit)

体液不足的危险(Risk for Fluid VolUme Deficit)

心输出量减少(Deer.a.ed CardlacouPu)

气体交换受损(Imnaired Gas Exc5anse)

清理呼吸道无效(Ineffecthe Airway Clearance)

低效性呼吸型态(Ineffective Breathing Pattern)

不能维持自主呼吸( Inability to Sustain SPontaneous Ventilation)

呼吸机依赖( Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning ResPonse,DVWR)

有受伤的危险(Risk for Injury)

有窒息的危险(Risk for Suffocation)

有外伤的危险(Risk for Trauma)

有误吸的危险(Risk for Aspiration)

自我防护能力改变(Altered Protection)

组织完整性受损(ImPaired Tissue Integrity)

口腔粘膜改变(Altered Oral Mucous Membrance)

皮肤完整性受损(ImPaired Skin Integrity)

有皮肤完整性受损的危险(Risk for ImPaired Skin Integrity)

调节颅内压能力下降( Decreased AdaPtive CaPacityIntracranial)

精力困扰(Energy Field distubance)

(2)沟通(Communicating)

语言沟通障碍(impaired VerbalCommunlcatlon)

(3)关系(Relating)

社会障碍(Impaired Soial Interatlon)

社交孤立(Social Isolition)

有孤立的危险(Risk for.Lonelines.)

角色紊乱(Altered Role Performance)

父母不称职(Altered Parenting)

有父母不称职的危险(Risk for Altered Parenting)

有父母亲子依恋改变的危险(Risk for Altered Parent/Infant/Child Att8Chffi6llt)

性功能障碍(Sexual Dysfunction)

家庭作用改变(Altered Family Process)

照顾者角色障碍(Caresiver Role Strain)

有照顾者角色障碍的危险(Risk for Caregiver Role Strain)

家庭作用改变:酗酒(Altered Family Process: Alcoholism)

父母角色冲突(Parental Role Conflict)

性生活型态改变(Altered SexualityPatterns)

(4)赋予价值(Valuing)

精神困扰(Spiritual Distress)

增进精神健康:潜能性(Potential for Enhance Spiritual Well-Belug)

(5)选择(Choosing)

个人应对无效(Ineffctive Individual Coping)

调节障碍(ImPaired Adjustment)

防卫性应对(Defensive Coping)

防卫性否认(Ineffective Denial)

家庭应对无效:失去能力( Ineffective Family Coping:Disabling)

家庭应对无效:妥协性 (Ineffectiv Family Coping:Compromised)

家庭应对:潜能性(Family CoPing: Potential for Growth)

社区应对:潜能性(Potential for Enhanced Community CoPing)

社区应对无效(Ineffective Community Coping)

遵守治疗方案无效(个人的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen)(Individual)

不合作(特定的)(Noncompliance)(Specitfy)

遵守治疗方案无效(家庭的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen: ( (Families)

遵守治疗方案无效(社区的)(Ineffective Management of Thera-peutic Regimen: Community)

遵守治疗方案有效(个人的)(Effective Management of Thera-peutic Regimen:Individual)

抉择冲突(特定的)(Decisional Conflict)(Specify)

寻求健康行为(特定的)(Health Seeking Behaviors)(Specity)

(6)活动(Moving)

躯体移动障碍(ImPaired Physical Mobility)

有周围血管神经功能障碍的危险(Risk for PeriPheralNeurovas-cular Dysfunction)

有围手术期外伤的危险 (Risk for Perloperatlve Positioning Injury)

活动无耐力(Activity Intolerance)

疲乏(Fatigue)

有活动无耐力的危险(Risk for Activity Intolerance)

睡眠状态紊乱(SleepPattern Disturbance)

娱乐活动缺乏(Diversional Activity Deficit)

持家能力障碍(Impaired Home Maintenance Management)

保持健康的能力改变(Altered Health Maintenance)

进食自理缺陷(Feeding Self Care Deficit)

吞咽障碍(Impaired Swallowing)

母乳喂养无效(Ineffective Breast Feeding)

母乳喂养中断(Interrunted Breast1ceding)

母乳喂养有效(Effective Breast feeding)

婴儿吸吮方式无效(Ineffective Infant Feeding Pattern)

沐浴/卫生自理缺陷(Bathing/Hygiene Self Care Deficit)

穿戴/修饰自理障碍(Dressing/Grooming Self Care Deficit)

入厕自理缺陷(Toileting Self Care Deficit)

生长发育改变(Altered Growth and Development)

环境改变应激综合征(Relocation Stress Syndrome)

有婴幼儿行为紊乱的危险( Risk for Disorganized Infant Behavior)

婴幼儿行为紊乱(Disorganized Infant Behavior)

增进婴幼儿行为(潜能性)(potential for Disorganized Infant ganlzed Infantkhavlor)

(7)感知(Perceiving)

自我形象紊乱(Body Imagse Disturbance)

自尊紊乱(SolfEsteem disturbance)

长期自我贬低(Chronic Low Self Esteem)

情境性自我贬低(Situational Low Self Esteem)

自我认同紊乱(Personal Identity disturbance)

感知改变(特定的)(视、听、运动、味、触、嗅)(Sensory/PerceptualAlterations)(specify)(Visual,Auditory,Kinesthetlc,Gustatory,Tao-tile,Olfactory)

单侧感觉丧失(Unilateral Neglect)

绝望(Honelessness)

为力(Powerlessness)

(8)认知(Knowing)

知识缺乏(特定的)(Knowledge Deficit)(Specify)

定向力障碍(Impaired Environmental Interpretation)

突发性意识模糊(Acute Confusion)

渐进性意识模糊(Chronic Confusion)

思维过程改变(Altered Thought Processes)

记忆力障碍(ImPaired Memoryy)

(9)感觉(Feeling)

疼痛(Pain)

慢性疼痛(Chronic Pain)

功能障碍性悲哀(Dysfunctional Crievins)

预感性悲哀(AnticiPatory Crieving)

有暴力行为的危险:对自己或对他人(Risk for Violence: Self-Directed or drected at Others)

有自伤的危险(Risk for Self-Mutilation)

创伤后反应(Post-Trauma Response)

强奸创伤综合征(RaPe-Trauma Syndrome)

强奸创伤综合征:复合性反应(Repe-Trauma Syndrome:Compound Reaction)

强奸创伤综合征:沉默性反应( Rape-Trauma Syndrome:Silent)

焦虑(Anxiety)

恐惧(Fear)

Preoperative Assessment术前评估

Assessment and Implementation评估实施

1.Use Standard Protocol.采用标准护理程序

2.Determine if the client has any communication impairment and if the client is mentally competent.测定病人存在沟通障碍,心智是否健全。

3.Assess the client's understanding of the intended surgery and anesthesia.

