1、-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称,percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗,出法,gavage管词法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少。
2、-cy表示抽象名词,accuracy准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期。
3、-ence、-ance表示性质和动作,difference不同,interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence存在,significance意义,意味。
4、-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀,difficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅,sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变。
5、-er表示……人、……者,diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,shutter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿。
6、-ics 表示……科学,psdiatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopdics矫形科学,auristrics耳科学,gnathostomatics口腔生理学,andriatrics男性医学,男性科。
7、-ian表示人称名词,physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员。
8、-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为……化,simpliffcation简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往。
9、-ing由动词变化而来的动名词,nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制……图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning把……放在适当的位置,mathching和……相配,imaging成像。
10、-ion由动词构成的名词,occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形。
head 头
throat 喉咙,咽喉
armpit hair 腋毛
nipple 乳头
chest 胸部
pit 胸口
navel 肚脐
abdomen 腹部
private parts 阴部
thigh 大腿
neck 脖子
shoulder 肩
back 背
waist 腰
hip 臀部
buttock 屁股
skull 颅骨,头盖骨
collarbone 锁骨
rib 肋骨
backbone 脊骨,脊柱
shoulder joint 肩关节
shoulder blade 肩胛骨
breastbone 胸骨
elbow joint 肘关节
pelvis 骨盆kneecap 膝盖骨
bone 骨
skeleton 骨骼
sinew 腱
muscle 肌肉
joint 关节
blood vessel 血管
vein 静脉
artery 动脉
capillary 毛细血管
nerve 神经
spinal marrow 脊髓
brain 脑
respiration 呼吸
windpipe 气管
lung 肺
heart 心脏
diaphragm 隔膜
exhale 呼出
inhale 呼入
internal organs 内脏
gullet 食管
stomach 胃
liver 肝脏
gall bladder 胆囊
pancreas 胰腺
spleen 脾
duodenum 12指肠
small intestine 小肠
large intestine 大肠
blind gut 盲肠
vermiform appendix 阑尾
rectum 直肠
anus 肛门
bite 咬
chew 咀嚼
knead 揉捏
swallow 咽下
digest 消化
absord 吸收
discharge 排泄
excrement 粪便
kidney 肾脏
bladder 膀胱
penis 阴茎
testicles 睾丸
scroticles 阴囊
urine 尿道
ovary 卵巢
womb 子宫
vagina 阴道
妇产科检查中英文对照
2009-7-16 9:19 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 发红 redness
发疹 eruption
溃疡 ulcer
糜烂 erosion;erodet
白斑 vitiligo leukoplakia
阴蒂肥大 clitorimegaly
处女膜 hymen
阴道窥器 vaginal speculum
阴道分泌物 vaginal secretion;vaginal discharge
阴道横隔 transverse vaginal septum;transverse vaginal septa
宫颈糜烂 erosion of cervix
宫颈肥大 hypertrophy of cervix
宫颈息肉 cervical polyp
宫颈粘膜炎 endocervicitis
宫颈腺囊肿 Naboth cyst
宫颈裂伤 cervical laceration
接触性出血 contact bleeding
前位子宫 anterial uterus
后位子宫 posterial uterus
子宫附件 uterine adnexa
子宫底 fundus of uterus
包块 mass
检查项目
常规检查
全血细胞分析 whole blood cell test
红细胞 red blood cell;erythrocyte
白细胞 white blood cell;leucocyte
血红蛋白 hemoglobin
血小板 thrombocyte;thromboplastid
血型 blood type;blood group
大便常规 routine stool test
大便潜血试验 stool occult blood test
专科检查
阴道分泌物涂片 vaginal secretion smear
妊娠试验 pregnancy test
基础体温 basal body temperature,BBT
性激素 sexual hormone;gonadal hormone
雌激素 estrogen,E?? 雌二醇? estradiol,E2
孕激素 progesterone,P
睾酮 testosterone,T
促激素释放激素 luteinizing hormone,LH
腺垂体促卵泡激素 follicle stimulating hormone,FSH
催乳素 prolactin,PRL
抗精子抗体 anti-sperm antibody ,ASAB
抗心磷脂抗体 anticardiolipins,ACL
抗子宫内膜抗体 EMAb
宫颈粘液检查 cervical mucus examination
宫颈粘膜碘试验 Schiller test
宫颈管刮片 endocervical scraping smear
子宫颈涂片细胞学检查 cervical smear and cytological examination
超声检查 ultrasonography
B超 B-scan
经阴道超声检查 transvaginal ultrasonography
子宫发育不良 hypoplasia of uterus
宫内节育器 intrauterine device,IUD
月经期子宫内膜 menstrual phase of endometrium
子宫内膜 endometrium
卵泡 follicle
孕囊 fertilized egg
囊肿 cyst;hydatidoma;hydatoncus
子宫肌瘤超声所见 ultrasound view of uterine myoma
子宫腺肌症超声所见 ultrasonic feature of uterine adenomyoma
子宫输卵管造影术 hysterosalpingography
单角子宫 unicornuate uterus
双角子宫 uterus bicornis
残角子宫 rudimentary horn of uterus
输卵管积水 hydrosalpinx;hydrops tubae;tubal dropsy
诊断性刮宫 diagnostic curettage;exploratory curettage
宫颈锥切术 conization of cervix
输卵管通液术 fluid infusion of fallopian tubes
经阴道后穹窿穿刺术 colpocoeliotomia posterior
宫腔镜 hysteroscope
阴道镜 colposcope ; vaginoscope
腹腔镜 peritoneoscope;ventroscope;laparo;laparoscope;laproscope
常用中医治疗
补肾滋阴 replenishing vital essence to tonify the kidney
疏肝养肝 soothing and nourishing the liver
健脾和胃 strengthening the spleen and stomach
补益气血 invigorating qi and enriching the blood
活血化瘀 promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis
理气行滞 regulating the flow of qi
清热凉血 removing pathogenic heat from blood
温经散寒 expelling pathogentic cold from channel
利湿除痰 removing dampness by diuresis and eliminating phlegm
解毒杀虫 detoxicating and destroy intestinal worms
中医特色治疗
四黄水蜜外敷 application with
毛冬青保留灌肠 retention-enema with hairy holly root
莪棱保留灌肠 retention-enema with zedoary and burreed tuber
激光治疗 laser therapy
针灸治疗 acupuncture and moxibustion therapy
常用西医治疗
保守治疗 expectant treatment
手术治疗 surgical therapy
药物治疗 drug treatment
放射治疗 radiotherapy
心理治疗 psychotherapy
物理疗法 physical therapy
抗炎 anti-inflammatory therapy
利尿 diuretic therapy
杀菌 sterilization
妇科手术
前庭大腺囊肿造口术 fistulization of bantbolin gland cyst
无孔处女膜切开术 excision of imperfcrated hymen
子宫颈息肉切除术 excision of cervical polyp
全子宫切除术 panhysterectomy ; complete hysterectomy
经腹全子宫切除术 abdominouterectomy ; laparohysterectomy
经腹输卵管卵巢切除术 abdominal salpingo-oophorectomy ; laparosalpingo-oophorectomy
子宫肌瘤剔除术 myomectomy
会阴切开术 episiotomy ; sectio perinealis ; perineotomy
剖宫产 cesarean section ; abdominal delivery ; caesarean section ; cesarean delivery
人工流产 artificial abortion ; induced abortion ; abactio ; abactus venter
药物流产 anti-early pregnancy with drug ;induce abortion with drug
1、总论[Introduction]
superior[上]
inferior[下]
Cranial[头侧]
Caudal[尾侧]
anterior[前]
posterior[后]
ventral[腹侧]
dorsal[背侧]
medial[内侧]
lateral[外侧]
internal[内]
external[外]
superficial[浅]
profundal[深]
proximal[近侧]
distal[远侧]
ulnar[尺侧]
radial[桡侧]
tibial[胫侧]
fibular[腓侧]
2、运动系统[locomotor (kinetic)
vertebrae[椎骨]
cervical vevtebrae[颈椎]
thoracic vertebrae[胸椎]
lumbar vertebrae[腰椎]
sacrum[骶骨]
sternum[胸骨]
rib[肋骨]
thoracic cage[胸廓]
skull[颅]
frontal bone[额骨]
parietal bone[顶骨]
occipital bone[枕骨]
temporal bone[颞骨]
system]
sphenoid bone[蝶骨]
ethmoid bone[筛骨]
mandible (submaxilla)[下颌骨]
maxilla (supermaxilla)[上颌骨]
nasal bone[鼻骨]
coronal (sagital, lambdoid) suture [冠状(矢状,人字)缝]
orbit[眶]
clavicle[锁骨]
scapula (shoulder blade)[肩胛骨]
sternum (breast bone)[胸骨]
manubrium sterni (presternum)[胸骨柄]
midsternum[胸骨体]
xiphoid[剑突]
humerus[肱骨]
radius[桡骨]
ulna[尺骨]
carpal bone[腕骨]
metacarpal bone [掌骨]
phalanges[指(趾)骨]
hip bone[髋骨]
ilium[髂骨]
ischium [坐骨]
pubis[耻骨]
femur [股骨]
patella[髌骨]
tibia[胫骨]
fibula [腓骨]
