构造

Chapter 1 地质图

1.Structural geology:the study of the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of rock structures.

2.kinematics:A study of the motion causing the geometries within rocks. 3.Dynamics:the study of the forces which caused the deformations studied during kinematic analysis.

4.tectonics:those structures that form in response to stresses generated directly by plate interactions.

5.Primary structures:those produced during the formation of rocks. 6.Secondary structures: those fored after is host rock is formd, such as a fault, fold, or joint produced by tectonic movement.

7.Cross beds:surfaces within a thicker, master bed that are oblique to the bedding in the master bed.

8.Topset:thin, usually concave upward, laminations parallel to the upper master bedding.

9.Foreset: inclined, curved, laminations or beds deposited parallel to the slip face.

10.Bottomset: thin laminations parallel to the bottom master bedding. 11.Ripple Marks: Ridges and valleys on the surface of a bed, formed due to current flow. 12.Mud cracks: Mudcracks are shrinkage cracks formed in deposits of drying clay or silt.

13.Rake (pitch):when linear structures contavned in a tilted plane,we line and the plane to line between the acute place.

14.emplacement:the act of putting something in a certain place. 15.detrital:larger particles in rocks. Chapter 3 stress

1.Body forces: act equally on every particle in a body, regardless of position.

2.Surface forces: operate across surfaces of contact between adjacent parts of a system - not necessarily a \"physical surface\". 3.vector:have magnitude and direction. 4.stress:per unit area of force.

5.The normal stress:the stress component perpendicular to the plane. 6.The shear stress: the stress component that is parallel to the axes of the plane.

7.principal stress:those three principal stress axes are orthogonal to one another, also perpendicular to three plane. (maximum, intermediate, minimum)

8.isotropic:where all three principal stresses are equal in magniture. 9.Anisotropic:s stress state where at least one axis has a different magniture to the axes.

10.stress tensor:a mathematical description that defines the state of stress at a point.

11.Surface force: operate across surfaces of contact between adjacent parts of a system - not necessarily a \"physical surface\". Chapter 4 Strain

1.Translation：The movement from one place to another,no change in the length of line connecting any points and all points displaced by an equal vector.

2.Rotation:Spin around an axis ,no change in the length of line connecting any points,All points rotated by an equal amount about a common axis; No angular displacement of points relative to one another 3. Distortion:a rock changes in shape. 4.dilation:a rock changesin volume.

5. Material lines:they are imaginary lines that can be thought of as connecting material points.

6.elongation: The measure of the change in the lengths of material lines.

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7.angular strain: Rotations that accompany simple shear . 8.elongtion:ratio of change in length to original length. Stretoh:ratio of final length to original length.

9.shear strain:describes changes in angle between two initially perpendicular lines.

10.Homogeneous strain: results when any two portions of a body which were similar in form and orientation before strain, are still similar in form and orientation after the strain.(1)produces the same distortion everywhere(2)straight lines remain straight(3)parallel lines remain parallel.

11.heterogeneous strain: when it varies across the surface of an object. Changes in the size and shape of small parts of the body are proportionately different from place to place.(1)involves distortion that varies from place to place(2)stright lines become aurved,planes become curved surfaces(3)parallel lines generally do not remain parallel after deformation.

12.strain ellipsoid: results from the homogeneous deformation of an imaginary sphere, which represents the undeformed state of a body. 13.prancipal strain axes:three material lines define the axes of an

euipsoid.

14.plane of flattening:the plane containing the X and Y axes.

15.Incremental Strain： Intermediate strain steps, describe separate strain conditions; Usually difficult to ascertain. 16.Finite Strain： Measure of the strain from an initial to final state. Represents the sum of the incremental strains.

17.Coaxial Deformation:stretches of the incremental strain ellipse ,are coaxial with the stretches of the finite strain ellipsoid. 18.Noncoaxial Deformation: stretches of the incremental strain ellipsoid are NOT coaxial with the stretches of the finite strain ellipse. 19.The Flinn diagram:it is a graphical representation used to plot finite strain ellipsoids，allowing the representation of three dimensional strain on a two dimensional plot.

20.Progressive Deformation:in the same power function,defonmation objects from its initial state changes to the final state experience of discontinuous process. Chapter 5 Fault

1.Fault：a kind of crack in the crust of the earth along which there has been apparent.