评估病人是否了解即将进行的手术及麻醉。

4.Obtain a nursing history:获取护理史

A.Condition leading to surgery 需手术的病情

B. The need for isolation precautions. 隔离需要

C.Chronic illnesses. 慢性疾病

D.Last menstrual period (for female clients in childbearing years)。 末次月经(育龄期女性病人)

E.Previous hospitalizations. 既往住院史

F.Medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter (OTC), and date/time of last doses. 用药史,包括处方与非处方药,末次用药日期/时间

G.Previous experience with surgery and anesthesia.既往手术及麻醉史

H.Family history of complications from surgery or anesthesia. 家庭手术或麻醉并发症史

I.Allergies to medications or food, including specific questions about natural rubber latex.药物或食物过敏史,包括天然橡胶特种过敏反应

J.Physical impairment. 身体受损情况

K.Prostheses and implants (e.g., dentures, hearing aid, pacemaker, internal defibrillator, hip prosthesis)假体和移植(如义齿、助听器、起搏器、除颤器、人工髋关节)

L.Smoking, alcohol, and drug use. 吸烟、饮酒和吸毒史

M.Occupation 职业

5.Assess client's weight, height, and vital signs.评估病人体重、身高和生命体征。

6.Assess client's respiratory status, including character and rate of respirations, oxygen saturation, ability to breathe lying flat, and chest x-ray report.评估病人呼吸系统状况,包括呼吸特征与速度,氧饱和度,平卧呼吸能力及胸片。

7.Assess client's circulatory status, including apical pulse,

electrocardiogram (ECG) report, and peripheral pulses.评估病人循环系统状况,包括心尖搏动、心电图和周围脉搏。

8.Determine client's neurological status, including level of consciousness (LOC)。测定病人神经学状况,包括神志清醒程度。

9.Assess client's musculoskeletal system,including range of motion (ROM) of joints.评估病人肌骨骼系统,包括关节活动度。

10.Examine client's skin; identify any breaks in skin integrity and determine level of hydration.检查病人皮肤,确认皮肤完整性受损情况,确定水合程度。

11.Assess client's emotional status, including level of anxiety, coping ability, and family support.评估病人情绪状况,包括焦虑程度、应对能力和家庭支援。

12.Review the results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, urinalysis, and other diagnostic tests.审查化验报告,包括全血计数、电解质、尿检和其他诊断试验。

13.Ask if client has an advanced directive.询问病人是否得到事先说明。

14.Identify the time of client's last intake of food or drink.确认病人上次摄食与饮水时间。

15.Use Completion Protocol.采用护理完成标准程序。

Evaluation评价

1.Review records to determine if necessary information has been assessed.复查记录,确定必需项目是否得到评估。

2.Evaluate client's ability to cooperate.评价病人合作能力。

Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions确认意外结果与护理措施

Record and Report记录与报告

1.Using agency format (preoperative checklist), complete all essential information.采用机构表格(术前目录单),填写全部重要信息。

2.Report abnormal laboratory values and other concerns to the surgeon or anesthesiologist.向手术医生或麻醉师报告异常化验值及其他问题。

妇产科英语词汇

2009-6-9 10:31 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】

Ab antibody 抗体

ACTH adrenocortieotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素

ADH antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素

AFE amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞

AFP alpha fetoprotein 甲胎蛋白

Ag antigen 抗原

AID artificial insemination with donor's semen 供精者精液授精

AD autoimmune disease 自身免疫病

AIDS acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合症(艾滋病)

AIH artificial insemination with husband's semen 丈夫精液授精

AKP alkline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶

AMPS acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖

AR autosome recessive 常染色体隐性遗传

ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome 成人呼吸窘迫综合症

ARV AIDS-related virus AIDS 相关病毒

AS Arias-Stella reaction A-S 反应(阿-斯反应)

ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷

BBT basal body temperature 基础体温

BCG bacille Calmette-Guerin 卡介苗

BFHR baseline fetal heart rate 胎心率基线

BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率

BPD biparietal diameter 双顶径

bpm beat per minute 每分钟心跳

BSP bromsulphalein 磺溴酞钠医.学教.育网搜.集整理(测肝功能)

BV bacterial vaginosis 细菌性阴道病

CAH Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 先天性肾上原皮质增生

cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷

CBG corticosteroid binding globulin 皮质甾类结合球蛋白

CC choriocarcinoma 绒毛膜癌

CCT chorionic corticotropin 绒毛膜促性腺激素

CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen 癌胚抗原

CEE 3 cyclopentyl-17-ethinyl estradiol ether 炔雌醇-环戊醚

CF chemotactic factor 趋化因子

CHM complete hydatidiform mole 完全性葡萄胎

CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 宫颈上皮内瘤样病变

CIS carcinoma in situ 原位癌

CMV eytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒

CPD cephalopelvic disproportion 头盆不称

cpm counts per minute 次/分

CRP c-reaction protein C-反应蛋白

CSA cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原

CST contraction stress test 宫缩应激试验

CT chorionic thyrotropin 绒毛膜促甲状腺素

computerized tomography 电子计算机X线断层照相术

CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压

DC diagonal conjugate 对角径

D dilatation and curettage 刮宫术

DES diethylstilbestrol 己烯雌酚(乙菧酚)

DHA dehydroepiandrosterone脱氢表雄酮

DHAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 硫酸脱氢表雄酮

DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 弥漫性血管内凝血

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

DNase deoxyribonuclease 脱氧核糖核酸酶

El estrone 雌酮

E2 estradiol 雌二醇

E3 estriol 雌三醇

EC external conjugate 骶耻外径

E/C E3/creatinine 雌三醇/肌酐

ED early deceleration 早期减速

EDC expected date of confinement 预产期

EDRFs endothelinum-derived relaxing factor 血管内皮细胞舒张因子

EE ethinyl estradiol 炔雌醇

EI eosinophilic index 嗜伊红细胞指数

EIA enzyme-immunoassay酶免疫试验

EIN endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia 子宫内膜上皮内瘤样病变

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验

ER estrogen receptor雌激素受体

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率

ET endothelin 内皮素

FAD fetal activity acceleration determination 胎儿活动加速测定

FDP fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白原降解产物

FECG fetal electrocardiography 胎儿心电图

FHR fetal heart rate 胎心率

FIGO Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics 国际妇产科协会

FM fetal movement胎动

FSH follicle stimulating hormone 卵泡刺激素

FSH-RH follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone 卵泡刺激素释放激素

FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验

GFR glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率

GIFT gamete intra fallopian transfer医学教.育网搜集 配子输卵管内移植

Gn-RH gonadotropin releasing hormone 促性腺激素释放激素

Gn-RH-a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist(analogue)

促性腺素释放激素激动剂(类似物)

