雅思写作技巧--英语 段落,经典句子,文章分析,素材等

A sustainable life

It's hard enough to make it through a week, never mind a new year, of good intentions. The problem is often with the goals themselves: Be loving to your spouse. Stay within your budget. It is easier to say, but hard to do. Here is a guide to making some of those resolutions last. A spending plan is like a diet. It's hard to stay on it. What would you do if your wallet became harder to open as your spending approached or exceeded your budget? Would you think twice about where your money was going? A product designer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who created a working prototype for such a wallet thinks so, and he may be on to something. Part of the reason so many people spend too much, or fail to stick to budgets, is because parting with money has become an abstraction in increasingly cashless societies. Credit cards provide immediate gratification, but no immediate consequences. Plucking actual dollars from your pile of cash, research suggests, is more painful, and leads you to spend less. There's another factor that prevents people from being model financial citizens (besides, of course, circumstances like joblessness). Humans are notoriously poor at following through with their plans. Sticking to a budget feels too much like dieting. And we often fail at both for the same reasons: too much focus on the restrictions, not enough on fun. So it's not surprising when people end up bingeing later, more than making up for dollars not spent or calories not consumed. On Mint.com, a money-tracking Web site, top goals among the nearly half a million users include paying off debt, creating an emergency fund and saving for retirement. The battle, say money and psychology experts, is finding ways to close the gap between good intentions and human nature. So when every dollar counts, how can you accomplish what you're not necessarily wired to do?

It may be a while before that smart wallet hits the shelves (a hinge in the middle of the wallet, wired to your bank account balance via a Bluetooth connection to your cellphone, makes it harder to open as you reach a spending limit). The main inventor, John Kestner, said he's working on bringing its retail price down to $60, to \"avoid obvious irony. The best budget strategy is not to think about it as budgeting at all. Instead, set up broad goals and automate all savings and other priorities where you can. \"Self-control is wonderful, but it's just not sufficient,\" said Meir Statman, a finance professor at Santa Clara University in California who focuses on behavioral finance. Start by becoming more conscious of your spending, whether you jot it down in a notepad, on a spreadsheet, or on a Web site. Then, give you spending plan a sense of purpose; budgets with a goal, whether it's a vacation or buying a home, tend to be the most successful. For there to be sustainable change, there needs to be some sort of positive motivation,\" said Amanda Clayman, a financial therapist in New York. People tend to set unrealistic goals that don't factor in their lifestyle, she said. Ultimately, what we want our money to be is an energy source,\" Ms. Clayman said. \"It should help us get somewhere or do something.

One strategy to keep spending in check is to employ what's known as mental accounting? Dividing your money separate into mental accounts that you treat differently. The easiest way to set up a system, experts suggest, is to put your income into separate accounts or subaccounts, including one that distinguishes spending money from money needed for recurring household expenses. And think about working backward, as a way to keep things simple: instead of setting up an overly detailed budget, first decide how much you want to save for retirement and other goals, then, work with what's left over. If you want to cut the spending down, attack a few big categories where you can make the biggest difference. And don't rely on doing it yourself. Arrange to have the money withdrawn from your paycheck. We need to exploit automaticity,\" said Professor David Laibson, a behavioral economist at Harvard University. He points to the success of automatic enrollment into retirement savings plans. \"We need to build in more of these commitment mechanisms, so we can live up to our intentions. III: Does money buy happiness

1.Does money buy happiness? No! Ah, but would a little more money make us a little happier? Many of us smirk and nod. There is, we believe, some connection between fiscal fitness and feeling fantastic. Most of us would say that, yes, we would like to be rich. Three in four American collegians now consider it “very important” or “essential” that they become “very well off financially”. Money matters. 幸福是否可以用金钱购买？不可能！但是不是钱多一点我们就会更开心一点呢？对此，大多数人一定微笑赞同。我们相信，收入的富足与舒适的生活感受之间有着某种联系。几乎所有人都会说，是的，我希望变得富有。而目前有四分之三的美国大学生都认为，过上“十分富裕”的生活是“非常重要”和“必不可少”的。钱的作用的确不小。