2.Hanging wall :the block which will appear to hang if the other block is removed.

3.foot wall: The block which remains stable even if the other block. 4.slip: Displacement along a fault plane.

Net slip: the total slip on the fault plane Dip slip: the dip-parallel component

Strike slip: the strike-parallel component

5.heave: The horizontal component of the apparent displacement.

6.dip fault: the strike of the fault is parallel to the dip direction of bed .

7.strike fault:the strike of the fault is parallel to strike of the bed . 8.Reverse fault :the hanging wall side appears to have moved relatively upwards

9.Normal fault: a fault where the hanging wall side appears to have moved downwards relative to the footwall.

10.throw:the vertical component of the apperent displacement.

11.separation:the apparent offset of a feature as seen in a map view or a cross section .

12.bedding fault:the fault plane is parallel to the bedding planes. 13.dstachments: the high steeped fault often dip gently at depth, and

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finally, all of the normal fault combined and for a large-scale normal fault.

14.slickensides: smooth, polished surfaces of wall rock adjacent to a

fault. 15. Striation: Linear scrape marks made as two fault blocks slip past each

other.

16:diagonal (oblique) faults :Faults striking in any other direction in relation to the strike of the bed.

17.mineral fibers:grow parallel to the slip dvrection and fill gaps that open during faulting.

18.Mineralized steps: Step shaped cavity filling with fibrous minerals (quartz or calcite).

19.Drag folds: these form due to distortion of marker planes on either side of the fault and are diagnostic of brittle-ductile (or semi-brittle) faults.

20.Fault breccias: composed of >30% angular fragments. And those angular rock fragments surrounded by finer matrix. Fragments often show various sizes, from microbreccia (>0.1mm-<1mm) to megabreccia (>0.5 m fragments).

21.cataclasite.:very fine grained, strongly deformed rock made up of rounded fragments and matrix, typically formed under higher temperatures and pressures than breccias protocataclasite matrix<50% mesocataclasite >50%, <90%ultracataclasites matrix > 90%

22.fault gouge: very few isolated fragments in very fine matrix. Fine grained, clay-rich, \"rock flour\" formed along the fault surface, <0.1 mm grain size

23.Pseudotachylite: kind of glass formed by frictional melting due to quick movement of fault.

24.Fault scarps. vertically displaced ground surface resulting from dip-slip faulting (normal and reverse faults). 25.triangular facets:When the scarp is eroded by the stream perpendicular to the strike of the fault plane, a series of triangular facets can be formed.

Chapter 7 Joint

1.Bedding joints：Joint plane is parallel to the bedding planes.

2.Strike joints：Strike of the joint is parallel to the strike direction of bed

3.Dip joints. The strike of the joint is perpendicular to the strike of Bed.

4.Oblique joints. The strike of the joint is oblique to the strike of bed. 5.Fractures ：are surfaces along which rocks or minerals have broken. 6.Diagonal joint: Strike of the joint is a oblique to fold axes. 7.Longitudinal joints: Strike of the joint is parallel to the fold axes. 8.Transverse joints: Strike of the joint is perpendicular to fold axes. 9.Shear joint：In compression, joints develop in the conjugate shear directions (the orientation of symmetric fracture planes)making the lower angle with the major principal stress direction.

10.tension joints:In tension joints develop by stretching normal to the tensile stress direction which is usually the minor principal stress. 11.Joint sets: many adjacent joints with similar geometry and

orientation. 12.Systematic joints: roughly planar, sub-parallel orientations, regular

Spacing.

13.Non-systematic joints: curved and irregular in geometry, usually terminate against systematic joints.

14.Plumose structure: consists of a number of morphological components plume axis, hackles, and fringe zone.

15.En echelon：are parallel or subparallel, closely-spaced, overlapping

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or step-like minor structural features in rock, such as faults and tension fractures, that are oblique to the overall structural trend 16.Stylolites: are irregular surfaces that commonly appear as dark, agged lines on exposed surfaces of carbonate rock.

17.Joint system: made up of two or more sets of joints, may be persistent over large regions.