GTD gestational trophoblastic disease 妊娠滋养细胞疾病

GTT gestational trophoblastic tumor 妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤

Gy grayunit 辐射吸收剂量单位,1Gy=100rads

HAIR hemoagglutination inhibition reaction血凝抑制反应

HAV hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒

HBV hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒

HBAg hepatitis B antigen 乙型肝炎抗原

HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙型肝炎核心抗原

HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙型肝炎核心相关抗原

HBIG hepatitis B immunoglobulin 乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白

HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙型肝炎表面抗原

HCV hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒

HDV hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒

HEV hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒

HCG human chorionic gonadotropin (人)绒毛膜促性腺激素

HCT human chorionic thyrotropin (人)绒毛膜促甲状腺激素

HDN hemolytic disease of newborn 新生儿溶血性疾病

HELLP syndrome hemolytic anemia,elevated liver function and low platelet count syndrome 溶血,肝酶升高及血小板减少综合征(HELLP综合征)

HGG human gammaglobulin (人)丙种球蛋白

HGH human growth hormone (人)生长激素

HIV human immunodeficiency virus (人)免疫缺陷病毒

HLA human leukocyte antigen (人)白细胞抗原

HM hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎

HMG human menopausal gonadotropin (人)绝经期促性腺激素

HPG human pituitary gonadotropin (人)垂体促性腺激素

HPF high power field 高倍视野

HPL human placental lactogen (人)胎盘生乳素

HPV human papilloma virus 人乳头状瘤病毒

HSAP heat stable alkaline phosphatase 耐热性碱性磷酸酶

HSG hysterosalpingography 子宫输卵管造影

HTLv human T lymphotrophic virus type (人)嗜T细胞病毒重型

HSV herpes simplex virus 单纯疱疹病毒

H-Y antigen histocompatibility Y antigen 组织相容性Y抗原

IC intercristal diameter 髂嵴间径

ICP intrahepatic eholestasis of pregnancy 妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症

IFN interferon 干扰素

Ig immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白

IHM invasive hydatidiform mole 侵蚀性葡萄胎

IL interleukin 白细胞介素

IRDS idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome 特发性呼吸窘迫综合征

IS interspinal diameter 髂棘间径

IT intertrochanteric diameter 粗隆间径

IU,iu international unit 国际单位

IUD intrauterine device 宫内节育器

IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation 宫内发育迟缓

IVF-ET in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer 体外受精与胚胎移植

iv gtt intravenously guttae 静脉滴注

LAK lymphokine activated killer cell 淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞

LAV lymphadenopathy associated virus 淋巴腺病相关病毒

LD late deceleration 晚期减速

LD50 median lethal dose 半数致死量

LDH lactin dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶

LGA large for gestational age 大于孕龄

LH luteinizing hormone 黄体生成激素

LH-RH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone 黄体生成激素释放激素

LMA left mento anterior颏左前

LMP left mento posterior 颏左后

last menstrual period末次月经日期

LMT left mento transverse 颏左横

LOA left occipito anterior 枕左前

LOP left occipito posterior 枕左后

LOT left occipito transverse 枕左横

LRF luteinizing hormone releasing factor 黄体生成激素释放因子(即LH-RH)

LSA left sacro anterior 骶左前

LSP left sacro-posterior骶左后

LST left sacro-transverse骶左横

LScA left scapulo-anterior 肩左前

LScP left scapulo-osterior 肩左后

L/S lecithin/sphingomyelin 卵磷脂/鞘磷脂

LUFS luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 黄素化未破裂卵泡综合征

mABP mean arterial blood pressure平均动脉压

MI maturation index 成熟指数

mol mole 摩尔,\"物质的量\"单位

mRNA messenger RNA信使核糖核酸

mμg millimicrogram 毫微克

McAb monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体

MRI magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成相

MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone 促黑素细胞激素

nm nanometer 毫微米

NST non-stress test无应激试验

OCT oxytocin challenge test 催产素激惹试验

OT old tuberculin 旧结核菌素

△OD optical density difference吸光度差

PBI protein bound iodine 蛋白结合碘

PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome 多囊卵巢综合征

PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应

PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 肺毛细血管楔压

pg picogram 微微克

PG prostaglandin 前列腺素

PGF 前列腺素F

PGE 前列腺素E

PGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素

PHM partial hydatidiform mole 部份性葡萄胎

PID pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎

PIH pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合征

prolact ininhibitory hormone 催乳激素抑制激素

PMP previous menstrual period 前次月经日期

POP plasma oncotic pressure 血浆胶体渗透压

PR progestogen receptor 激素受体

PRL prolactin催乳激素

PSβ1G pregnancy specific β1-glycoprotein 妊娠特异β1糖蛋白

PSTT placental-site trophoblastic tumor 胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤

PVP polyvinyl-pyrrolidone 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮

rad 拉德,辐射吸收剂量单位

Rh rheus 猕(指人红细胞某种物质与猕红细胞相似)

RIA radioimmunoassay放射免疫测定

RMA right mento-anterior 颏右前

RMP right mento-posterior 颏右后

RMT right mento-transverse 颏右横

RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸

ROA right occipito-anterior 枕右前

ROP right occipito-posterior 枕右后

ROT right occipito-transverse枕右横

roll over test 翻身试验

RPF renal plasma flow 肾血流量

RSA right sacro-anterior 骶右前

RSP right sacro-posterior 骶右后

RST right sacro-transverse 骶右横

RScA right scapulo-anterior 肩右前

RScP right scapulo-posterior 肩右后

RU rat unit 大鼠单位

SCJ squamo-columnar junction鳞柱交接部

SGA fetus small-for gestational age fetus 小于孕龄儿

SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 血清谷草转氨酶

SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 血清谷丙转氨酶(又称ALT)

SHBG sex hormone binding globulin 性激素结合球蛋白

SOD superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶

STD sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病

T3 triiodothyronine 三碘甲状腺原氨酸

T4 thyroxine 甲状腺素

TBG thyroxine-bindlng globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白

TeBG testoterone estrogen binding globulin 睾酮雌激素结合球蛋白

TF transfer factor 转移因子

TNF tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子

TO transverse outlct 出口横径

TPHA treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay 梅毒螺旋体血凝试验

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone 促甲状腺素释放激素

tRNA transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸

TSH thyroid stlmulating hormone 促甲状腺激素

TXA2 thromboxane A2 血栓素A2

μg microgram 微克

USR unheated serum reagm test 不加热血清反应素试验

VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test 性病研究实验室试验

VD variable deceleratlon 变异减速

VSM vasculo-syncytial membrane 血管合体膜

VIN vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 外阴上皮内瘤样病变

WHO world health organization 世界卫生

运动系统英语词汇

2009-6-9 10:28 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 Locomotor System 运动系统

