高考语法(虚拟语气)

一、考纲解读

虚拟语气是高考热点，考生需要注意if条件从句中虚拟语气的用法、含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的用法和名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；以及虚拟语气中倒装的出现；虚拟语气用于定语从句等。

二、考点精讲

虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。

考点一 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法

if从句 主句 与现在事实相反 if＋主语＋动词过去式 主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形 If ＋主语＋had＋过去分主语＋should/would/could/might＋ have＋ 与过去事实相反 词 1. if＋主语＋动词过去式 2.if＋主语＋were to＋动与将来事实相反 词原形 3. if＋主语＋should＋动词原形

If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明天下雨的话，我就不开车了。(明天的情况还不知道)

If I had done it in time, I should have had a good time. 如果我及时做的话，日子就好过多了。(可惜当时没能及时做) 注意：

1. 主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would可用于任何人称。

2. 条件句中如果动词是be，其过去式所有人称的单复数都可用were；在第一、三人称单数

主语＋should/would/could/ might＋动词原形 过去分词 的口语中，可用was代替were。但在if I were you中，不能说成if I was you。

3. 当条件从句的行为与主句所表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中动词的形式要根据它所标示的时间作出相应的调整，这就是所谓的“错综条件虚拟语气”。如：

If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干得就会容易些了。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他不听我的建议，他就不会干得这么好了。

4. 在条件句中，如果有were, had, should等，则可省略if，但应注意把were, had, should等提到从句主语之前。如：

If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. ＝ Were he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他来，我将和他一道参加讨论。

5. 有些虚拟条件句没有从句，虚拟条件句是通过上下文或介词短语表示出来的。如：

But for air and water, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气和水，地球上就没有生命。(介词短语but for提供了虚拟条件)

With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你的帮助，我们就可以早些完成任务。(介词短语with your help充当虚拟条件句)

考点二 虚拟语气在wish从句中的用法

I wish

I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在) I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。(将来) I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. 我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去)

宾语从句 主语＋动词过去式 主语＋had＋过去分词 主语＋would/might＋动词原形 愿望 现在不能实现的愿望 过去不能实现的愿望 将来不能实现的愿望 考点三 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用

1. 在insist；command，order；demand，request，require，desire；advise, propose, suggest，recommend等表示“命令、要求、建议”的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：

He suggests that she (should) leave the house at once.他要她立刻离开这所房子。 He proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.他建议我们应该用发展的眼光处理这个问题。

2. 与上述动词相对应的名词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句、同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气(should可省略)。如：My proposal is that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.我的建议是为这个计划设定一个上交的期限。

3. 在It be suggested (ordered, demanded, proposed, … )that… 结构中，主语从句中也要使用虚拟语气。如：It's required that every student be on time for school. 要求每个学生准时到校。 4. 在do you suggest/recommend用在特殊疑问句中作插入语时，句子的动词也使用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”的形式，其中should可以省略。如：What type of computer do you recommend/ suggest we (should) buy?你建议我们买什么类型的电脑呢？

5. 在It's＋necessary，essential，important, strange, natural等形容词＋ that从句或It's a pity，a shame等名词＋ that 从句中，谓语动词可以使用should do。如：

It is necessary that the badly wounded man should be treated immediately. 这位重伤员必须马上治疗。

It's a pity that you should be so careless.你竟然如此粗心，真是可惜。

考点四 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法

在as if/though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在相反的情况；用过去

完成式，表示与过去相反的情况等。其变化与wish后的宾语从句的变化相同。如：I've loved you as if you were my relative.我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。

考点五 虚拟语气在其他一些句型中的用法

1. It's high time that-从句中，谓语动词可以使用过去式，也可使用should＋动词原形；表示“早该……了”，其中should不可省略。如：It's high time we got up/should get up. 我们早该起床了。

2. would rather＋从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来的情况相反；用过去完成式，表示与过去的情况相反。如：I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 3. if only…要是……多好啊。如：

If only you hadn't offended him. 你当时不惹他就好了。 If only he could come tomorrow. 他明天能来就好了。 4. 其他一些表示祝愿的句型。如：

May you succeed！祝你成功！

Long live the People's Republic of China. 中华人民共和国万岁！

三、误区点拨

1. 【误】 The plant is dead. Maybe I should give more water. 【正】 The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given more water.

【解析】 根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责：本应该多浇些水的。要用should have done形式表示“本应该做……而未做”。

2. 【误】 Hadn't they saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】 Had they not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】 If they had not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【解析】 当条件中含有were, had, should等时，可省略if，从而把were, had, should提到主语之前。若条件句为否定句，则只把were, had, should提前，not仍放在主语之后。

3. 【误】 If only I saw the film yesterday. 【正】 If only I had seen the film yesterday.

【解析】 if only后句子若表示过去的一种愿望，其谓语动词应用过去完成式，即if only sb. had done sth. 。

四、实战演练

第一组

1. 【2012湖南卷】 Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

A. have had B. had had C. have D. had 【答案】D

【考点】此题考查条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。

【解析】从句中用一般过去时表现在的假设。动词的时态 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气 一般过去式表对现在的假设。

2. 【2012陕西卷】 If may car _________more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.