articulation[关节]
ligament[韧带]
flexion[屈]
extension[伸]
adduction[收]
abduction[展]
medial rotation[旋内]
lateral rotation[旋外]
pronation[旋前]
supination[旋后]
circumductoin[环转]
vertebral column[脊柱]
intervertebral disc[椎间盘]
temporal-mandibular joint[颞下颌关节]
shoulder joint[肩关节]
elbow joint[肘关节]
radiocarpal joint[肩关节]
radiocarpal joint[桡腕关节]
pelvis[骨盆]
hip joint[髋关节]
knee joint[膝关节]
ankle joint[踝关节]
muscle [肌肉]
tendon[肌腱]
fascia[筋膜]
tendinous sheath[腱鞘]
trapezius[斜方肌]
latissimus dorsi[背阔肌]
sternocleidomastoid[胸锁乳突的]
scalenus [斜角肌]
pectoralis major[胸大肌]
intercostales[肋间肌]
diaphragm[膈肌]
inguinal canal[腹股沟管]
masseter[咬肌]
temporalis[颞肌]
deltoid[三角肌]
biceps brachii[肱二头肌]
triceps brachii[肱三头肌]
axillary fossa [腑窝]
gluteus maximus[臀大肌]
piriformis[梨状肌]
sartorius[缝匠肌]
quadriceps femoris[股四头肌]
triceps surae[小腿三头肌]
femoral triangle[股三角]
3、内脏[Viscera]
viscera[内脏]
oral cavity[口腔]
lip[唇]
cheek[颊]
palate[腭]
tooth[牙]
dentes[牙]
tongue[舌]
parotid gland[腮腺]
pharynx[咽]
esophagus[食管]
stomach gaster[胃]
duodenum[十二指肠]
jejunum[空肠]
ileum [回肠]
large intestine[大肠]
caecum[盲肠]
vermiform (appendix)[阑尾]
colon[结肠]
rectum[直肠]
anal canal[肛管]
dentate line[齿状线]
anus[肛门]
liver (hepar)[肝]
porta hepatis[肝门]
gallblader[胆囊]
pancreas[胰]
nose[鼻]
nasal cavity[鼻腔]
paranasal sinus[鼻旁窦]
larynx[喉]
laryngeal cavity[喉腔]
vocal cord[声带]
trachea[气管]
bronchi[支气管]
lung [肺]
pulmonary[肺的]
pleura[胸膜]
mediastinum[纵隔]
kidney[肾]
renal pilvis[肾盂]
ureter[输尿管]
urinary bladder[膀胱]
urethra[尿道]
testis[睾丸]
epididymis[附睾]
ductus deferens[输精管]
spermatic cord[精索]
prostate[前列腺]
scrotum[阴囊]
penis[阴茎]
ovary[卵巢]
uterine tube[输卵管]
uterus[子宫]
vagina[阴道]
clitoris[阴蒂]
mamma (breast)[乳房]
mammary papilla (nipple)[乳头]
perineum[会阴]
pelvic diaphragm[盆膈]
peritoneum[腹膜]
omentum[网膜]
4、心血管系统[Cardiovascular system]
heart[心]
artery[动脉]
vein[静脉]
capillary[毛细血管]
atrium[心房]
ventricle[心室]
tricuspid valve[三尖瓣]
bicuspid valve[二尖瓣]
aortic valve[主动脉瓣]
pulmonary valve[肺动脉瓣]
sinuatrial node[窦房结]
atrioventricular node[房室结]
atrioventricular bundle[房室束]
right/left bundle branch[右/左束支]
coronary artery[冠状动脉]
coronary sinus[冠状窦]
pericardium[心包]
aorta[主动脉]
innominate artery[无名动脉(头臂干)]
common carotid artery[颈总动脉]
carotid sinus [颈动脉窦]
internal(external) carotid artery[颈内(外)动脉]
facial artery[面动脉]
subclavian artery[锁骨下动脉]
mesenteric artery[肠系膜动脉]
common iliac artery[髂总动脉]
popliteal artery [腘动脉]
vena cava [腔静脉]
internal jugular vein[颈内静脉]
cephalic vein[头静脉]
basilic vein[贵要静脉]
saphenous vein[隐静脉]
lymphatic duct[淋巴导管]
thoracic duct[胸导管]
lymph node[淋巴结]
spleen[脾]
thymus[胸腺]
5、感觉器[sense organs]
sensory organ[感觉器]
receptor[感受器]
visual organ[视器]
eyeball [眼球]
cornea[角膜]
sclera[巩膜]
choroid [脉络膜]
ciliary body[睫状体]
iris[虹膜]
retina[视网膜]
optic disc[视神经盘]
macula lutea[黄斑]
aqueous humor[房水]
lens[晶状体]
vitreous body[玻璃体]
eyelid [眼睑]
conjunctiva[结膜]
lacrimal gland[泪腺]
vestibulocochlear organ[前庭蜗器]
ear( auris) [耳]
auricle[耳廓]
acoustic meatus[耳道]
tympanic cavity[鼓室]
tympanic membrane[鼓膜]
pharyngotympanic tube [咽鼓管]
bony(membranous) labyrinth[骨(膜)迷路]
vestibule [前庭]
semicircular canal[半规管]
cochlea[耳蜗]
cochlear duct[蜗管]
olfactory organ[嗅器]
gustatory organ[味器]
taste bud[味蕾]
skin[皮肤]
6、神经系统[Nervous system]
central nervous system[中枢神经系统]
peripheral nervous system[周围神经系统]
visceral nerve[内脏神经医学教.育网搜集]
afferent nerve[传入神经]
efferent nerve[传出神经]
neuron[神经元]
axon [轴突]
dendrite[树突]
glia [神经胶质]
gray matter [灰质]
white matter[白质]
cortex[皮质]
madulla[髓质]
nucleus[神经质]
ganglion[神经节]
fasciculus[神经束]
nerve[神经]
spinal nerve[脊神经]
cervical plexus[颈丛]
brachial plexus[臂丛]
lumbar plexus[腰丛]
sacral plexus [骶丛]
phrenic nerve[膈神经]
median nerve[正中神经]
ulnar nerve[尺神经]
radial nerve[桡神经]
femoral nerve[股神经]
ischiatic nerve[坐骨神经]
common peroneal nerve[腓总神经]
cranial nerve[颅(脑)神经]
olfactory nerve[嗅神经]
optic nerve[视神经]
oculomotor nerve[动眼神经]
trochlear nerve[滑车神经]
trigeminal verve[三叉神经]
abducent nerve[展神经]
facial nerve[面神经]
vestibulocochlear nerve[前庭蜗神经]
glossopharyngeal nerve[舌咽神经]
vagus nerve[迷走神经]
accessary nerve[副神经]
hypoglossal nerve[舌下神经]
autonomic nervous system[自主神经]
vegetative nervous system[植物神经]
sympathetic nerve[交感神经]
parasympathetic nerve[副交感神经]
spinal cord[脊髓]
encephalon (brain)[脑]
brain stem[脑干]
medulla oblongata[延髓]
pons [脑桥]
mesencephalon[中脑]
midbrain[中脑]
cerebellum[小脑]
diencephalon[间脑]
thalamus[丘脑]
hypothalamus[下丘脑]
hypophysis[垂体]
telencephalon[端脑]
cerebrum[大脑]
cerebral cortex[大脑皮质]
corpus striatum[纹状体]
internal capsule[内囊]
spinothalamic tract[皮质脊髓束]
medial lemniscus[内侧丘系]
lateral lemniscus[外侧丘系]
spinal lemniscus[脊髓丘系]
trigeminal lemniscus[三叉丘系]
7、体表标记[Anatomic marks]
naso-labial groove[鼻唇沟]
suprasternal fossa[胸骨上窝]
supraclavicular fossa[锁骨上窝]
infraclavicular fossa[锁骨下窝]
armpit (axillary fossa)[腋窝]
midsternal (midian) line[胸骨中线(正中线)]
anterior midian line[前正中线]
parasternal line[胸骨旁线]
midclavicular line[锁骨中线]
mammillary (nipple, milk) line[乳线]
posterior (mid-, anterior) axillary line[腋后(中,前)线]
scapular line[肩胛线]
midspinal line[脊柱中线]
dorsomedian line[后正中线]
linea paravertebralis [脊椎旁线]
the left (right) upper abdomen (quadrant)[左(右)上腹]
epigastrium[上腹部]
the middle abdomen[中腹部]
the lower abdomen[下腹部]
linea pararectalis[腹直肌旁线]
anterior superior spine[髂前上棘]
symphysis pubis (symphysion)[耻骨联合]
ischial tuberosity[坐骨结节]
groin (inguen)[腹股沟]
popliteal fossa[腘窝]
upper extremity(limb)[上肢]
lower extremity(limb)[下肢]
posterior superior spine[髂后上嵴]
anterior (dorsal) part of chest(前(后)胸部)
scapular region[肩胛区]
anterior (posterior) fontanelle[前(后)囱]
Nervous System 神经系统
peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统
neuron 神经元
neuroglia 神经胶质
nucleus 神经核
tract 神经束
ganglion 神经节
nerve 神经
spinal nerves 脊神经
cervical plexus 颈丛
phrenic nerve 膈神经
brachial plexus 臂丛
longthoracic nerve 胸长神经
thoracodorsal nerve 胸背神经
axillary nerve 腋神经
musculocutaneous nerve 肌皮神经
median nerve 正中神经
ulnar nerve 尺神经
radial nerve 桡神经
thoracic nerves 胸神经
intercostal nerve 肋间神经
lumbar plexus 腰丛
lumbosacral trunk 腰骶干
femoral nerve 股神经
obturator nerve 闭孔神经
sacral plexus 骶丛
sciatic nerve 坐骨神经
tibial nerve 胫神经
common peroneal nerve 腓总神经
superficial peroneal nerve 腓浅神经
deepp eroneal nerve 腓深神经
cranial nerves 脑神经
olfactory nerve 神经
optic nerve 视神经
oculomotor nerve 动眼神经
trochlear nerve 滑车神经
trigeminal nerve 三叉神经
abducent nerve 展神经
facial nerve 面神经
vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经
glossopharyngeal nerve 舌咽神经
vagus nerve 迷走神经
accessory nerve 副神经
hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经
visceral nervous system 内脏神经系
autonomic nervous system 自主神经系
vegetative nervous system 植物性神经系
sympathetic nerve 交感神经
parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经
central nervous system 中枢神经系统
spinal cord 脊髓
gray matter 灰质
white matter 白质
substantia gelatinosa 胶状质