osteology 骨学

skeleton 骨骼

bone 骨

diaphysis 骨干

epiphysis骨骺

metaphysis 干骺端

medullary cavity 髓腔

epiphyseal cartilage 骺软骨

epiphyseal line 骺线

compact (or dense) bone 骨密质

spongy (or cancellous) bone 骨松质

diploe 板障

periosteum 骨膜

bone marrow 骨髓

vertebra 椎骨

vertebral column 脊柱

atlas 寰椎

axis 枢椎

cervical vertebra 颈椎

thoracic vertebra 胸椎

lumbar vertebra 腰椎

sacrum 骶骨

coccyx 尾骨

sternum 胸骨

manubrium 胸骨柄

body of the sternum 胸骨体

xiphoid process 剑突

sternal angle 胸骨角

jugular notch 颈静脉切迹

rib 肋骨

costal arch 肋弓

skull(or cranium) 颅

frontal bone 额骨

occipital bone 枕骨

sphenoid bone 蝶骨

temporal bone 颞骨

parietal bone 顶骨

ethmoid bone 筛骨

inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲

lacrimal bone 泪骨

nasal bone 鼻骨

vomer 犁骨

maxilla 上颌骨

palatine bone 腭骨

zygomatic bone 颧骨

mandible 下颌骨

hyoid bone 舌骨

inion(or external occipital protuberance) 枕外隆突

superior nuchal line 上项线

groove for superior sagittal sinus 上矢状窦沟

anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone 筛板

middle cranial fossa 颅中窝

hypophyseal fossa 垂体窝

optic canal 视神经管

dorsum sellae 鞍背

foramen lacerum 破裂孔

foramen rotundum 圆孔

forame novale 卵圆孔

foramen spinosum 棘孔

superior orbital fissure 眶上裂

posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝

forame nmagnum 枕骨大孔

hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管

jugular foramen 颈静脉孔

internal occipital protuberance 枕内隆突

groove for transverse sinus 横窦沟

groove for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟

carotid canal 颈动脉管

styloid process 茎突

stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔

pterion 翼点

infratemporal fossa 颞下窝

pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝

orbit 眶

supraorbital foramen (or notch) 眶上孔(或切迹)

infraorbital foramen 眶下孔

mental foramen 颏孔

lacrimal sac 泪囊

nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管

superior (middle,and inferior) nasal meatus 上(中、下)鼻道

paranasal sinus 鼻旁窦

maxillary sinus 上颌窦

fonticuli (or fontanelles) 颅囟

clavicle 锁骨

scapula 肩胛骨

humerus 肱骨

radius 桡骨

ulna 尺骨

carpus 腕骨

metacarpus 掌骨

phalanges 指骨、趾骨

hipbone 髋骨

acetabulum 髋臼

ilium 髂骨

ischium 坐骨

pubis 耻骨

pelvis 骨盆

femur 股骨

patella 髌骨

tibia 胫骨

fibula 腓骨

tarsus 跗骨

talus 距骨

calcaneus 跟骨

metatarsus 跖骨

fibrousjoint 纤维连结

syndesmosis 韧带连结

suture 缝

cartilage joint 软骨连结

synovial joint 滑膜关结

articular surface 关节面

articular capsule 关节囊

articular cavity 关节腔

ligament 韧带

articular disc 关节盘

articular labrum 关节唇

flexion 屈

extension 伸

adduction 收

abduction 展

rotation 旋转

circumduction 环转

pronation 旋前

supination 旋后

eversion 外翻

inversion 内翻

dorsiflexion 背屈

plantarfiexion跖屈

intervertebral disc 椎间盘

fiavum ligament 黄韧带

thoracic cage 胸廓

temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节

sternoclavicular joint 胸锁关节

shoulder joint 肩关节

glenoid labrum 盂唇

elbow joint 肘关节

anular ligament of radius 桡骨环状韧带

proximal radioulnar joint 桡尺近侧关节

distal radioulnar jojnt 桡尺远侧关节

wrist joint (or radiocarpal joint) 腕关节(桡腕关节)