2.Well, are rich people happier? Researchers have found that in poor countries, being relatively well off does make for greater well-being. We need food, rest, shelter and social contact. But a surprising fact of life is that in countries where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities, increasing affluence matters surprisingly little. The correlation between income and happiness is “surprisingly weak”. Once comfortable, more money provides diminishing returns. The second piece of pie, or the second $100,000, never tastes as good as the first. Even lottery winners and the Forbes’ 100 wealthiest Americans have expressed only slightly greater happiness than the average American. Making it big brings temporary joy. But in the long run, wealth is like health: its utter absence can breed misery, but having it doesn’t guarantee happiness. 但是，富人就一定更快乐吗？研究人员发现，在一些贫穷的国家，相对而言比较富裕确实会使人过得更幸福一些。我们需要食物、住所、休息和社会关系。然而，人们惊讶地发现，在那些几乎所有人都衣食无忧的国家里，财富的增加所产生的效果微乎其微。收入与幸福之间的关联“惊人得微弱”。一旦生活舒适，钱所带来的收益便呈现递减趋势。得到的第二笔十万美元就像吃到的第二只派，尝起来永远都不如第一只那么美味。即使那些彩票得主和福布斯排名前一百的富人们也并没有比一般的美国人更开心多少。飞黄腾达只能带来暂时的喜悦。从长远来说，财富就像健康一样，失去它的人定会感到不幸，而拥有它的人却未必一定幸福。

IV:写作词库

1.exalt the virtues of 赞美歌颂……的美德 2. be inclined to 倾向于

3. to be anything but 除了……之外什么都行 4. sacrifice sth. to god 向上帝献上……的祭品 5.as a show of thanks 作为一种感恩的表示 6. survive sb. 比某人活得长 7. the tenacity of ……的毅力 高频形容词：

1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding

4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome

8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigourous =animated

11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent = pervasive★ 高频动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger

3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture

6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为： think = assert = hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold

10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★ 高频名词：

1. 影响：influence= impact

2. 危险：danger = perils =hazards 3. 污染：pollution = contamination

4. 人类：human beings= mankind = humane race

5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being

7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers

8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents 10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue 11. 责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability 12. 能力： ability = capacity = power = skill

13. 职业： job = career = employment = profession

14. 娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment 15. 孩子： children = offspring = descendant = kid ★ 高频短语：

1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with 2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for 3. 从事： embark on = take up = set about = go in for

4. 在当代: in contemporarysociety = in present-day society= in this day and age 5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of V：佳句翻译

1. Happiness is a kind of felling. When you help others you will feel happy .Just like Jesus had said “It is more blessed to give ……”Some rich people are also charitarians , they could make themselves more happy basing on sponsoring welfare . 幸福是一种感觉，当你帮助别人，你会感到快乐，就像耶稣说过的一样：施比受更有福一些富裕的人也是慈善家，赞助福利事业会让他们更快乐

2. So The psychologists advise the ones who often find themselves suffering to help those worse lucky people that could reduce pain . If you work hard and contribute to the society, you will be respected by people, don’t you feel unhappy? 所以心理学家建议那些总是自感痛苦的人去帮助那些更加不幸的人，那样会减轻自感痛苦者的痛苦感觉如果你努力的工作给社会作贡献，你就会受人尊敬，那你又怎么会不幸福呢

3.Sometimes happiness comes from a little case . If you often admire others unfeignedly , you will obtain others’ appreciation at the same time ,you will enjoy yourself all your time . You will be happy as long as you full you life with value. The people who try his best to create happiness for human being will get the return from all he has done . 有时候幸福只是来源于一件小小的事情，如果你经常由衷地欣赏别人，你同时也就会获得别人的赞美，那么你一生都会其乐无穷，只要你活的是有价值那么你就会幸福努力给别人创造快乐的人肯定会因他的所为而得到回报的

4.The value of happiness can’t be weighed by money. So happiness is not a certain kind of material criterion, it is not rest with money but depend on yourself. If you feel happy, that it is happy, no absolute relation to money. Isn’t money the evil source or does money make the mare to go? 幸福的价值是金钱不能衡量的，幸福并不是某种物质标准它不依赖于金钱而是在于你自己，如果你感到快来，那就是幸福，和金钱没有绝对的联系。（金钱不是万恶之源？还是有钱能使鬼推磨？）

5.Money and happiness , in anyplace at any time to anybody , the two always have countless ties . Money can not only satisfy one’s material necessities but also can meet one’s spiritual needs sometimes . That is so-called money can support happiness .