Chapter 8 Geometrical analysis of folds

1.Fold: produced by bending of various surfaces and are the results of the ductile deformation of rocks. 2.antiform : An upward closing fold 3.Synform:a downward closing one

4.Anticline:Folded layers with old rock in the core 5.Syncline:those with younger rocks in the core 6.Homocline:the rocks dip uniformly in one direction 7.Core: the central part of the fold

8.limb :The sides of a fold are called limbs. 9.Hinge: The line joining points of greatest curvature on a folded surface 10.Axial Plane: The plane or surface that contains hinges or hinge lines on all surfaces involved in folding and which generally divides the fold into nearly equal halves.

11.Crest:the point of highest elevation on a surface 12.TROUGH:the point of lowest elevation on a surface

13.INFLEXION POINT:On a folded surface in a fold profile, the point of least curvature

14.Rounded fold: with a rounded turning point.

15.Angular fold (chevron fold ): A fold with a sharp angular hinge and planar limbs of equal length.

monocline: local increase in regional dip, dip direction remains constant

17.Interlimb angles:Gentle fold 120~180ºOpen fold 70~120º Closed fold 30-70 º Tight fold 0~30º Isoclinal fold 0~10º 18.vergence :refers to the direction of the asymmetric fold 19.overturned fold:the strata on one limb of the fold become nearly upside down

20.recumbent fold:An overturned fold with an axial plane that is nearly horizontal

21.Upright fold: often has a nearly vertical axial plane, with two limbs dipping in opposite direction.

22.Inclined fold: has a oblique axial plane. Two limbs dip in opposite direction but have different dip angles.

23.Dip Isogon : the line that connects points of equal dip on the top and bottom of a folded layer.

24.Parallel fold: The thickness perpendicular to layer boundaries keep in same in different parts of the fold

25.concentric fold:Different folded layers have a same curvature center 26.Similar fold: A type of fold in which the thickness of the layers remains constant when measured parallel to the axial surface and the layers have the same wave shape, but the thickness along each layer varies.

Chapter 9 Lineation and foliation

1.Lineation：is parallel alignment of elongate linear fabric elements in a rock body. 2.Primary lineation ：is those formed during the formation of rocks, such as ropy structure in lava flows and linear alignment of phenocrysts and xenoliths (flow lineation) in plutonic rocks.

3.Secondary lineations are those formed after the formation of rocks 4.Stretching lineations: An important type of lineation is formed by the parallel alignment of a set of objects that have acquired an elongate

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shape as a result of deformation. 5.Crenulation Lineation：it is expressed as bundles of very small, closely spaced fold hinges (crests and troughs).

6. Intersection Lineation: The intersection of any two planar structures forms a line.

7.Mineral Lineation: Metamorphic minerals often grow with a preferred crystallographic and dimensional orientation.

8.Boudins:sausage-shaped segments of extended competent layers surrounded by less competent matrix.

9.Mullions :they are coarse structures formed in the original rock material as opposed to segregated or introduced material.

10.Rodding:it is a morphological term for elongate, cylindrical and monomineralic bodies of some segregated mineral (quartz, calcite, pyrite, etc.) enclosed in metamorphic rocks of all grades.

11.Foliation:foliation are any type of planar fabric in rock, including bedding, cleavage, schistosity.

12.Primary foliation :includes layers in sedimentary rocks and flow banding and flow foliations in igneous rocks.

13.Secondary foliations:they are usually associated with deformed metamorphic rocks and include (in increasing grade and grain size) slaty cleavage, phyllitic structure, schistosity and gneissic foliation.

14.Cleavage :it is a secondary foliation formed under low grade

metamorphic conditions (or less) that allows the rock to split along planes.

15.M-domains:thin zones of concentrated, strongly aligned, platy minerals(mica) or insoluble oxide and clay residue.

16.Q-domains :lenticular or tabluar zones with less abundant platy minerals that exhibit a weak to strong alignment. 17.Disjunctive cleavage : the opposite where the microlithons between the cleavage surfaces are large enough to be seen plainly.

18.Spaced cleavage :consists of an array of parallel to anastomosing, stylolitic to smooth, fracture-like partings common in slightly deformed sedimentary rocks.

19.Crenulation cleavage :it is characterised by microscale kinking of an earlier fabric.

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