flexor retinaculum 屈肌支持带

extensor retinaculum 伸肌支持带

carpometacarpal joint 腕掌关节

metacarpophalangeal joint 掌指关节

interphalangeal joint 指间关节

pubic symphysis 耻骨联合

sacroiliac joint 骶髂关节

sacrotuberous ligament 骶结节韧带

sacrospinous ligament 骶棘韧带

hip joint 髋关节

tere ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带

knee joint 膝关节

cruciate ligament of knee 膝关节的交叉韧带

lateral meniscus 外侧半月板

medial meniscus 内侧半月板

ankle joint 踝关节

arch of the foot 足弓

muscle 肌肉

tendon 肌腱

aponeurosis 腱膜

fascia 筋膜

superficial fascia 浅筋膜

deep fascia 深筋膜

tendon sheath 腱鞘

fibrous tendon sheath 腱纤维鞘

synovial tendon sheath 腱滑膜鞘

latissimus dorsi muscle 背阔肌

trapezius muscle 斜方肌

erector spinae muscle 竖脊肌

platysma 颈阔肌

sternocleidomastoid muscle 胸锁乳突肌

scaleni muscles 斜角肌

pectoralis major muscle 胸大肌

pectoralis minor muscle 胸小肌

serratus anterior muscle 前锯肌

diaphragm 膈肌

obliquus externus abdominis muscle 腹外斜肌

obliquus internus abdominis muscle 腹内斜肌

transvers usabdonminis muscle 腹横肌

masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌

facial muscles 面肌

deltoid muscle 三角肌

biceps brachii muscle 肱二头肌

triceps brachii muscle 肱三头肌

pronator teres muscle 旋前圆肌

flexor carpi radialis muscle 桡侧腕屈肌

palmaris longus muscle 掌长肌

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle 尺侧腕屈肌

flexor digitorum superiicialis muscle 指浅屈肌

flexor digitorum profundus muscle 指深屈肌

flexor pollicis longus muscle 拇长屈肌

pronator quadratus muscle 旋前方肌

extensor carpi radialis longus muscle 桡侧腕长伸肌

extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle 桡侧腕短伸肌

extensor digitorum muscle 指伸肌

supinator muscle 旋后肌

thenar muscles 鱼际肌

hypothenar muscles 小鱼际肌

lumbrical muscle 蚓状肌

interosseus muscle 骨间肌

gluteus maximus musele 臀大肌

piriformis muscle 梨状肌

quadriceps femoris muscle 股四头肌

sartorius muscle 缝匠肌

biceps femoris muscle 股二头肌

semitendinosus musele 半腱肌

semimembranosus muscle 半膜肌

triceps surae muscle 小腿三头肌

gastrocnemius muscle 腓肠肌

soleus muscle 比目鱼肌

tendo calcaneus 跟腱

阿米巴[性]肝脓肿, amebic liver abscess

Ehlers-Danlos综合征, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

嗳气, belch

凹陷性病变, excavated lesion, depressed lesion

Oddi括约肌成形术, plastic repair of Oddi sphincter

Oddi括约肌切开术, sphincterotomy of Oddi

Oddi括约肌狭窄, stenosis of Oddi sphincter

Osler-Weber-Rendu病, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease

Budd-Chiari综合征, Budd-Chiari syndrome

Barrett's食管, Barrett's esophagus 

板状强直, board-like rigidity

半成形便, semiformed stool

半乳糖耐量, galactose tolerance

伴有先天性综合征的毛细管扩张, telangiectasia associated with congenital syndrome

贝尔西食管裂孔疝修补术, Belsey hiatal hernia repair

背驮式肝移植, piggyback liver transplantation

贲门成形术, cardioplasty

贲门肌切开术, cardiomyotomy

鼻胆管引流[术], nasobiliary drainage

Billroth II式吻合[术], Billroth II anastomosis

Billroth I式吻合[术], Billroth I anastomosis

闭袢性肠梗阻, closed loop intestinal obstruction

闭塞性肝静脉内膜炎, endophlebitis hepatica obliterans

壁外性压迫, extrinsic compression of wall

壁细胞迷走神经切断术, parietal cell vagotomy

便血, hematochezia

变应性直肠炎, allergic proctitis

丙型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type C

病毒性腹泻, viral diarrhea

病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis

病毒性胃肠炎, viral gastroenteritis

Peutz-Jegher's综合征, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome

剥脱活检, strip biopsy

博尔德莫尔食管吻合术, Beordmore anastomosis of esophagus

Braun’s吻合[术], Braun anastomosis

部分肠梗阻, partial intestinal obstruction

擦拭法细胞学检查[术], abrasive cytologic examination

残留结石, residual stone, retained stone

残胃, gastric remnant

藏毛病, pilonidal disease

侧侧吻合[术], side-to-side anastomosis

侧视内镜, side-viewing endoscope

产毒性腹泻, toxigenic diarrhea

肠闭锁, intestinal atresia

肠壁囊样积气, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

肠侧侧吻合[术], side-to-side intestinal anastomosis

肠穿孔, perforation of intestine

肠道细菌内毒素移位, endotoxin translocation from intestine

肠道细菌移位, bacterial translocation from intestine

肠道营养, enteral nutrition

肠动静脉畸形, arteriovenous malformation of bowel

肠端侧吻合[术], end-to-side intestinal anastomosis

肠放射性损伤, radiation injury of intestine

肠梗阻, intestinal obstruction, ileus

肠结核, tuberculosis of intestine

肠淋巴管扩张, intestinal lymphangiectasia

肠内引流式胰腺移植, enteric drainage pancreas transplantation

肠囊肿, enteric cyst

医学英语专业词汇——儿科学(四) 2009-4-14 11:16 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎

pyelectasis 肾盂扩张

pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎

pyothorax 脓胸

rachitic rosary 佝偻病串珠

relapse 复发

remission 缓解

renal glycosuria 肾性尿糖

renal hypertension 肾性高血压

renal rickets 肾性佝偻病

renal rickets 肾性佝偻病

renal tubular acidosis 肾小管酸中毒

respiratory distress 呼吸窘迫

respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭

restless 不安

rickets(vitamin d deficiency) 佝偻病

scoliosis 脊柱侧凸

secondary tuberculosis 继发性肺结核

septic shock 感染性休克

serum iron 血清铁

sickle cell anemia 镰状红细胞性贫血

sinus arrhythmias 窦性心律不齐

subacute bacterio-endocarditis 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎

subdural 硬膜下

subdural effusion 硬膜下积液

syncope 昏厥

tachypnea 呼吸急促

term infant 足月儿

tetralogy of Fallot 法鲁四联症

thickening of the wrists and ankles 手镯及脚镯

total iron binding capacity 血清总铁结合力

transillumination 透照法

transplantation 移植

transposition of great vessels 大血管错位

tricuspid insufficiency 三尖瓣关闭不全

tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄

tube 肾小管

tuberculosis in children 小儿结核病

tuberculosis of bronchial lymph nodes 支气管淋巴结结核

tuberculosis pericarditis 结核性心包炎

tuberculous meningitis 结核性脑膜炎

tuberculous peritonitis 结核性腹膜炎

tuberculous pleuritis 结核性胸膜炎

tubular necrosis 肾小球坏死

Turner syndrome 特纳尔氏综合征

unconjugated bilirubin 未结合胆红素

uremia 尿毒症

urethra 尿道

urethritis 尿道炎

urinary infection 泌尿系感染

urinate 排尿

urocyst 膀胱

urodialysis 无尿

uropenia 少尿

uroschesis 尿滁留

ventricle 心室

ventricular flutter 心室扑动

ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损

viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎

x-linked inheritance 性连锁遗传

lordosis 脊柱前凸

lumber puncture 腰穿

lymphoblastic 淋巴细胞

lymphoma 淋巴病

MCH 红细胞平均血红蛋白量

MCHC 红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度

MCV 红细胞平均容积

meconium aspiration 胎粪吸入

megaloblastic anemia 巨幼细胞性贫血

meningococcemia 脑膜炎球菌菌血症

meningo-encephalitis 脑膜脑炎

mesenteric tuberculosis 肠系膜结核

metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒

miliary tuberculosis 粟粒性肺结核

minimal residual disease 微小残留病

mitral insufficiency 二尖瓣关闭不全

mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄

monocytic leukemia 单核细胞白血病

moro-reflex 拥抱反射

morphology 形态学

mycoplasmal pneumonia 支原体肺炎

myelocytic 髓细胞

myocardiopathy 心肌病

nasal flaring 鼻翼扇动

neonatal convulsions 新生儿惊厥

neonatal hepatitis 新生儿肝炎

neonatal period 新生儿期

neonatal septicemia 新生儿败血症

nephrotic syndrome 肾病综合征

nutritional anemia 营养性贫血

osteite 骨化中心

pancytopenia 全血细胞减少

papulonecrotic tubercalid 丘疹坏死结核疹

paralysis 瘫痪

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性夜间血红蛋白尿

paroxysmal tachycardia 阵发性心动过速

patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭

pathologic jaundice 病理性黄疸

pericarditis 心包炎

pericarditis 心包炎

perinatal period 围产期

perinatal period 围产期

permanent teeth 恒牙

pernicious anemia 恶性贫血

persistent fetal circulation 持续性胎儿循环

phenotype 表型

phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿征

phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis 疱疹性角膜结膜炎

phototherapy 光照疗法

physiologic jaundice 生理性黄疸

pigeon chest 鸡胸

pleuritis 胸膜炎

pneumatocele 肺大泡

pneumonia 肺炎

pneumonia of the newborn 新生儿肺炎

pneumorthorax 气胸

pneumothorax 气胸

polycystic kidney 多囊肾

premature atrial contractions 房性早搏

premature infant 早产儿

premature ventricular contractions 室性早搏

primary complex 原发综合征

primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核

pulmonary cysts 肺囊肿

pulmonary edema 肺水肿

pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿

pulmonary hypertention 肺动脉高压

cerebral hernia 脑疝

cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液

chemotherapy 化疗

chest circumference 胸围

chronic 慢性的

chronic renal failure 慢性肾功能衰竭

chylous urine 乳糜尿

congenital biliary atresia 先天性胆道闭锁

congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病

congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭

convulsion 惊厥

Cooleys anemia(thalassemia) 库利氏贫血

cranial suture 颅骨缝

craniotabes, craniomalacia 颅骨软化

creatinine 肌酐

cyanosis 青紫

cyanosis 紫绀

cystitis 膀胱炎

cytogenetics 细胞遗传学

cytogenetics 细胞遗传学

deciduous teeth 乳牙

dehydration therapy 脱水疗法

development 发育

developmental quotient 发育指数

direct coombs, test 直接抗人球蛋白实验

distention 膨隆

diuresis 多尿

dyspnea 呼吸困难

Eisenmengers syndrome 艾森曼氏格综合征

encephalitis 脑炎

endocarditis 心内膜炎

enterohepatic circulation bilirubin 肠肝循环

erythema induratum 硬红斑

erythroleukemia 红白血病

event free survival(efs) 无病生存率

exchange transfusion 换血疗法

Fanconis anemia 范可尼贫血

febrile convulsions 高热惊厥

fetal hydrops 胎儿水肿

flaring of the nose, alae 鼻翼

focal glomerulonephritis 局灶性肾炎

fontanel 囟门

free erythrocyte protoporphyrin 红细胞游离

galactosemia 半乳糖血症

genotype 基因型

glomerule 肾小球

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency g-6-pd酶缺乏

glycogen storage disease 糖原累积征

Harrisons groove 郝氏沟

hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis 血行播散性肺结核

hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血

hemolytic disease of the newborn 新生儿溶血症

hepato-glycogenosis 肝糖元累积症

hepatolenticular degeneration 肝豆状核变性

hereditary spherocytosis 遗传性球型红细胞增多症

hilum tuberculosis 肺门结核

hydrocephalus 脑积水

hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症

hyperkalemia 高钾血症

hypersplenism 脾机能亢进

hypertension 高血压

hypocalcemia 低钙血症

hypophosphatemia 低磷血症

hypotension 低血压

hypoxia 缺氧

idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood 儿童特发性肾病综合征

immunology 免疫学

increased sweating 多汗

indirect bilirubin 间接胆红素

infantile period 婴儿期

infantile tetany 婴儿手足畜溺症

inherited metabolic disorders 遗传代谢病

intelligence quotient 智力商

interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎

intracranial hemorrhage 颅内出血

iron deficiency anemia 缺铁型贫血

ischemia 缺血

karyotype 核型

kernicterus 核黄疸

kidney 肾脏

kidney tuberculosis 肾结核

kyphosis 脊柱后凸

lactose intolerance 乳糖不耐受

lethargy 昏睡

leukemia 白血病

lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎

21-trisomy(Downs syndrome) 21-三体

25-hydroxycholecalciferol 25-羟胆骨化醇

abdominal circumference 腹围

acute 急性

acute glomerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎

acute intracrania hypertension 急性颅内压增高症

acute renal failure 急性肾功能衰竭

acute viral myocarditis 急性病毒性心肌炎

Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚斯二氏综合征

adenovirus pneumonia 腺病毒肺炎

adolescence 青春期

albinism 白化病

anaphylactoid shock 过敏性休克

aneuploidy 非整倍体性

anterior fontanel 前囟

aortic insufficiency 主动脉瓣关闭不全

aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血

asphyxia 窒息

atelectasis 肺不张

atrial flutter 心房扑动

atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损

atrium 心房

autosomal dominant inheritance 常染色体显性遗传

autosomal recessive inheritance 常染色体阴性遗传

azotemia 氮质血症

Bantis syndrome 班替氏综合征

beading of ribs 肋骨串珠

benign recurrent hematuria 良性反复血尿

bilirubin encephalopathy 胆红素脑病

birth date 出生日期

birth injury 产伤

bladder tuberculosis 膀胱结核

body build 体格

body conformation 体态

body length 身高

body weight 体重

bone age 骨龄

bone marrow aspiration 骨髓穿刺

bone tuberculosis 骨结核

bow-leg, genu varum 弓型腿,膝内翻

brain abscess 脑脓肿

breast milk jaundice 母乳性黄疸

bronchial pneumonia 支气管肺炎

bronchiectasis 支气管扩张症

calciferol 骨化醇

caput quadratus 方颅

carbon dioxide retention 二氧化碳储留

cardiac arrest 心脏停搏

cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常

cardiac failure 心力衰竭

cardiogenic shock 心源性休克

cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病

caseous pneumonia 干酪性肺结核

cd(clusters of differentiation) 分化抗原决定族

cerebral edema 脑水肿

cerebral edema 脑水肿

检验医学词汇——血常规

2009-3-20 19:7 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 血常规

英文缩写 英文全称 中文全称

WBC white blood cell count 白细胞计数

GR% granulocyte 中性粒细胞百分比

LY% lymphocyte 淋巴细胞百分比

MID% 中值细胞百分比

EOS% eosimophil 嗜酸性粒细胞百分比

AL% allergy lymphocyte 变异淋巴细胞百分比

ST% 中性杆状粒细胞百分比

RBC red blood cell 红细胞计数

HGB hemoglobin 血红蛋白 医 学教 育网

HCT hematocrit 红细胞比积

MCV mean corpusular volume 平均红细胞体积

MCH mean corpusular hemoglobin 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量

MCHC mean corpusular hemoglobin concerntration 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度

RDW red blood cell volume distribution width 红细胞分布宽度变异

PLT/BPC platelet count/blood platelet count 血小板计数

MPV mean platelet volume 平均血小板体积

PCT plateletocrit 血小板比积

PDW platelet distribution width 血小板分布宽度

检验医学词汇——大小便常规

2009-3-20 19:14 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 大小便常规

英文缩写 英文全称 中文全称

PH acidity 酸碱度

NIT nitrite 亚盐

GLU glucose 尿糖

SG specific gravity 比重

PRO protein 尿蛋白

BLD blood 隐血 医 学.教 育网

BIL bilirubin 尿胆红素

URO urobilinogen 尿胆原

WBC white blood cell 白细胞

addish计数 addish count 艾迪氏计数

/HP high power objective 每高倍视野

/LP low power objective 每低倍视野

OB occult blood test 大便隐血试验

生命体征vital signs

2009-3-19 16:40 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】

Vital signs, or signs of life, include the following objective measures for a person: temperature, respiratory rate, heart beat (pulse), and blood pressure. When

these values are not zero, they indicate that a person is alive. All of these vital signs can be observed, measured, and monitored. This will enable the assessment of the level at which an individual is functioning. Normal ranges of measurements of vital signs change with age and medical condition.