nucleus thoracicus 胸核
fasciculus gracilis 薄束
fasciculus cuneatus 楔束
spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束
corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束
brain (encephalon) 脑
brain stem 脑干
medulla oblongata 延髓
pons 脑桥
midbrain (mesencephalon) 中脑
pyramid 锥体
pyramidal decussation 锥体交叉
inferior olive nucleus 下橄榄核
gracilis tubercule 薄束结节
cuneate tubercule 楔束结节
inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚
fourth ventricle 第四脑室
rhomboid fossa 菱形窝
striae medullaris 髓纹
hypoglossal trigone 舌下神经三角
vagal trigone 迷走神经三角
area postrema 最后区
obex 闩
medial eminence 内侧隆起
facial colliculus 面丘
vestibular area前庭区
acoustic tubercle 听结节
middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚
superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚
inferior colliculus 下丘
superior colliculus 上丘
crus cerebri 大脑脚
cerebral aqueduct 中脑导水管
medial lemniscus 内侧丘系
spinal trigeminal tract 三叉神经脊髓束
spinal trigeminal nucleus 三叉神经脊束核
solitary nucleus 孤束核
nucleus ambiguus 疑核
pontine nuclei 脑桥核
trapezoid body 斜方体
lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系
locus ceruleus 蓝斑
substantia nigra 黑质
red nucleus 红核
reticular formation 网状结构
raphe nuclei 中缝核
cerebellum 小脑
diencephalon 间脑
thalamus 丘脑
metathalamus 后丘脑
epithalamus 上丘脑
subthalamus 底丘脑
hypothalamus 下丘脑
opticchiasma 视交叉
telencephalon (cerebrum) 端脑(大脑)
temporal lobe 颞叶
frontal lobe 额叶
parietal lobe 顶叶
occipital lobe 枕叶
insula 岛叶
limbic lobe 边缘叶
corpus callosum 胼胝体
central sulcus 沟
lateral sulcus 外侧沟
parieo-occipital sulcus 顶枕沟
calcarine sulcus 距状沟
precentral gyrus 前回
postcentral gyrus 后回
angular gyrus 角回
supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
lingual gyrus 舌回
cuneus gyrus 楔回
dentate gyrus 齿状回
parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
uncus (海马旁回)钩
paracentral lobule 旁小叶
cingulate gyrus 扣带回
lateral ventricle 侧脑室
basal nuclei 基底核
caudate nucleus 尾状核
lentiform nucleus 豆状核
putamen 壳
globus palidus 苍白球
corpus striatum 纹状体
fornix 穹窿
internal capsule 内囊
cerebral cortex 大脑皮质
dura mater 硬脑膜
arachnoid 蛛网膜
pia mater 软脑膜
basilar artery 基底动脉
cerebral arterial circle 大脑动脉环
cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液
Thermometer[体温表]
·Tongue depressor (spatula)[压舌板]
·Needle[针头]
·Syringe[注射器]
·Cotton stick (ball)[棉签(球)]
·Bandage[绷带]
·Elastic bandage[弹力绷带]
·Esmarch`s bandage[橡皮绷带]
·Tourniquet[止血带]
·Gauze[纱布]
·Adhesive plaster[橡皮膏]
·Dressing[敷料]
·Splint[夹板]
·Rubber glove[橡皮手套]
·Sand bag[沙袋]
·Ice bag[冰袋]
·Hot water bottle[热水瓶]
·Bedpan[便盒]
·Urinal[尿壶]
·Catheter[导尿管]
·Rectal tube[肛管]
·Dilator[扩张器]
·Gastric tube[胃管]
·Lavage tube[洗胃管]
·Oxygen tube (cylinder)[吸氧管]
·Sengstaken-Blakemore tube[三腔二囊管]
·Visual testing chart[视力表]
·Incubator[保温箱]
·Plaster bed[石膏床]
·Sheet[被单]
·Bedding[被褥]
·Blanket[毛毯]
·Diaper[尿布]
·Pillow case[枕套]
·Bedside table[床头柜]
·Towel[毛巾]
·Basin[脸盒]
·Comb[梳子]
·Tooth-paste[牙膏]
·Tooth-brush[牙刷]
·Rubber cushion[橡皮圈]
·Air cushion bed[气垫床]
·Scale[台秤]
·Flashlight[电筒]
·Scissors[剪刀]
·Tray[托盘]
·Sputum cup[痰杯]
·Test tube[试管]
·Infusion support[输液架]
·Infusion drip monitor[输液滴速监护仪]
·Micropump[微泵]
·Operating table[手术台]
·Shadowless lamp[无影灯]
·Slit lamp[裂隙灯]
·Scalpel[手术刀]
·Silk sutures[丝线]
·Rubber drainage[引流管]
·Operating gown[手术衣]
·Overalls[工作服]
·Operating sheet[手术床单]
·Mask[口罩]
·Hemostatic forceps[止血钳]
·Needle forceps (holder)[持针钳] 全身症状
发热 fever
潮热 hot flushes
乏力 easy fatigability
怕冷 sensation of chill
神经质 hervousness
头晕 vertigo
头痛 headache
心慌 palpitation
恶心 nausea
呕吐 emesis;vomiting
腹泻 diarrhea
腰痛 lumbago
麦氏点 McBurney's point
失眠 insomnia
外阴瘙痒 pruritus vulvue
下腹部肿块 abdominal mass
妊娠 pregnancy
多毛 trichauxe;polytrichia;hypertrichiasis
肥胖 obesity;obese
浮肿 edema
脱垂感 sensation of prolapst
乳房 breast
乳汁不行 lack of lactation
月经 menstruation
月经初潮 menarche
月经不规则 irregual menstruation
月经出血量 amount of menstrual bleeding
月经过少 hypomenorrhea
月经过多 hypermenorrhea
月经频发 polymenorrhea
月经稀发 oligomenorrhea
子宫不规则出血 metrorrhagia
子宫不规则过多出血 menometrorrhagia
月经淋漓 menostaxis
月经停闭 amenorrhea
血块 clots
避孕 contraception
避孕套 condom
药物避孕 pharmacologic contraception
疼痛 pain
痛经 dysmenorrheal
下腹痛 lower abdominal pain
发散性疼痛 radiating pain
持续性疼痛 continuous pain
急性疼痛 acute pain
搏动性疼痛 throbbing pain
广泛性疼痛 generalized plain
钝痛 dull pain
锐痛 sharp pain
剧痛 excruciating
牵引痛 dragging pain
触痛 tenderness
下肢痉挛痛 cramp pain of the lower extremities
阵痛 labor pain
白带 vaginal discharge ; vaginal fluor ; leucorrhea
大量 excess massine
中等量 moderate
少量 scanty
浆液性 serous
泡沫状 frothy
水样的 watery
恶臭 fetid ; malodour ; foul
霉臭 musty
酸味 acid
排尿排便
残尿感 sensation of residual urine
多尿 urorrhagia ; polyuria
少尿 uropenia ; oliuria
尿闭 urodialysis
尿失禁 urinary incontinentia ; uroclepsia
尿频 frequent urination
无尿 anuria
血尿 hematuria
便秘 constipation
体温 temperature
脉搏 pulse
呼吸 respiration
血压 blood pressure
128个护理诊断-医学英语
2009-7-16 9:9 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】
NANDA通过的以人类反应型态(Human ResPonse Patterns)的分类方法。现将人类 反应型态分类方法的128个护理诊断分列如下:
(1)交换(Exchanging)
营养失调:高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:More Than Body Requirements)
营养失调:低于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition: less Than Body Requirements)
营养失调:潜在高于机体需要量(Altered Nutrition:Potential for More Than Body Requirements)
有感染的危险(Risk for Infection)
有体温改变的危险(Risk for Altered Body Temperature)
体温过低(Hypothermia)
体温过高(Hyperthermia)
体温调节无效(Ineffective Thermoregulatlon)
反射失调(Dysre flexia)
便秘(Constipation)
感知性便秘(Perceived Consttipation)
结肠性便秘(Colonic Constipation)
腹泻(Diarrhea)
大便失禁(Bowel Inconttinence)
排尿异常(Altered Urinary Elimination)
压迫性尿失禁(Sires Incontlnence)
反射性尿失禁(Reflex Incontlnence)
急迫性尿失禁(Unge Incontlnence)
功能性尿失禁(Functional Incontlnence)
完全性尿失禁(Total Incontlnencd
尿储留(Urinary Retentron)
组织灌注量改变(肾、脑、心肺、胃肠、周围血管)(Altered Tissue
Perfuslorl( Renal, Cereral, Cardlopulmonary Gastrolntestlnal,Peripheral)
体液过多(Fluid Volume Excess)
体液不足(Fluid Volume Deficit)
体液不足的危险(Risk for Fluid VolUme Deficit)
心输出量减少(Deer.a.ed CardlacouPu)
气体交换受损(Imnaired Gas Exc5anse)
清理呼吸道无效(Ineffecthe Airway Clearance)
低效性呼吸型态(Ineffective Breathing Pattern)
不能维持自主呼吸( Inability to Sustain SPontaneous Ventilation)
呼吸机依赖( Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning ResPonse,DVWR)
有受伤的危险(Risk for Injury)
有窒息的危险(Risk for Suffocation)
有外伤的危险(Risk for Trauma)
有误吸的危险(Risk for Aspiration)
自我防护能力改变(Altered Protection)
组织完整性受损(ImPaired Tissue Integrity)
口腔粘膜改变(Altered Oral Mucous Membrance)
皮肤完整性受损(ImPaired Skin Integrity)
有皮肤完整性受损的危险(Risk for ImPaired Skin Integrity)
调节颅内压能力下降( Decreased AdaPtive CaPacityIntracranial)
精力困扰(Energy Field distubance)
(2)沟通(Communicating)
语言沟通障碍(impaired VerbalCommunlcatlon)
(3)关系(Relating)
社会障碍(Impaired Soial Interatlon)
社交孤立(Social Isolition)
有孤立的危险(Risk for.Lonelines.)