A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 【答案】B

【考点】考查虚拟语气。

【解析】根据主语的谓语动词可知题干是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用had done，选B。

3. 【2012北京卷】 We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 【答案】C

【考点】考查虚拟语气。

【解析】虚拟语气考点，对过去的虚拟，本能……。

4. 【2012北京卷】 Don’t handle the vase as if it ____ made of steel. A. is B. were C. has been D. had been 【答案】B

【考点】虚拟语气考点。 【解析】对现在的虚拟用were。

5. 【2012山东卷】 If we _______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.

A. haven’t made B. wouldn’t make C. didn’t make D. hadn’t made 【答案】D

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done的形式。句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议就不会这样成功。

6. 【2011北京卷】 —Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined. —I wish they always late.

A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been 【答案】A

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“—孩子们哪儿去了？这顿饭快要吃不起来了。—我但愿他们不要老是迟到。”wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现always，从句虚拟使用一般过去时。选A。

7. 【2011北京卷】 Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.

A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 【答案】C

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科，现在就能给你更多的帮助。”then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此使用过去完成时。选C。

8. 【2011天津卷】 I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 【答案】D

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。”but I didn’t know表示了过去时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。

第二组

1. 【2011江苏卷】 —I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.

—How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it.

A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen 【答案】B

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“—我把我的手提包落在火车上了。但幸运的是，有人拾到交给了铁路部门。—失而复得，简直难以置信！我是说，本来可能有人会偷了去。”will have done将来可以完成，must have done一定做过某事，表示对过去事情的肯定推测，都与题意不符。should have done本来应该做某事，而实际没做，这就意味着希望有人偷包。might have stolen 过去可能做过，语气比较婉转或不肯定，根据句意选B。

2. 【2011福建卷】 —Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. —I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.

A.attended B.had attended C.would attend D.would have attended 【答案】D

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“—真可惜你错过了那场有关核污染的讲座。—我本可以去听的，但我当时忙于工作面试。”对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。

3. 【2011陕西卷】 I__________through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone 【答案】A

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“没有你的慷慨帮助，我是不可能度过那段痛苦的时期的。”that bitter period表示过去的时间，对过去的虚拟语气用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选A。

4. 【2011江西卷】 It _______ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock.

A. mustn’t B.can’t C.won’t D.needn’t 【答案】B

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“不可能是邮递员在门口，才六点钟呢。”mustn’t 禁止，不允许；can’t 不可能；won’t 不愿意，就是不，偏不；needn’t 不需要。根据后一句中“现在仅仅是六点”，only一词肯定语气强烈，前一句为门外的绝不可能是邮递员。故选B。

5. 【2011江西卷】 We _____John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A.will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 【答案】B

【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。

【解析】句意为“要不是因为他最近受伤，我们本应该把John的名字加进昨天的比赛名单中。”but for 是虚拟语气的提示，yesterday表示过去的时间。对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选B。

6. 【2010·浙江卷】 Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy________.

A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 【答案】A

【解析】本题考查虚拟语气。根据Had I known提示，可知此句是虚拟语气，且与过去事实相反，故主句谓语用would have done的形式。此外本句还是被动，选A。

7. 【2010·江苏卷】 George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I'd rather he ________ more on its culture.

A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 【答案】B

【解析】本题考查虚拟语气。would rather＋从句表示对现在或将来虚拟时应使用一般过去时。

8. 【2010·福建卷】 Teachers recommend parents ________ their children under 12 to ride

bicycles to school for safety.

A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow 【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意为：教师们建议：为了孩子们的安全，父母不应让12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去学校。recommend意为“建议”，其后接的宾语从句采用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”的形式，should可以省略。

五、模拟演练

1. 【2011·北京海淀期末】 If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we ________there by now.

A. would be B. are C. have been D. had been 【答案】A

【解析】句意为：如果不是你穿衣服花了那么长时间的话，我们现在就到那里了。从句用了与过去相反的虚拟语气，但主句与现在情况相反，故选A项。

2. 【2011·福建龙岩检测】 —I didn’t attend the lecture yesterday. —I________, either, if my mother hadn’t reminded me. A. wouldn’t B. wouldn’t have C. didn’t D. hadn’t 【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。从句子中if my mother hadn’t reminded me 知，此处是对过去状况的虚拟，主句应该用should/would/could/might＋have done结构，从选项中看只有B项合适(I wouldn’t have 是I wouldn’t have attended the lecture的省略)。

3. 【2010·南通二模】 —How much of the foreign expert’s speech have you understood? —Next to nothing.I wish I________harder at English.

A. worked B. had worked C. would work D. were working 【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，此处表示与过去事实相反，意思是：我希望我(过去)更努力地学习英语了。

4. 【2010·合肥二模】 —Did you make it at last? —Yes.But for your help, it________a serious loss.

A. would cause B. must have caused C. would have caused D. may cause 【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意为：—你们最后成功了吗？—成功了，要不是你的帮助，我们的损失就大了。but for...要不是……。