生命体征包括对个人所测的下列客观数据:体温、呼吸率、心率(脉搏)和血压。只要这些值不为0,就表明这个人是有生命的。生命体征可以观察、测量和监护,可以据此评估个体的功能水平。所测得的生命体征正常范围因年龄及身体状况不同而发生变化。

The purpose of recording vital signs is to establish a baseline on admission to a hospital, clinic, professional office, or other encounter with a health care provider. Vital signs may be recorded by a nurse, physician, physician's assistant, or other health care professional. The health care professional has the responsibility of interpreting data and identifying any abnormalities from a person's normal state, and of establishing if current treatment or medications are having the desired effect.

记录生命体征的目的是在病人到医院、诊所、诊室或其他健康保健部门就诊时为其建立一个基础数据。生命体征可以由护士、医生、医助或其他健康保健专业人员记录,健康保健专业人员有责任进行解释,识别异常发现,并确认当前治疗或用药起到了预期的疗效。

Vital signs are usually recorded from once hourly to four times hourly, as required by a person's condition.

根据病人状况,生命体征通常每小时记录一次或一小时记录四次。

The vital signs are recorded and compared with normal ranges for a person's age and medical condition. Based on these results, a decision is made regarding further actions to be taken.

生命体征记录后,可根据个人的年龄及疾病与正常范围进行对照,并根据对照结果决定是否进行后续治疗。

All persons should be made comfortable and reassured that recording vital signs is normal part of health checks, and that it is necessary to ensure that the state of their health is being monitored correctly. Any abnormalities in vital signs should be reported to the health care professional in charge of care. form www.med66.com

测量时应保持病人舒适,使病人相信这是健康检查的正常内容之一,并保证病人健康状况得到正确的监护,这一点也很有必要。生命体征异常应向主管护理的健康保健专业人员报告。

As there may be no recorded knowledge of a person's previous vital signs for comparison, it is important that a health care professional be aware that there is

a wide range of normal values that can apply to persons of different ages. The health care professional should obtain as detailed a medical history from the person as soon as possible. Any known medical or surgical history, prior measurements of vital signs, and details of current medications should be recorded, as well. Physical exertion prior to measurement of vital signs, such as climbing stairs, may affect the measurements. This should be avoided immediately before the measurement. Tobacco, caffeinated drinks, and alcohol should be avoided for 30 minutes prior to recording.

也会出现没有先前生命体征记录供对照的情况,这时,健康保健专业人员知道适用于不同年龄人群的正常范围值就显得很重要。健康保健专业人员应尽快尽可能详细地获取个人治疗史,任何已知的内外科病史、以往的生命体征数据和当前用药详细情况也应加以记录。测量前的一些强体力活动,如爬楼梯等,可以影响测量结果,因此,在测量前应避免这些活动。记录前30也应避免吸烟、饮用含咖啡因饮料和酒精。

A person should be sitting down or lying comfortably to ensure that the readings are taken in a similar position each time. The equipment required include a watch with a second hand, an electronic or other form of thermometer, an electronic or manual sphygmomanometer with an appropriate sized cuff, and a stethoscope.

测量时病人应坐、卧舒适,每次测量位置要大致相同。测量用的器具包括秒表、电子或其他体温计、电子或其他人工血压计及一个听诊器,血压计袖带大小要合适。

Transmission

HIV transmission requires contact with body fluids containing infected cells or plasma. HIV may be present in any fluid or exudate that contains plasma or lymphocytes, specifically blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, saliva, or wound exudates. Although theoretically possible, transmission by saliva or droplet nuclei produced by coughing or sneezing is extremely rare, if it occurs. HIV is not transmitted by casual contact or even by the close nonsexual contact that occurs at work, school, or home. The most common means of transmission is direct transfer of bodily fluids either through sharing contaminated needles or sexual relations.

传播

HIV的传播必需要有与含感染细胞或血浆体液的直接接触。HIV可存在于任何含血浆或淋巴细胞的液体或渗出液中,特别是血液、精液、阴道分泌液、母乳、唾液或伤口渗出液。虽然从理论上讲有这种可能性,但在实际中,通过咳嗽或喷嚏唾液或飞沫传播的情形极其罕见。在工作场所、学校或家里的平常接触甚或密切的非性接触都不会传播HIV。最觉见的传播途径是共用注射器或性关系所带来的直接的全液交流。

Sexual practices involving no exposure to bodily fluids are safe. Other practices, such as fellatio and cunnilingus appear to be relatively, but not absolutely, safe. The greatest risk is through genital intercourse, especially anal-receptive

intercourse. Sexual practices producing mucosal trauma before or during intercourse increase the risk. Use of latex condoms or vaginal barriers decreases but does not eliminate risk. Oil-based lubricants decrease the protection provided by latex condoms because they dissolve them.

无体液接触的性生活是安全的。其他如口淫或舐阴等性方式则相对而非绝对安全。最危险的是生殖器性交,尤其是肛交的接受方。性交前或性交中的粘膜破损会增加危险性。使用乳胶避孕套或子宫帽可降低但不能消除这种危险。因为润滑油会溶解乳胶,所以,也会降低避孕套的保护作用。

Infected cells or free virions can reach target cells in a new host via blood transfusion, accidental injection, or mucous membrane exposure. The role of mucous membrane inflammation is illustrated by the effect of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) on susceptibility to HIV infection. HIV transmission is definitely increased by chancroid and may be more likely in the presence of herpes, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and possibly other STDs.

感染细胞或游离病毒体可经由输血、意外注射或粘膜暴露到达新宿主的靶细胞。粘膜炎症所起的作用与其他性传病(STD)医学教.育网搜集和HIV感染易感性的作用相同。软下疳肯定会增加HIV的传播性,单纯疱疹、梅毒、滴虫病和其他STD感染更可能引发HIV传播。

Transmission of HIV by needle-stick injury, estimated at about 1/300 incidents, is much less frequent than transmission of hepatitis B, presumably because of the relatively lower number of HIV virions in the blood of most infected patients. Risk of HIV transmission appears to be increased by deep wounds or injection of blood, such as when hollow-bore needles containing blood penetrate the skin.