角色紊乱(Altered Role Performance)
父母不称职(Altered Parenting)
有父母不称职的危险(Risk for Altered Parenting)
有父母亲子依恋改变的危险(Risk for Altered Parent/Infant/Child Att8Chffi6llt)
性功能障碍(Sexual Dysfunction)
家庭作用改变(Altered Family Process)
照顾者角色障碍(Caresiver Role Strain)
有照顾者角色障碍的危险(Risk for Caregiver Role Strain)
家庭作用改变:酗酒(Altered Family Process: Alcoholism)
父母角色冲突(Parental Role Conflict)
性生活型态改变(Altered SexualityPatterns)
(4)赋予价值(Valuing)
精神困扰(Spiritual Distress)
增进精神健康:潜能性(Potential for Enhance Spiritual Well-Belug)
(5)选择(Choosing)
个人应对无效(Ineffctive Individual Coping)
调节障碍(ImPaired Adjustment)
防卫性应对(Defensive Coping)
防卫性否认(Ineffective Denial)
家庭应对无效:失去能力( Ineffective Family Coping:Disabling)
家庭应对无效:妥协性 (Ineffectiv Family Coping:Compromised)
家庭应对:潜能性(Family CoPing: Potential for Growth)
社区应对:潜能性(Potential for Enhanced Community CoPing)
社区应对无效(Ineffective Community Coping)
遵守治疗方案无效(个人的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen)(Individual)
不合作(特定的)(Noncompliance)(Specitfy)
遵守治疗方案无效(家庭的)(Ineffective Management of Therapeutic Regimen: ( (Families)
遵守治疗方案无效(社区的)(Ineffective Management of Thera-peutic Regimen: Community)
遵守治疗方案有效(个人的)(Effective Management of Thera-peutic Regimen:Individual)
抉择冲突(特定的)(Decisional Conflict)(Specify)
寻求健康行为(特定的)(Health Seeking Behaviors)(Specity)
(6)活动(Moving)
躯体移动障碍(ImPaired Physical Mobility)
有周围血管神经功能障碍的危险(Risk for PeriPheralNeurovas-cular Dysfunction)
有围手术期外伤的危险 (Risk for Perloperatlve Positioning Injury)
活动无耐力(Activity Intolerance)
疲乏(Fatigue)
有活动无耐力的危险(Risk for Activity Intolerance)
睡眠状态紊乱(SleepPattern Disturbance)
娱乐活动缺乏(Diversional Activity Deficit)
持家能力障碍(Impaired Home Maintenance Management)
保持健康的能力改变(Altered Health Maintenance)
进食自理缺陷(Feeding Self Care Deficit)
吞咽障碍(Impaired Swallowing)
母乳喂养无效(Ineffective Breast Feeding)
母乳喂养中断(Interrunted Breast1ceding)
母乳喂养有效(Effective Breast feeding)
婴儿吸吮方式无效(Ineffective Infant Feeding Pattern)
沐浴/卫生自理缺陷(Bathing/Hygiene Self Care Deficit)
穿戴/修饰自理障碍(Dressing/Grooming Self Care Deficit)
入厕自理缺陷(Toileting Self Care Deficit)
生长发育改变(Altered Growth and Development)
环境改变应激综合征(Relocation Stress Syndrome)
有婴幼儿行为紊乱的危险( Risk for Disorganized Infant Behavior)
婴幼儿行为紊乱(Disorganized Infant Behavior)
增进婴幼儿行为(潜能性)(potential for Disorganized Infant ganlzed Infantkhavlor)
(7)感知(Perceiving)
自我形象紊乱(Body Imagse Disturbance)
自尊紊乱(SolfEsteem disturbance)
长期自我贬低(Chronic Low Self Esteem)
情境性自我贬低(Situational Low Self Esteem)
自我认同紊乱(Personal Identity disturbance)
感知改变(特定的)(视、听、运动、味、触、嗅)(Sensory/PerceptualAlterations)(specify)(Visual,Auditory,Kinesthetlc,Gustatory,Tao-tile,Olfactory)
单侧感觉丧失(Unilateral Neglect)
绝望(Honelessness)
为力(Powerlessness)
(8)认知(Knowing)
知识缺乏(特定的)(Knowledge Deficit)(Specify)
定向力障碍(Impaired Environmental Interpretation)
突发性意识模糊(Acute Confusion)
渐进性意识模糊(Chronic Confusion)
思维过程改变(Altered Thought Processes)
记忆力障碍(ImPaired Memoryy)
(9)感觉(Feeling)
疼痛(Pain)
慢性疼痛(Chronic Pain)
功能障碍性悲哀(Dysfunctional Crievins)
预感性悲哀(AnticiPatory Crieving)
有暴力行为的危险:对自己或对他人(Risk for Violence: Self-Directed or drected at Others)
有自伤的危险(Risk for Self-Mutilation)
创伤后反应(Post-Trauma Response)
强奸创伤综合征(RaPe-Trauma Syndrome)
强奸创伤综合征:复合性反应(Repe-Trauma Syndrome:Compound Reaction)
强奸创伤综合征:沉默性反应( Rape-Trauma Syndrome:Silent)
焦虑(Anxiety)
恐惧(Fear)
Preoperative Assessment术前评估
Assessment and Implementation评估实施
1.Use Standard Protocol.采用标准护理程序
2.Determine if the client has any communication impairment and if the client is mentally competent.测定病人存在沟通障碍,心智是否健全。
3.Assess the client's understanding of the intended surgery and anesthesia.
评估病人是否了解即将进行的手术及麻醉。
4.Obtain a nursing history:获取护理史
A.Condition leading to surgery 需手术的病情
B. The need for isolation precautions. 隔离需要
C.Chronic illnesses. 慢性疾病
D.Last menstrual period (for female clients in childbearing years)。 末次月经(育龄期女性病人)
E.Previous hospitalizations. 既往住院史
F.Medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter (OTC), and date/time of last doses. 用药史,包括处方与非处方药,末次用药日期/时间
G.Previous experience with surgery and anesthesia.既往手术及麻醉史
H.Family history of complications from surgery or anesthesia. 家庭手术或麻醉并发症史
I.Allergies to medications or food, including specific questions about natural rubber latex.药物或食物过敏史,包括天然橡胶特种过敏反应
J.Physical impairment. 身体受损情况
K.Prostheses and implants (e.g., dentures, hearing aid, pacemaker, internal defibrillator, hip prosthesis)假体和移植(如义齿、助听器、起搏器、除颤器、人工髋关节)
L.Smoking, alcohol, and drug use. 吸烟、饮酒和吸毒史
M.Occupation 职业
5.Assess client's weight, height, and vital signs.评估病人体重、身高和生命体征。
6.Assess client's respiratory status, including character and rate of respirations, oxygen saturation, ability to breathe lying flat, and chest x-ray report.评估病人呼吸系统状况,包括呼吸特征与速度,氧饱和度,平卧呼吸能力及胸片。
7.Assess client's circulatory status, including apical pulse,
electrocardiogram (ECG) report, and peripheral pulses.评估病人循环系统状况,包括心尖搏动、心电图和周围脉搏。
8.Determine client's neurological status, including level of consciousness (LOC)。测定病人神经学状况,包括神志清醒程度。
9.Assess client's musculoskeletal system,including range of motion (ROM) of joints.评估病人肌骨骼系统,包括关节活动度。
10.Examine client's skin; identify any breaks in skin integrity and determine level of hydration.检查病人皮肤,确认皮肤完整性受损情况,确定水合程度。
11.Assess client's emotional status, including level of anxiety, coping ability, and family support.评估病人情绪状况,包括焦虑程度、应对能力和家庭支援。
12.Review the results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, urinalysis, and other diagnostic tests.审查化验报告,包括全血计数、电解质、尿检和其他诊断试验。
13.Ask if client has an advanced directive.询问病人是否得到事先说明。
14.Identify the time of client's last intake of food or drink.确认病人上次摄食与饮水时间。
15.Use Completion Protocol.采用护理完成标准程序。
Evaluation评价
1.Review records to determine if necessary information has been assessed.复查记录,确定必需项目是否得到评估。
2.Evaluate client's ability to cooperate.评价病人合作能力。
Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions确认意外结果与护理措施
Record and Report记录与报告
1.Using agency format (preoperative checklist), complete all essential information.采用机构表格(术前目录单),填写全部重要信息。
2.Report abnormal laboratory values and other concerns to the surgeon or anesthesiologist.向手术医生或麻醉师报告异常化验值及其他问题。
妇产科英语词汇
2009-6-9 10:31 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】
Ab antibody 抗体
ACTH adrenocortieotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素
ADH antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素
AFE amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞
AFP alpha fetoprotein 甲胎蛋白
Ag antigen 抗原
AID artificial insemination with donor's semen 供精者精液授精
AD autoimmune disease 自身免疫病
AIDS acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合症(艾滋病)
AIH artificial insemination with husband's semen 丈夫精液授精
AKP alkline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶
AMPS acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖
AR autosome recessive 常染色体隐性遗传
ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome 成人呼吸窘迫综合症
ARV AIDS-related virus AIDS 相关病毒
AS Arias-Stella reaction A-S 反应(阿-斯反应)
ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷
BBT basal body temperature 基础体温
BCG bacille Calmette-Guerin 卡介苗
BFHR baseline fetal heart rate 胎心率基线
BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率
BPD biparietal diameter 双顶径
bpm beat per minute 每分钟心跳
BSP bromsulphalein 磺溴酞钠医.学教.育网搜.集整理(测肝功能)
BV bacterial vaginosis 细菌性阴道病
CAH Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 先天性肾上原皮质增生
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷
CBG corticosteroid binding globulin 皮质甾类结合球蛋白
CC choriocarcinoma 绒毛膜癌
CCT chorionic corticotropin 绒毛膜促性腺激素
CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen 癌胚抗原
CEE 3 cyclopentyl-17-ethinyl estradiol ether 炔雌醇-环戊醚
CF chemotactic factor 趋化因子
CHM complete hydatidiform mole 完全性葡萄胎
CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 宫颈上皮内瘤样病变
CIS carcinoma in situ 原位癌
CMV eytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒
CPD cephalopelvic disproportion 头盆不称
cpm counts per minute 次/分
CRP c-reaction protein C-反应蛋白
CSA cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原
CST contraction stress test 宫缩应激试验
CT chorionic thyrotropin 绒毛膜促甲状腺素
computerized tomography 电子计算机X线断层照相术
CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压
DC diagonal conjugate 对角径
D dilatation and curettage 刮宫术
DES diethylstilbestrol 己烯雌酚(乙菧酚)
DHA dehydroepiandrosterone脱氢表雄酮
DHAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 硫酸脱氢表雄酮
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 弥漫性血管内凝血
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
DNase deoxyribonuclease 脱氧核糖核酸酶
El estrone 雌酮
E2 estradiol 雌二醇
E3 estriol 雌三醇
EC external conjugate 骶耻外径
E/C E3/creatinine 雌三醇/肌酐