But money also can bury your head in the sand and bring misfortune to you at times . 金钱和幸福，在任何地方任何时间对于任何人而言，两者总是有千丝万缕的关系，金钱不但能满足一个人的物质需求，有时候还会满足他的精神需要，那就是所谓的金钱支撑幸福，但是有时候金钱也会让你看不到即临险境给你带来不幸。 6.We have to admit the truth that money can buy lots of things even health . In nowadays ,a poor family shall have to live a hard life.The poor people even can't

afford to children’s schooling ,no mention to the house in big city and other luxurious consumables. 我们要承认金钱可以买到很多东西甚至健康这样的事实在当今，贫困的家庭必将过着艰难的生活，穷人甚至负担不了子女的教育费用，更别提在繁华都市有栋房子，或者其它奢侈的消费品

7.It is common that lots of serious diseased people have no enough money to go to hospital for a treatment , if they wouldn’t get social aid ,the only way leaving to them is waiting for the death . If you have no money ,you can’t live the life you want , you can’t buy the things you like . If because of moneyless you have to haggle over every ounce for every little thing all days , how could you be a happy person ? 重病的穷人 没钱去医院治疗是很普遍的，如果后来他们也得不到社会的援助，留给他们的唯一的路就是面临死亡，如果没有钱，你就不能过你想要的生活，不能买你喜欢的东西如果因为清贫，你整天要为鸡毛蒜皮的小事斤斤计较，你还怎么能是幸福的人呢？

8. In all ages, people have been pursued nice life and worked hard for earning more money to improve life quality. It’s human being instinct, so this kind of behavior is right and natural. But we can’t plunge ourselves into the trap that money is omnipotent.

从古至今，人们都在追求美好的生活，都在努力工作以此赚更多的钱去改善生活质量，这是人的本能吧，所以这种行为是无可厚非的，但是我们不能让自己掉进信赖金钱万能的陷阱里面。

9.In someone’s eyes, money can buy everything, Its charm and function has exceeded its true value and the meaning of existence. People drove by this thought incline to make money by any kind of means , so lots of them will make themselves walk up to the criminal road.

有些人看来，金钱能够换取一切，金钱的魅力和作用已经超过了它真实的价值和它存在的意义，被这种想法驱使的人就会为了钱财不择手段，所以他们也很容易走上犯罪的道路

10.Money can satisfy the basal needs or make your more immaterial needs come true , but it isn’t means that money can buy happiness . Maybe you will fell more happy if you have much money, but in fact, the ratio of money and happiness is not an absolute direct ratio . The number of money don’t represent the degree of happiness Because you could earn money by hardworking 、struggling or effort work ,but you can’t get happiness only through money.

金钱可以满足你的基本生活需求或者也能满足更多的非物质需求,也许拥有许多钱会让你感到更加幸福，但是事实上，金钱和幸福之间没有绝对的正比关系呵.金钱的数量并不代表幸福的程度,因为你可以通过努力，上进，勤奋挣更多的钱，但是你不能只用金钱就可以得到幸福.

VI:例文1：Happiness is considered very important in our life. Why it is difficult to define? What factors are in achieving happiness?

It has been widely noted that happiness is very important to our life. However, what is happiness? It seems difficult to define, for different people have different ideas. Some people are brought up that most important thing in their life. They obtain happiness from seeking fame and profit. Other people are in pursuit of mental edification. They serve people heart and soul and find happiness from it.

In my view, according to philosophy, everything is in process of development including happiness. We spare no effort to achieve our goal and obtain happiness from success. However, after that we have another new aim to achieve. There is no limit to gaining lasting happiness.

Then how to obtain happiness? I think true happiness can be got in the following ways:

In the first instance, true happiness comes from hard work. A student is very happy when he has gotten high score in his examinations. His happiness is the result of his hard and patient study. Thus, happiness abounds in hard work.

Secondly, happiness is rooted in optimistic attitude. In our daily life, we should face a lot of problems, which may lead to setbacks. If these defeatist sentiments seize us, happiness will be far away from us. The only way is right attitude and sparing no effort to overcome it then you can find happiness.

Last but not least, happiness comes from frugality. Many example display people spending money wastefully for satisfaction of their desires may suffer from poverty in the long run. So living a simple and content life makes one happy and cheerful.