由针刺损伤导致的HIV传播发生率估计为1/300,远低于乙型肝炎,这可能是由于大多数感染者血液中的HIV病毒数量相对较少的原故。深部创口或注入血液,如含有血液的中空针头刺入皮肤,都可增加HIV的传播危险。

Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen blood donors has vastly reduced the risk of acquiring HIV by transfusion. However, persons in the early stages of HIV infection, who have not yet mounted an antibody response, may have transiently negative ELISA and Western blot results while yielding positive results for HIV p24 antigen in plasma. These persons may account for the very low, but continuing, risk of transfusion-associated HIV infection (estimated at between 1/10,000 and 1/100,000 per unit transfused). Currently mandated screening for both antibody and p24 antigen may further reduce this risk.

用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法对供血者进行筛检,已大大降低了输血引起的HIV感染危险。不过,HIV感染早期的供血者,在尚未产生抗体应答时,他们的ELISA和Westernblot结果暂时均为阴性,而血浆HIVp24抗原检查则为阳性。这些供血者可能造成非常低、但依然存在的输血相关性HIV感染危险(估计介于1/1万~1/10万之间)。近来采用同时进行抗体

和p24抗原筛检的方法可进一步降低危险性。

Prevention

Multiple strategies are being developed to induce protective immunity in persons not infected with HIV. Immunogens include attenuated live and whole killed HIV, genetically engineered HIV proteins and peptides (e.g., from the viral envelope), and vaccinia virus genetically modified to express HIV viral proteins. These efforts are hampered by the lack of a measurable marker of protective immunity, such as the neutralizing antibody engendered by polio vaccine, or of a convenient animal model. Nevertheless, vaccines continue to be developed and tested for safety and immunogenicity.

传播的预防

正在研制多种方法来诱导未感染HIV者的免疫保护功能。免疫原包括减毒HIV活病毒或完全灭活HIV病毒,因工程HIV蛋白和肽(如取自病毒包膜的),和基因修饰后表达HIV蛋白质的牛痘病毒。这些工作都因缺少可计量的免疫保护标志物而受阻,如灰髓炎疫苗能产生中和抗体;另外也没有合适的动物模型。尽管如此,疫苗研究仍在进行。并在作安全性和免疫遗传学试验。

All pregnant women should be offered a test for antibody to HIV. HIV-infected women should be advised to consider deferring pregnancy at least until management of HIV in pregnancy is better studied. The risk of transmission in utero, intrapartum, or postpartum transmission to the fetus is estimated to be 30 to 50%, but zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) alone reduces intrapartum infection by 2/3, and combinations of drugs may be more effective. Given the low, but real, risk of transmission even with treatment and the uncertainty of the effects on the fetus of drugs needed for their own health, termination of pregnancy may be an alternative for many HIV-infected pregnant women.

所有妊娠妇女都应进行HIV抗体试验。应劝告HIV感染女性推迟怀孕,至少要等到妊娠期HIV处理已有了更好的研究结果后。据估计,胎儿在宫内、产程中或产后的传播危险率为30%~50%,但单用齐多呋啶(ZDV或AZT)即可使分娩期传播减少2/3,联合用药效果会更好。虽然治疗后的传播危险很低,但也确实存在,而且这些胎儿健康所必需的药物对胎儿的影响也不确定,因此,终止妊娠也可能是许多HIV感染孕妇的选择措施之一。

Confidential testing for antibody to HIV should be offered to anyone requesting it, but only in conjunction with pretest and posttest counseling. Persons who are at high risk for contracting HIV infection--even those with negative HIV antibody test results--should not donate blood or organs for transplantation because of the small risk they may have been recently infected and be infectious but antibody-negative.

应向每一个请求者提供保密的HIV抗体检测,并与检测前后的咨询服务相结合。HIV感染高危者――即使是那些HIV抗体检测阴性的人――都不应献血或捐献移植器官,因为他们仍然存在近期感染及具有传染性而抗体呈阴性的可能性。

Isolation of hospitalized patients with HIV infection is unnecessary, except when their complicating infections (e.g., suspected or proven TB) are communicable. Surfaces contaminated by blood or other body fluids should be cleaned and disinfected. HIV is readily inactivated by heat and many disinfectants, including peroxide, alcohols, phenolics, and hypochlorite. The body fluids and tissues of HIV-infected patients should be handled with extreme care.

没必要隔离感染HIV的住院病人,除非他们得有传染性并发感染(如怀疑或证实有结核)。血液或其他体液污染表面应进行清洁和消毒。HIV容易通过加热和许多消毒剂灭活,如过氧化物、酒精、酚和次氯酸。处理HIV感染者的体液和组织时应极其小心。

Medical and dental professionals should wear gloves when examining all patients if contact with mucous membranes or other wet surfaces may occur. Because needle-stick accidents are common, health care workers must be taught how to avoid them.

医生和牙医在检查所有患者时,如需接触粘膜或其他湿面,一定要戴手套。由于针刺意外经常发生,因此,应教育保健工作者如何避免意外。

Postexposure prophylaxis with immediate antiretroviral therapy after penetrating injuries involving HIV-infected blood (needle sticks) or heavy mucous membrane (eye or mouth) contamination is believed to reduce transmission. Combinations of a protease inhibitor with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are currently recommended for postexposure prophylaxis of relatively high-risk exposures. Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) appeared to reduce risk of transmission after needle-stick injuries in one study, which provided the only evidence that prophylaxis works. Because of the low risk of infection for most injuries, controlled prospective studies of the effectiveness of prophylaxis are not practical. Cancers or birth defects from the brief exposures to these drugs have not been found in the small numbers of otherwise healthy persons who have used ZDV for this purpose. Because some women in early pregnancy will be offered postexposure prophylaxis before their pregnancy is suspected or confirmed, special caution must be exercised in treating potentially pregnant women. Additional problems arise when the source or HIV status of blood is unknown, but identification of the source and testing of that person for HIV infection should be vigorously pursued.

现已证明,在贯通伤接触HIV感染血液或严重的粘膜医.学教.育网搜.集整理(口腔或眼睛)接触后,立即用抗逆转录病毒药物作暴露后预防治疗可以能降低传播率。对相对高危暴露,目前推荐用一个蛋白酶抑制剂结合两个逆转录酶抑制剂作暴露后预防治疗。有一项研究发现,AZT能降低针刺后的传播危险,――这也是证明预防有效的唯一一次研究。由于大多数针刺的感染危险性低,预防效果的预期控制性研究也并不实用。在其他不部分HIV感染而

使用ZDV、又无其他疾病的人员中,尚未发现短期用药的致癌和致畸现象。因此,有些妊娠早期妇女在怀疑或证实怀孕前需要进行预防性治疗,在治疗这些潜在的孕妇时就应特别注意。血液来源或血液HIV状况不明会引发其他许多问题,因此确认血液来源及对供血者进行HIV检测丝毫不能松懈。

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