ED early deceleration 早期减速
EDC expected date of confinement 预产期
EDRFs endothelinum-derived relaxing factor 血管内皮细胞舒张因子
EE ethinyl estradiol 炔雌醇
EI eosinophilic index 嗜伊红细胞指数
EIA enzyme-immunoassay酶免疫试验
EIN endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia 子宫内膜上皮内瘤样病变
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验
ER estrogen receptor雌激素受体
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率
ET endothelin 内皮素
FAD fetal activity acceleration determination 胎儿活动加速测定
FDP fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白原降解产物
FECG fetal electrocardiography 胎儿心电图
FHR fetal heart rate 胎心率
FIGO Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics 国际妇产科协会
FM fetal movement胎动
FSH follicle stimulating hormone 卵泡刺激素
FSH-RH follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone 卵泡刺激素释放激素
FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验
GFR glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率
GIFT gamete intra fallopian transfer医学教.育网搜集 配子输卵管内移植
Gn-RH gonadotropin releasing hormone 促性腺激素释放激素
Gn-RH-a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist(analogue)
促性腺素释放激素激动剂(类似物)
GTD gestational trophoblastic disease 妊娠滋养细胞疾病
GTT gestational trophoblastic tumor 妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤
Gy grayunit 辐射吸收剂量单位,1Gy=100rads
HAIR hemoagglutination inhibition reaction血凝抑制反应
HAV hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒
HBV hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒
HBAg hepatitis B antigen 乙型肝炎抗原
HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙型肝炎核心抗原
HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙型肝炎核心相关抗原
HBIG hepatitis B immunoglobulin 乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白
HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙型肝炎表面抗原
HCV hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒
HDV hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒
HEV hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒
HCG human chorionic gonadotropin (人)绒毛膜促性腺激素
HCT human chorionic thyrotropin (人)绒毛膜促甲状腺激素
HDN hemolytic disease of newborn 新生儿溶血性疾病
HELLP syndrome hemolytic anemia,elevated liver function and low platelet count syndrome 溶血,肝酶升高及血小板减少综合征(HELLP综合征)
HGG human gammaglobulin (人)丙种球蛋白
HGH human growth hormone (人)生长激素
HIV human immunodeficiency virus (人)免疫缺陷病毒
HLA human leukocyte antigen (人)白细胞抗原
HM hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎
HMG human menopausal gonadotropin (人)绝经期促性腺激素
HPG human pituitary gonadotropin (人)垂体促性腺激素
HPF high power field 高倍视野
HPL human placental lactogen (人)胎盘生乳素
HPV human papilloma virus 人乳头状瘤病毒
HSAP heat stable alkaline phosphatase 耐热性碱性磷酸酶
HSG hysterosalpingography 子宫输卵管造影
HTLv human T lymphotrophic virus type (人)嗜T细胞病毒重型
HSV herpes simplex virus 单纯疱疹病毒
H-Y antigen histocompatibility Y antigen 组织相容性Y抗原
IC intercristal diameter 髂嵴间径
ICP intrahepatic eholestasis of pregnancy 妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症
IFN interferon 干扰素
Ig immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白
IHM invasive hydatidiform mole 侵蚀性葡萄胎
IL interleukin 白细胞介素
IRDS idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome 特发性呼吸窘迫综合征
IS interspinal diameter 髂棘间径
IT intertrochanteric diameter 粗隆间径
IU,iu international unit 国际单位
IUD intrauterine device 宫内节育器
IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation 宫内发育迟缓
IVF-ET in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer 体外受精与胚胎移植
iv gtt intravenously guttae 静脉滴注
LAK lymphokine activated killer cell 淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞
LAV lymphadenopathy associated virus 淋巴腺病相关病毒
LD late deceleration 晚期减速
LD50 median lethal dose 半数致死量
LDH lactin dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶
LGA large for gestational age 大于孕龄
LH luteinizing hormone 黄体生成激素
LH-RH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone 黄体生成激素释放激素
LMA left mento anterior颏左前
LMP left mento posterior 颏左后
last menstrual period末次月经日期
LMT left mento transverse 颏左横
LOA left occipito anterior 枕左前
LOP left occipito posterior 枕左后
LOT left occipito transverse 枕左横
LRF luteinizing hormone releasing factor 黄体生成激素释放因子(即LH-RH)
LSA left sacro anterior 骶左前
LSP left sacro-posterior骶左后
LST left sacro-transverse骶左横
LScA left scapulo-anterior 肩左前
LScP left scapulo-osterior 肩左后
L/S lecithin/sphingomyelin 卵磷脂/鞘磷脂
LUFS luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 黄素化未破裂卵泡综合征
mABP mean arterial blood pressure平均动脉压
MI maturation index 成熟指数
mol mole 摩尔,\"物质的量\"单位
mRNA messenger RNA信使核糖核酸
mμg millimicrogram 毫微克
McAb monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体
MRI magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成相
MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone 促黑素细胞激素
nm nanometer 毫微米
NST non-stress test无应激试验
OCT oxytocin challenge test 催产素激惹试验
OT old tuberculin 旧结核菌素
△OD optical density difference吸光度差
PBI protein bound iodine 蛋白结合碘
PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome 多囊卵巢综合征
PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应
PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 肺毛细血管楔压
pg picogram 微微克
PG prostaglandin 前列腺素
PGF 前列腺素F
PGE 前列腺素E
PGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素
PHM partial hydatidiform mole 部份性葡萄胎
PID pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合征
prolact ininhibitory hormone 催乳激素抑制激素
PMP previous menstrual period 前次月经日期
POP plasma oncotic pressure 血浆胶体渗透压
PR progestogen receptor 激素受体
PRL prolactin催乳激素
PSβ1G pregnancy specific β1-glycoprotein 妊娠特异β1糖蛋白
PSTT placental-site trophoblastic tumor 胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤
PVP polyvinyl-pyrrolidone 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮
rad 拉德,辐射吸收剂量单位
Rh rheus 猕(指人红细胞某种物质与猕红细胞相似)
RIA radioimmunoassay放射免疫测定
RMA right mento-anterior 颏右前
RMP right mento-posterior 颏右后
RMT right mento-transverse 颏右横
RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸
ROA right occipito-anterior 枕右前
ROP right occipito-posterior 枕右后
ROT right occipito-transverse枕右横
roll over test 翻身试验
RPF renal plasma flow 肾血流量
RSA right sacro-anterior 骶右前
RSP right sacro-posterior 骶右后
RST right sacro-transverse 骶右横
RScA right scapulo-anterior 肩右前
RScP right scapulo-posterior 肩右后
RU rat unit 大鼠单位
SCJ squamo-columnar junction鳞柱交接部
SGA fetus small-for gestational age fetus 小于孕龄儿
SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 血清谷草转氨酶
SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 血清谷丙转氨酶(又称ALT)
SHBG sex hormone binding globulin 性激素结合球蛋白
SOD superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶
STD sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病
T3 triiodothyronine 三碘甲状腺原氨酸
T4 thyroxine 甲状腺素
TBG thyroxine-bindlng globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白
TeBG testoterone estrogen binding globulin 睾酮雌激素结合球蛋白
TF transfer factor 转移因子
TNF tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子
TO transverse outlct 出口横径
TPHA treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay 梅毒螺旋体血凝试验
TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone 促甲状腺素释放激素
tRNA transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸
TSH thyroid stlmulating hormone 促甲状腺激素
TXA2 thromboxane A2 血栓素A2
μg microgram 微克
USR unheated serum reagm test 不加热血清反应素试验
VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test 性病研究实验室试验
VD variable deceleratlon 变异减速
VSM vasculo-syncytial membrane 血管合体膜
VIN vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 外阴上皮内瘤样病变
WHO world health organization 世界卫生
运动系统英语词汇
2009-6-9 10:28 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 Locomotor System 运动系统
osteology 骨学
skeleton 骨骼
bone 骨
diaphysis 骨干
epiphysis骨骺
metaphysis 干骺端
medullary cavity 髓腔
epiphyseal cartilage 骺软骨
epiphyseal line 骺线
compact (or dense) bone 骨密质
spongy (or cancellous) bone 骨松质
diploe 板障
periosteum 骨膜
bone marrow 骨髓
vertebra 椎骨
vertebral column 脊柱
atlas 寰椎
axis 枢椎
cervical vertebra 颈椎
thoracic vertebra 胸椎
lumbar vertebra 腰椎
sacrum 骶骨
coccyx 尾骨
sternum 胸骨
manubrium 胸骨柄
body of the sternum 胸骨体
xiphoid process 剑突
sternal angle 胸骨角
jugular notch 颈静脉切迹
rib 肋骨
costal arch 肋弓
skull(or cranium) 颅
frontal bone 额骨
occipital bone 枕骨
sphenoid bone 蝶骨
temporal bone 颞骨
parietal bone 顶骨
ethmoid bone 筛骨
inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲
lacrimal bone 泪骨
nasal bone 鼻骨
vomer 犁骨
maxilla 上颌骨
palatine bone 腭骨
zygomatic bone 颧骨
mandible 下颌骨
hyoid bone 舌骨
inion(or external occipital protuberance) 枕外隆突
superior nuchal line 上项线
groove for superior sagittal sinus 上矢状窦沟
anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone 筛板