All in all, happiness is very important to our life. The good method to find happiness is making our mentality and physicality both strong 例文2. About Friendship

Friendship is a kind of human relations. It is a human instinct to make friends. When in trouble, we need friends to offer us help, support and encouragement. With success achieved, we also need friends to share our joys.joozone.com

Friendship is also one of the greatest pleasures that we can enjoy. It implies loyalty, cordiality, sympathy, affection, and readiness to help. No man can make the most of his life without carefully and conscientiously striving to win the right kind of friends as he goes along.joozone.com

Knowing how valuable friendship is, we should be very careful in making friends. Real friends are those who have good character, superior ability and kindness of heart. Real friends can share all our sorrows and double all our joys. While making friends, we should take care to select those who have such fine qualities. Then we should treat our friends with courtesy, be careful not to interfere unreasonably with them, and not to ridicule their proceedings. We should forgive their failures and do our best to help them. In short, when we have established friendship, we ought to cherish and treasure it by means of words and deeds. Only thus, can we develop real friendship and keep the sacred lamp of friendship burning all our life. 例文2翻译：关于友谊 友谊是一种人际关系。交友是人的一种本能。患难之中，我们需要朋友帮助、支持和鼓励。取得了成绩，我们也需要朋友分享欢乐、。

友谊又是我们可以享受的最大乐趣之一。友谊蕴含真诚、热忱、怜悯、挚爱和乐于助人之意。在人的一生中，如果不认真谨慎地力求交结正直的朋友，他就不能从生活中获得最大益处。

懂得了友谊是多么宝贵之后，就应谨慎地选择朋友。真正的朋友品性良好，能力上等，心地善良；真正的朋友能分担我们的忧伤，倍增我们的欢乐。交友之时，要谨慎选择具有这样美好品质的人。然后应以礼待友，当心不要无理地妨碍

他们，不嘲笑他们的所作所为。我们应原谅朋友的失败，并尽己所能帮助他们。 简言之，建立了友谊之后，要通过言语和行动来珍惜友谊，像爱护宝物一样爱惜友谊。只有这样，才能发展真正的友谊，让神圣的友谊之灯照亮我们一生。 VII:谚语警句：

1.亲情: A mother is not a person to lean on but a person to make leaning unnecessary. (D.C,Fisher, American female novelist)

母亲不是赖以依靠的人，而是使依靠成为不必要的人。(美国女小说家 菲席尔.D.C.)

2.All happy families are like one another; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. (Leo Tolstoy ,Russian writer)

所有幸福的家庭都十分相似；而每个不幸的家庭各有各自的不幸。(文学家 托尔斯泰.L.)

3.All I am , or can be, I owe to my angel mother. (Abraham Lincoln, American president)

我之所有，我之所能，都归功于我天使般的母亲。(美国总统林肯)

4.As a modern parent, I know that it's not how much you give children those counts, it's the love and attention you shower on them. A caring attitude can not only save you a small fortune, but also even make you feel good about being tight-fisted and offering more care than presents. (O,Hare Noel, American writer)

作为一个现代的父母，我很清楚重要的不是你给了孩子们多少物质的东西，而是你倾注在他们身上的关心和爱。关心的态度不仅能帮你省下一笔可观的钱，而且甚至能使你感到一份欣慰，因为你花钱不多并且给予了胜过礼物的关怀。(美国作家 诺埃尔.O.)

5.Be it ever so humble , there is no place like home. (John Howard Payne, American dramatist and actor)

金窝，银窝，不如自家的草窝。(美国剧作家、演员佩恩. J. H.)

He is the happiest ,be he King or peasant , who finds peace in his home. (Johann 6.Wolfgang von Goethe, German dramatist and poet) 无论国王还是农夫，家庭和睦是最幸福的。（歌德） VIII:经典段落 1.统一性

一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we’d always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作

文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：

My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two

hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I

practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

本段的controlling idea是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。

从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。 2.完整性

正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work

concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work--you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can’t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming \"Help\"?

3.连贯性(coherence)

连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 1)意连

段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)

We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we

had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o’clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the

radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o’clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

本段从\"rose\"(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐(\"not to miss breakfast\o’clock\")，然后是\"close to noon\"，一直写到这一天结束(\"By nine--\")。

B.按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on,

which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed

dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(\"from a distance\")写起，然后\"get closer\"，再到(\" ten feet away\")，最后是\"inside the pagoda\"……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。 C.按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)

a.按重要性顺序排列(arrangement insgroupsof importance)

If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从\"not need much skill\"或\"of little importance\"到\"more important\"，最后是\"most important\"。 来