middle cranial fossa 颅中窝
hypophyseal fossa 垂体窝
optic canal 视神经管
dorsum sellae 鞍背
foramen lacerum 破裂孔
foramen rotundum 圆孔
forame novale 卵圆孔
foramen spinosum 棘孔
superior orbital fissure 眶上裂
posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝
forame nmagnum 枕骨大孔
hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管
jugular foramen 颈静脉孔
internal occipital protuberance 枕内隆突
groove for transverse sinus 横窦沟
groove for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟
carotid canal 颈动脉管
styloid process 茎突
stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔
pterion 翼点
infratemporal fossa 颞下窝
pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝
orbit 眶
supraorbital foramen (or notch) 眶上孔(或切迹)
infraorbital foramen 眶下孔
mental foramen 颏孔
lacrimal sac 泪囊
nasolacrimal canal 鼻泪管
superior (middle,and inferior) nasal meatus 上(中、下)鼻道
paranasal sinus 鼻旁窦
maxillary sinus 上颌窦
fonticuli (or fontanelles) 颅囟
clavicle 锁骨
scapula 肩胛骨
humerus 肱骨
radius 桡骨
ulna 尺骨
carpus 腕骨
metacarpus 掌骨
phalanges 指骨、趾骨
hipbone 髋骨
acetabulum 髋臼
ilium 髂骨
ischium 坐骨
pubis 耻骨
pelvis 骨盆
femur 股骨
patella 髌骨
tibia 胫骨
fibula 腓骨
tarsus 跗骨
talus 距骨
calcaneus 跟骨
metatarsus 跖骨
fibrousjoint 纤维连结
syndesmosis 韧带连结
suture 缝
cartilage joint 软骨连结
synovial joint 滑膜关结
articular surface 关节面
articular capsule 关节囊
articular cavity 关节腔
ligament 韧带
articular disc 关节盘
articular labrum 关节唇
flexion 屈
extension 伸
adduction 收
abduction 展
rotation 旋转
circumduction 环转
pronation 旋前
supination 旋后
eversion 外翻
inversion 内翻
dorsiflexion 背屈
plantarfiexion跖屈
intervertebral disc 椎间盘
fiavum ligament 黄韧带
thoracic cage 胸廓
temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节
sternoclavicular joint 胸锁关节
shoulder joint 肩关节
glenoid labrum 盂唇
elbow joint 肘关节
anular ligament of radius 桡骨环状韧带
proximal radioulnar joint 桡尺近侧关节
distal radioulnar jojnt 桡尺远侧关节
wrist joint (or radiocarpal joint) 腕关节(桡腕关节)
flexor retinaculum 屈肌支持带
extensor retinaculum 伸肌支持带
carpometacarpal joint 腕掌关节
metacarpophalangeal joint 掌指关节
interphalangeal joint 指间关节
pubic symphysis 耻骨联合
sacroiliac joint 骶髂关节
sacrotuberous ligament 骶结节韧带
sacrospinous ligament 骶棘韧带
hip joint 髋关节
tere ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带
knee joint 膝关节
cruciate ligament of knee 膝关节的交叉韧带
lateral meniscus 外侧半月板
medial meniscus 内侧半月板
ankle joint 踝关节
arch of the foot 足弓
muscle 肌肉
tendon 肌腱
aponeurosis 腱膜
fascia 筋膜
superficial fascia 浅筋膜
deep fascia 深筋膜
tendon sheath 腱鞘
fibrous tendon sheath 腱纤维鞘
synovial tendon sheath 腱滑膜鞘
latissimus dorsi muscle 背阔肌
trapezius muscle 斜方肌
erector spinae muscle 竖脊肌
platysma 颈阔肌
sternocleidomastoid muscle 胸锁乳突肌
scaleni muscles 斜角肌
pectoralis major muscle 胸大肌
pectoralis minor muscle 胸小肌
serratus anterior muscle 前锯肌
diaphragm 膈肌
obliquus externus abdominis muscle 腹外斜肌
obliquus internus abdominis muscle 腹内斜肌
transvers usabdonminis muscle 腹横肌
masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌
facial muscles 面肌
deltoid muscle 三角肌
biceps brachii muscle 肱二头肌
triceps brachii muscle 肱三头肌
pronator teres muscle 旋前圆肌
flexor carpi radialis muscle 桡侧腕屈肌
palmaris longus muscle 掌长肌
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle 尺侧腕屈肌
flexor digitorum superiicialis muscle 指浅屈肌
flexor digitorum profundus muscle 指深屈肌
flexor pollicis longus muscle 拇长屈肌
pronator quadratus muscle 旋前方肌
extensor carpi radialis longus muscle 桡侧腕长伸肌
extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle 桡侧腕短伸肌
extensor digitorum muscle 指伸肌
supinator muscle 旋后肌
thenar muscles 鱼际肌
hypothenar muscles 小鱼际肌
lumbrical muscle 蚓状肌
interosseus muscle 骨间肌
gluteus maximus musele 臀大肌
piriformis muscle 梨状肌
quadriceps femoris muscle 股四头肌
sartorius muscle 缝匠肌
biceps femoris muscle 股二头肌
semitendinosus musele 半腱肌
semimembranosus muscle 半膜肌
triceps surae muscle 小腿三头肌
gastrocnemius muscle 腓肠肌
soleus muscle 比目鱼肌
tendo calcaneus 跟腱
阿米巴[性]肝脓肿, amebic liver abscess
Ehlers-Danlos综合征, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
嗳气, belch
凹陷性病变, excavated lesion, depressed lesion
Oddi括约肌成形术, plastic repair of Oddi sphincter
Oddi括约肌切开术, sphincterotomy of Oddi
Oddi括约肌狭窄, stenosis of Oddi sphincter
Osler-Weber-Rendu病, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
Budd-Chiari综合征, Budd-Chiari syndrome
Barrett's食管, Barrett's esophagus
板状强直, board-like rigidity
半成形便, semiformed stool
半乳糖耐量, galactose tolerance
伴有先天性综合征的毛细管扩张, telangiectasia associated with congenital syndrome
贝尔西食管裂孔疝修补术, Belsey hiatal hernia repair
背驮式肝移植, piggyback liver transplantation
贲门成形术, cardioplasty
贲门肌切开术, cardiomyotomy
鼻胆管引流[术], nasobiliary drainage
Billroth II式吻合[术], Billroth II anastomosis
Billroth I式吻合[术], Billroth I anastomosis
闭袢性肠梗阻, closed loop intestinal obstruction
闭塞性肝静脉内膜炎, endophlebitis hepatica obliterans
壁外性压迫, extrinsic compression of wall
壁细胞迷走神经切断术, parietal cell vagotomy
便血, hematochezia
变应性直肠炎, allergic proctitis
丙型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type C
病毒性腹泻, viral diarrhea
病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis
病毒性胃肠炎, viral gastroenteritis
Peutz-Jegher's综合征, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
剥脱活检, strip biopsy
博尔德莫尔食管吻合术, Beordmore anastomosis of esophagus
Braun’s吻合[术], Braun anastomosis
部分肠梗阻, partial intestinal obstruction
擦拭法细胞学检查[术], abrasive cytologic examination
残留结石, residual stone, retained stone
残胃, gastric remnant
藏毛病, pilonidal disease
侧侧吻合[术], side-to-side anastomosis
侧视内镜, side-viewing endoscope
产毒性腹泻, toxigenic diarrhea
肠闭锁, intestinal atresia
肠壁囊样积气, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
肠侧侧吻合[术], side-to-side intestinal anastomosis
肠穿孔, perforation of intestine
肠道细菌内毒素移位, endotoxin translocation from intestine
肠道细菌移位, bacterial translocation from intestine
肠道营养, enteral nutrition
肠动静脉畸形, arteriovenous malformation of bowel
肠端侧吻合[术], end-to-side intestinal anastomosis
肠放射性损伤, radiation injury of intestine
肠梗阻, intestinal obstruction, ileus
肠结核, tuberculosis of intestine
肠淋巴管扩张, intestinal lymphangiectasia
肠内引流式胰腺移植, enteric drainage pancreas transplantation
肠囊肿, enteric cyst
医学英语专业词汇——儿科学(四) 2009-4-14 11:16 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎
pyelectasis 肾盂扩张
pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎
pyothorax 脓胸
rachitic rosary 佝偻病串珠
relapse 复发
remission 缓解
renal glycosuria 肾性尿糖
renal hypertension 肾性高血压
renal rickets 肾性佝偻病
renal rickets 肾性佝偻病
renal tubular acidosis 肾小管酸中毒
respiratory distress 呼吸窘迫
respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
restless 不安
rickets(vitamin d deficiency) 佝偻病
scoliosis 脊柱侧凸
secondary tuberculosis 继发性肺结核
septic shock 感染性休克
serum iron 血清铁
sickle cell anemia 镰状红细胞性贫血
sinus arrhythmias 窦性心律不齐
subacute bacterio-endocarditis 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎
subdural 硬膜下
subdural effusion 硬膜下积液
syncope 昏厥
tachypnea 呼吸急促
term infant 足月儿
tetralogy of Fallot 法鲁四联症
thickening of the wrists and ankles 手镯及脚镯
total iron binding capacity 血清总铁结合力
transillumination 透照法
transplantation 移植
transposition of great vessels 大血管错位
tricuspid insufficiency 三尖瓣关闭不全
tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄
tube 肾小管
tuberculosis in children 小儿结核病
tuberculosis of bronchial lymph nodes 支气管淋巴结结核
tuberculosis pericarditis 结核性心包炎
tuberculous meningitis 结核性脑膜炎
tuberculous peritonitis 结核性腹膜炎
tuberculous pleuritis 结核性胸膜炎
tubular necrosis 肾小球坏死
Turner syndrome 特纳尔氏综合征
unconjugated bilirubin 未结合胆红素
uremia 尿毒症
urethra 尿道
urethritis 尿道炎
urinary infection 泌尿系感染
urinate 排尿
urocyst 膀胱
urodialysis 无尿
uropenia 少尿
uroschesis 尿滁留
ventricle 心室
ventricular flutter 心室扑动
ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损
viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎
x-linked inheritance 性连锁遗传
lordosis 脊柱前凸
lumber puncture 腰穿
lymphoblastic 淋巴细胞
lymphoma 淋巴病
MCH 红细胞平均血红蛋白量
MCHC 红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度
MCV 红细胞平均容积
meconium aspiration 胎粪吸入
megaloblastic anemia 巨幼细胞性贫血
meningococcemia 脑膜炎球菌菌血症
meningo-encephalitis 脑膜脑炎
mesenteric tuberculosis 肠系膜结核
metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒
miliary tuberculosis 粟粒性肺结核
minimal residual disease 微小残留病
mitral insufficiency 二尖瓣关闭不全
mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄
monocytic leukemia 单核细胞白血病
moro-reflex 拥抱反射
morphology 形态学
mycoplasmal pneumonia 支原体肺炎
myelocytic 髓细胞
myocardiopathy 心肌病
nasal flaring 鼻翼扇动
neonatal convulsions 新生儿惊厥
neonatal hepatitis 新生儿肝炎
neonatal period 新生儿期
neonatal septicemia 新生儿败血症
nephrotic syndrome 肾病综合征
nutritional anemia 营养性贫血
osteite 骨化中心
pancytopenia 全血细胞减少
papulonecrotic tubercalid 丘疹坏死结核疹
paralysis 瘫痪
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性夜间血红蛋白尿
paroxysmal tachycardia 阵发性心动过速
patent ductus arteriosus 动脉导管未闭
pathologic jaundice 病理性黄疸
pericarditis 心包炎
pericarditis 心包炎
perinatal period 围产期
perinatal period 围产期
permanent teeth 恒牙
pernicious anemia 恶性贫血
persistent fetal circulation 持续性胎儿循环
phenotype 表型
phenylketonuria 苯丙酮尿征
phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis 疱疹性角膜结膜炎
phototherapy 光照疗法
physiologic jaundice 生理性黄疸
pigeon chest 鸡胸
pleuritis 胸膜炎
pneumatocele 肺大泡
pneumonia 肺炎
pneumonia of the newborn 新生儿肺炎
pneumorthorax 气胸
pneumothorax 气胸
polycystic kidney 多囊肾
premature atrial contractions 房性早搏
premature infant 早产儿
premature ventricular contractions 室性早搏
primary complex 原发综合征
primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核
pulmonary cysts 肺囊肿
pulmonary edema 肺水肿
pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿
pulmonary hypertention 肺动脉高压
cerebral hernia 脑疝
cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液
chemotherapy 化疗
chest circumference 胸围
chronic 慢性的
chronic renal failure 慢性肾功能衰竭
chylous urine 乳糜尿
congenital biliary atresia 先天性胆道闭锁
congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病
congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭
convulsion 惊厥
Cooleys anemia(thalassemia) 库利氏贫血
cranial suture 颅骨缝
craniotabes, craniomalacia 颅骨软化
creatinine 肌酐
cyanosis 青紫
cyanosis 紫绀
cystitis 膀胱炎
cytogenetics 细胞遗传学
cytogenetics 细胞遗传学
deciduous teeth 乳牙
dehydration therapy 脱水疗法
development 发育
developmental quotient 发育指数
direct coombs, test 直接抗人球蛋白实验
distention 膨隆
diuresis 多尿
dyspnea 呼吸困难
Eisenmengers syndrome 艾森曼氏格综合征
encephalitis 脑炎
endocarditis 心内膜炎
enterohepatic circulation bilirubin 肠肝循环
erythema induratum 硬红斑
erythroleukemia 红白血病
event free survival(efs) 无病生存率
exchange transfusion 换血疗法
Fanconis anemia 范可尼贫血
febrile convulsions 高热惊厥
fetal hydrops 胎儿水肿
flaring of the nose, alae 鼻翼
focal glomerulonephritis 局灶性肾炎
fontanel 囟门
free erythrocyte protoporphyrin 红细胞游离
galactosemia 半乳糖血症
genotype 基因型
glomerule 肾小球
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency g-6-pd酶缺乏
glycogen storage disease 糖原累积征
Harrisons groove 郝氏沟
hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis 血行播散性肺结核
hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血
hemolytic disease of the newborn 新生儿溶血症
hepato-glycogenosis 肝糖元累积症
hepatolenticular degeneration 肝豆状核变性
hereditary spherocytosis 遗传性球型红细胞增多症
hilum tuberculosis 肺门结核
hydrocephalus 脑积水
hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症
hyperkalemia 高钾血症
hypersplenism 脾机能亢进
hypertension 高血压
hypocalcemia 低钙血症
hypophosphatemia 低磷血症
hypotension 低血压
hypoxia 缺氧
idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood 儿童特发性肾病综合征
immunology 免疫学
increased sweating 多汗
indirect bilirubin 间接胆红素
infantile period 婴儿期
infantile tetany 婴儿手足畜溺症
inherited metabolic disorders 遗传代谢病
intelligence quotient 智力商
interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎
intracranial hemorrhage 颅内出血
iron deficiency anemia 缺铁型贫血
ischemia 缺血
karyotype 核型
kernicterus 核黄疸
kidney 肾脏
kidney tuberculosis 肾结核
kyphosis 脊柱后凸
lactose intolerance 乳糖不耐受
lethargy 昏睡
leukemia 白血病
lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎
21-trisomy(Downs syndrome) 21-三体
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 25-羟胆骨化醇
abdominal circumference 腹围
acute 急性
acute glomerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎
acute intracrania hypertension 急性颅内压增高症
acute renal failure 急性肾功能衰竭
acute viral myocarditis 急性病毒性心肌炎
Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚斯二氏综合征
adenovirus pneumonia 腺病毒肺炎
adolescence 青春期
albinism 白化病
anaphylactoid shock 过敏性休克
aneuploidy 非整倍体性
anterior fontanel 前囟
aortic insufficiency 主动脉瓣关闭不全
aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血
asphyxia 窒息
atelectasis 肺不张
atrial flutter 心房扑动
atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损
atrium 心房
autosomal dominant inheritance 常染色体显性遗传
autosomal recessive inheritance 常染色体阴性遗传
azotemia 氮质血症
Bantis syndrome 班替氏综合征
beading of ribs 肋骨串珠
benign recurrent hematuria 良性反复血尿
bilirubin encephalopathy 胆红素脑病
birth date 出生日期
birth injury 产伤
bladder tuberculosis 膀胱结核
body build 体格
body conformation 体态
body length 身高
body weight 体重
bone age 骨龄
bone marrow aspiration 骨髓穿刺
bone tuberculosis 骨结核
bow-leg, genu varum 弓型腿,膝内翻
brain abscess 脑脓肿
breast milk jaundice 母乳性黄疸
bronchial pneumonia 支气管肺炎
bronchiectasis 支气管扩张症
calciferol 骨化醇
caput quadratus 方颅
carbon dioxide retention 二氧化碳储留
cardiac arrest 心脏停搏
cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常
cardiac failure 心力衰竭
cardiogenic shock 心源性休克
cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
caseous pneumonia 干酪性肺结核
cd(clusters of differentiation) 分化抗原决定族
cerebral edema 脑水肿
cerebral edema 脑水肿
检验医学词汇——血常规
2009-3-20 19:7 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 血常规
英文缩写 英文全称 中文全称
WBC white blood cell count 白细胞计数
GR% granulocyte 中性粒细胞百分比
LY% lymphocyte 淋巴细胞百分比
MID% 中值细胞百分比
EOS% eosimophil 嗜酸性粒细胞百分比
AL% allergy lymphocyte 变异淋巴细胞百分比
ST% 中性杆状粒细胞百分比
RBC red blood cell 红细胞计数
HGB hemoglobin 血红蛋白 医 学教 育网
HCT hematocrit 红细胞比积
MCV mean corpusular volume 平均红细胞体积
MCH mean corpusular hemoglobin 平均红细胞血红蛋白含量
MCHC mean corpusular hemoglobin concerntration 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度
RDW red blood cell volume distribution width 红细胞分布宽度变异
PLT/BPC platelet count/blood platelet count 血小板计数
MPV mean platelet volume 平均血小板体积
PCT plateletocrit 血小板比积
PDW platelet distribution width 血小板分布宽度
检验医学词汇——大小便常规
2009-3-20 19:14 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】 大小便常规
英文缩写 英文全称 中文全称
PH acidity 酸碱度
NIT nitrite 亚盐
GLU glucose 尿糖
SG specific gravity 比重
PRO protein 尿蛋白
BLD blood 隐血 医 学.教 育网
BIL bilirubin 尿胆红素
URO urobilinogen 尿胆原
WBC white blood cell 白细胞
addish计数 addish count 艾迪氏计数
/HP high power objective 每高倍视野
/LP low power objective 每低倍视野
OB occult blood test 大便隐血试验
生命体征vital signs
2009-3-19 16:40 【大 中 小】【我要纠错】
Vital signs, or signs of life, include the following objective measures for a person: temperature, respiratory rate, heart beat (pulse), and blood pressure. When
these values are not zero, they indicate that a person is alive. All of these vital signs can be observed, measured, and monitored. This will enable the assessment of the level at which an individual is functioning. Normal ranges of measurements of vital signs change with age and medical condition.
生命体征包括对个人所测的下列客观数据:体温、呼吸率、心率(脉搏)和血压。只要这些值不为0,就表明这个人是有生命的。生命体征可以观察、测量和监护,可以据此评估个体的功能水平。所测得的生命体征正常范围因年龄及身体状况不同而发生变化。
The purpose of recording vital signs is to establish a baseline on admission to a hospital, clinic, professional office, or other encounter with a health care provider. Vital signs may be recorded by a nurse, physician, physician's assistant, or other health care professional. The health care professional has the responsibility of interpreting data and identifying any abnormalities from a person's normal state, and of establishing if current treatment or medications are having the desired effect.
记录生命体征的目的是在病人到医院、诊所、诊室或其他健康保健部门就诊时为其建立一个基础数据。生命体征可以由护士、医生、医助或其他健康保健专业人员记录,健康保健专业人员有责任进行解释,识别异常发现,并确认当前治疗或用药起到了预期的疗效。
Vital signs are usually recorded from once hourly to four times hourly, as required by a person's condition.
根据病人状况,生命体征通常每小时记录一次或一小时记录四次。
The vital signs are recorded and compared with normal ranges for a person's age and medical condition. Based on these results, a decision is made regarding further actions to be taken.
生命体征记录后,可根据个人的年龄及疾病与正常范围进行对照,并根据对照结果决定是否进行后续治疗。
All persons should be made comfortable and reassured that recording vital signs is normal part of health checks, and that it is necessary to ensure that the state of their health is being monitored correctly. Any abnormalities in vital signs should be reported to the health care professional in charge of care. form www.med66.com
测量时应保持病人舒适,使病人相信这是健康检查的正常内容之一,并保证病人健康状况得到正确的监护,这一点也很有必要。生命体征异常应向主管护理的健康保健专业人员报告。
As there may be no recorded knowledge of a person's previous vital signs for comparison, it is important that a health care professional be aware that there is
a wide range of normal values that can apply to persons of different ages. The health care professional should obtain as detailed a medical history from the person as soon as possible. Any known medical or surgical history, prior measurements of vital signs, and details of current medications should be recorded, as well. Physical exertion prior to measurement of vital signs, such as climbing stairs, may affect the measurements. This should be avoided immediately before the measurement. Tobacco, caffeinated drinks, and alcohol should be avoided for 30 minutes prior to recording.
也会出现没有先前生命体征记录供对照的情况,这时,健康保健专业人员知道适用于不同年龄人群的正常范围值就显得很重要。健康保健专业人员应尽快尽可能详细地获取个人治疗史,任何已知的内外科病史、以往的生命体征数据和当前用药详细情况也应加以记录。测量前的一些强体力活动,如爬楼梯等,可以影响测量结果,因此,在测量前应避免这些活动。记录前30也应避免吸烟、饮用含咖啡因饮料和酒精。
A person should be sitting down or lying comfortably to ensure that the readings are taken in a similar position each time. The equipment required include a watch with a second hand, an electronic or other form of thermometer, an electronic or manual sphygmomanometer with an appropriate sized cuff, and a stethoscope.
测量时病人应坐、卧舒适,每次测量位置要大致相同。测量用的器具包括秒表、电子或其他体温计、电子或其他人工血压计及一个听诊器,血压计袖带大小要合适。
Transmission
HIV transmission requires contact with body fluids containing infected cells or plasma. HIV may be present in any fluid or exudate that contains plasma or lymphocytes, specifically blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, saliva, or wound exudates. Although theoretically possible, transmission by saliva or droplet nuclei produced by coughing or sneezing is extremely rare, if it occurs. HIV is not transmitted by casual contact or even by the close nonsexual contact that occurs at work, school, or home. The most common means of transmission is direct transfer of bodily fluids either through sharing contaminated needles or sexual relations.
传播
HIV的传播必需要有与含感染细胞或血浆体液的直接接触。HIV可存在于任何含血浆或淋巴细胞的液体或渗出液中,特别是血液、精液、阴道分泌液、母乳、唾液或伤口渗出液。虽然从理论上讲有这种可能性,但在实际中,通过咳嗽或喷嚏唾液或飞沫传播的情形极其罕见。在工作场所、学校或家里的平常接触甚或密切的非性接触都不会传播HIV。最觉见的传播途径是共用注射器或性关系所带来的直接的全液交流。
Sexual practices involving no exposure to bodily fluids are safe. Other practices, such as fellatio and cunnilingus appear to be relatively, but not absolutely, safe. The greatest risk is through genital intercourse, especially anal-receptive
intercourse. Sexual practices producing mucosal trauma before or during intercourse increase the risk. Use of latex condoms or vaginal barriers decreases but does not eliminate risk. Oil-based lubricants decrease the protection provided by latex condoms because they dissolve them.
无体液接触的性生活是安全的。其他如口淫或舐阴等性方式则相对而非绝对安全。最危险的是生殖器性交,尤其是肛交的接受方。性交前或性交中的粘膜破损会增加危险性。使用乳胶避孕套或子宫帽可降低但不能消除这种危险。因为润滑油会溶解乳胶,所以,也会降低避孕套的保护作用。
Infected cells or free virions can reach target cells in a new host via blood transfusion, accidental injection, or mucous membrane exposure. The role of mucous membrane inflammation is illustrated by the effect of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) on susceptibility to HIV infection. HIV transmission is definitely increased by chancroid and may be more likely in the presence of herpes, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and possibly other STDs.
感染细胞或游离病毒体可经由输血、意外注射或粘膜暴露到达新宿主的靶细胞。粘膜炎症所起的作用与其他性传病(STD)医学教.育网搜集和HIV感染易感性的作用相同。软下疳肯定会增加HIV的传播性,单纯疱疹、梅毒、滴虫病和其他STD感染更可能引发HIV传播。
Transmission of HIV by needle-stick injury, estimated at about 1/300 incidents, is much less frequent than transmission of hepatitis B, presumably because of the relatively lower number of HIV virions in the blood of most infected patients. Risk of HIV transmission appears to be increased by deep wounds or injection of blood, such as when hollow-bore needles containing blood penetrate the skin.
由针刺损伤导致的HIV传播发生率估计为1/300,远低于乙型肝炎,这可能是由于大多数感染者血液中的HIV病毒数量相对较少的原故。深部创口或注入血液,如含有血液的中空针头刺入皮肤,都可增加HIV的传播危险。
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen blood donors has vastly reduced the risk of acquiring HIV by transfusion. However, persons in the early stages of HIV infection, who have not yet mounted an antibody response, may have transiently negative ELISA and Western blot results while yielding positive results for HIV p24 antigen in plasma. These persons may account for the very low, but continuing, risk of transfusion-associated HIV infection (estimated at between 1/10,000 and 1/100,000 per unit transfused). Currently mandated screening for both antibody and p24 antigen may further reduce this risk.
用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法对供血者进行筛检,已大大降低了输血引起的HIV感染危险。不过,HIV感染早期的供血者,在尚未产生抗体应答时,他们的ELISA和Westernblot结果暂时均为阴性,而血浆HIVp24抗原检查则为阳性。这些供血者可能造成非常低、但依然存在的输血相关性HIV感染危险(估计介于1/1万~1/10万之间)。近来采用同时进行抗体
和p24抗原筛检的方法可进一步降低危险性。
Prevention
Multiple strategies are being developed to induce protective immunity in persons not infected with HIV. Immunogens include attenuated live and whole killed HIV, genetically engineered HIV proteins and peptides (e.g., from the viral envelope), and vaccinia virus genetically modified to express HIV viral proteins. These efforts are hampered by the lack of a measurable marker of protective immunity, such as the neutralizing antibody engendered by polio vaccine, or of a convenient animal model. Nevertheless, vaccines continue to be developed and tested for safety and immunogenicity.
传播的预防
正在研制多种方法来诱导未感染HIV者的免疫保护功能。免疫原包括减毒HIV活病毒或完全灭活HIV病毒,因工程HIV蛋白和肽(如取自病毒包膜的),和基因修饰后表达HIV蛋白质的牛痘病毒。这些工作都因缺少可计量的免疫保护标志物而受阻,如灰髓炎疫苗能产生中和抗体;另外也没有合适的动物模型。尽管如此,疫苗研究仍在进行。并在作安全性和免疫遗传学试验。
All pregnant women should be offered a test for antibody to HIV. HIV-infected women should be advised to consider deferring pregnancy at least until management of HIV in pregnancy is better studied. The risk of transmission in utero, intrapartum, or postpartum transmission to the fetus is estimated to be 30 to 50%, but zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) alone reduces intrapartum infection by 2/3, and combinations of drugs may be more effective. Given the low, but real, risk of transmission even with treatment and the uncertainty of the effects on the fetus of drugs needed for their own health, termination of pregnancy may be an alternative for many HIV-infected pregnant women.
所有妊娠妇女都应进行HIV抗体试验。应劝告HIV感染女性推迟怀孕,至少要等到妊娠期HIV处理已有了更好的研究结果后。据估计,胎儿在宫内、产程中或产后的传播危险率为30%~50%,但单用齐多呋啶(ZDV或AZT)即可使分娩期传播减少2/3,联合用药效果会更好。虽然治疗后的传播危险很低,但也确实存在,而且这些胎儿健康所必需的药物对胎儿的影响也不确定,因此,终止妊娠也可能是许多HIV感染孕妇的选择措施之一。
Confidential testing for antibody to HIV should be offered to anyone requesting it, but only in conjunction with pretest and posttest counseling. Persons who are at high risk for contracting HIV infection--even those with negative HIV antibody test results--should not donate blood or organs for transplantation because of the small risk they may have been recently infected and be infectious but antibody-negative.
应向每一个请求者提供保密的HIV抗体检测,并与检测前后的咨询服务相结合。HIV感染高危者――即使是那些HIV抗体检测阴性的人――都不应献血或捐献移植器官,因为他们仍然存在近期感染及具有传染性而抗体呈阴性的可能性。
Isolation of hospitalized patients with HIV infection is unnecessary, except when their complicating infections (e.g., suspected or proven TB) are communicable. Surfaces contaminated by blood or other body fluids should be cleaned and disinfected. HIV is readily inactivated by heat and many disinfectants, including peroxide, alcohols, phenolics, and hypochlorite. The body fluids and tissues of HIV-infected patients should be handled with extreme care.
没必要隔离感染HIV的住院病人,除非他们得有传染性并发感染(如怀疑或证实有结核)。血液或其他体液污染表面应进行清洁和消毒。HIV容易通过加热和许多消毒剂灭活,如过氧化物、酒精、酚和次氯酸。处理HIV感染者的体液和组织时应极其小心。
Medical and dental professionals should wear gloves when examining all patients if contact with mucous membranes or other wet surfaces may occur. Because needle-stick accidents are common, health care workers must be taught how to avoid them.
医生和牙医在检查所有患者时,如需接触粘膜或其他湿面,一定要戴手套。由于针刺意外经常发生,因此,应教育保健工作者如何避免意外。
Postexposure prophylaxis with immediate antiretroviral therapy after penetrating injuries involving HIV-infected blood (needle sticks) or heavy mucous membrane (eye or mouth) contamination is believed to reduce transmission. Combinations of a protease inhibitor with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are currently recommended for postexposure prophylaxis of relatively high-risk exposures. Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT) appeared to reduce risk of transmission after needle-stick injuries in one study, which provided the only evidence that prophylaxis works. Because of the low risk of infection for most injuries, controlled prospective studies of the effectiveness of prophylaxis are not practical. Cancers or birth defects from the brief exposures to these drugs have not been found in the small numbers of otherwise healthy persons who have used ZDV for this purpose. Because some women in early pregnancy will be offered postexposure prophylaxis before their pregnancy is suspected or confirmed, special caution must be exercised in treating potentially pregnant women. Additional problems arise when the source or HIV status of blood is unknown, but identification of the source and testing of that person for HIV infection should be vigorously pursued.
现已证明,在贯通伤接触HIV感染血液或严重的粘膜医.学教.育网搜.集整理(口腔或眼睛)接触后,立即用抗逆转录病毒药物作暴露后预防治疗可以能降低传播率。对相对高危暴露,目前推荐用一个蛋白酶抑制剂结合两个逆转录酶抑制剂作暴露后预防治疗。有一项研究发现,AZT能降低针刺后的传播危险,――这也是证明预防有效的唯一一次研究。由于大多数针刺的感染危险性低,预防效果的预期控制性研究也并不实用。在其他不部分HIV感染而
使用ZDV、又无其他疾病的人员中,尚未发现短期用药的致癌和致畸现象。因此,有些妊娠早期妇女在怀疑或证实怀孕前需要进行预防性治疗,在治疗这些潜在的孕妇时就应特别注意。血液来源或血液HIV状况不明会引发其他许多问题,因此确认血液来源及对供血者进行HIV检测丝毫不能松懈。
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