一、常见短语
conclude的常用短语 acknowledge的常用短语 conclude from... 从…中推断出 acknowledge...to be/as… 承认…是/为…
draw/reach/come to/lead to a conclusion 得出acknowledge doing/having done sth 承认做结论 (了)某事 in conclusion 最后 总之 be acknowledged as/to be… 被认为是… crucial的常用短语 objective的常用短语 be crucial to… 对…至关重要 with the objective of… 目的是… play a crucial role/part in sth 在…(方面)起achieve/ meet an objective 达到目标 关键作用 set an objective 制定目标 be of crucial importance 非常重要 main/primary objective 主要/首要目标 a crucial period关键时期 be objective about… 对…是客观的 take的常用短语
take up a position 担任 任职
take up 拿起 接受 开始从事 继续 占用(时间、物品等)占据(空间) take down 写下 拆除
take in 收留 吸收 欺骗 领会 理解 take off 脱掉 起飞 成功 take on 呈现 承担 雇用 take over 接任 接管
take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母)相像 take apart 拆开
二、易混词(组)辨析 1. try to do和manage to do 易混词组 try to do 区别 强调动作,不表示结果如何 例句 I’ll try to get downtown this afternoon but I don’t know if I can make it. 今天下午我想去市中心,但不知是否能去成。 How do you manage to stay so slim? 你是怎么保持这么苗条的? manage to 强调结果,表示经过一番努力do 之后做成某事 2. acknowledge和recognize 易混词 区别 例句 With so much evidence against him, he had to acknowledge his error. 在这么多证据面前,他不得不承认他的错误。 country’s acknowledge 指公开承认隐瞒或否认 过的事情 recognize
They refused to recognize the 指正式承认主权、权利等 independence 他们拒绝正式承认这个国家的。 3. admit, infer, conclude 易混词 admit 区别 通常指因外界压力、良心或判断而承认某事的存在或真实性,含不情愿之意 由事实等推理而得出,推断出 例句 The accused man admitted his guilt. 被告承认了他的罪行。 It is reasonable to infer that the government knew about these deals. 有理由推想知悉这些交易。 With this, we conclude our series of articles on this subject. 我们以这篇文章结束了关于这个主题的系列文章。 infer conclude 由事实、观察等总结出,结束
三、常见句型与表达 1. 据说/据信/据报道...
① Sb/Sth be said/believed/reported to... ② It is said believed/ reported that... He is said to be an artist. It is said that he is an artist. 据说他是个艺术家。
The accident is reported to have occurred on the first Sunday in February. It is reported that the accident occurred on the first Sunday in February. 据报道事故发生在二月的第一个星期日。 2. 介词短语“upon v-ing...”做时间状语
upon doing在句中用可作时间状语,根据语境可译为“一...就...;当...时”。其中upon还可以换为介词on,并且由于upon与on都是介词,后面除了可用动词-ing形式,还可用名词形式。
In hot summer, people turn on the air-conditioner upon returning home. 在炎热的夏季,人们一回到家就开空调。 On arriving home I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。
Upon arrival at the classroom, we began to study immediately. 到了教室之后,我们就立刻开始学习。
3. It is an honour(for sb)to…(做某事对某人来说是一种荣誉。) 该句式中it为形式主语,后面的动词不定式是真正的主语。
正式用语中也经常会用“I feel it a great honour to...”或“be/feel honoured to...”。
It is my/an honour to be here to share with you my opinion on what to learn in senior high school. 能在这里和大家分享在高中应该学什么的看法,我感到非常荣幸。
We thought it is a great honour for you to have won two gold medals for our school in the Olympic Mathematics Contest.
你为我们学校赢得两枚奥林匹克数学竞赛的金牌,我们认为这是一项极大的荣誉。 I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 很荣幸他在讲话中提到了我。
4. It strikes sb that...(某人突然想到…) 本句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。该句式常用过去时“It struck sb
that...”或“Sth struck sb...”。
It suddenly struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我突然想到我们应该制定一个新计划。
A wonderful idea struck me suddenly when I was walking on the street. 当我走在街上时,我突然想到了一个好主意。 类似的表达还有“It hit/occurred to sb + 主语从句”。
It hit/occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning. 他突然想到第二天早上要参加一个重要会议。 5. That/This is how…
该句式含有由how引导的表语从句,意为“那/这就是…如何/怎样…”。 该句式常见的引导词还有:what, why, where, when等。
“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me. “每次你吃一颗糖,喝些绿茶。”这是我母亲过去常对我说的话。 Richard swims three times a week after work. This is how he keeps fit. 理査德每周下班后游泳三次。这就是他如何保持健康的 6. “find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构 该结构意为“发现…处于…状态”。在此结构中,宾语补足语可用以下形式: 过去分词(表示被动,动作已完成)
现在分词(表示主动,动作正在进行) 副词 find + 宾语(n/pron)+ 介词短语
形容词
If you go to the Palace Museum, you’ll find many Chinese treasures exhibited there. 如果你去故宫博物院,你会发现许多中国珍宝在那儿展览。 When I came in, I found all the students smiling at me. 当我进来时,我发现所有的学生都冲着我微笑。 I went to visit her on my way home and found her out. 我在回家的路上去拜访她,发现她出去了。
Thanks a lot for your book. I found it very interesting. 谢谢你的书。我发现这本书很有趣。
注:当动词不定式做find的宾语时,通常用it做形式宾语,真正的宾语则放在宾语补足语之后,即构成“find + it(形式宾语)+ 宾语补足语 +动词不定式(真正的宾语)”结构。
四、语法精解 1. 主格结构
主格结构属于非谓语做状语的种特殊形式,它自己的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,所以才称其为“主格”。一般在句中做状语,表时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 其主要的构成方式如下:
① 名词或代词主格 + 现在分词doing(与前面名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系,在时间上有进行的意味)
②名词或代词主格 + 过去分词done(与前面名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾/被动关系,在时间上有完成的意味)
③名词或代词主格 + 动词不定式to do(表示没有发生或将要发生的动作) The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 向导领着路,我们毫不费力地走出了森林。 The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。 The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 有这么多的事情要处理,经理看上去很着急。 2. 状语从句的省略原则
① 在when, while, once, if, unless, although, as等引导的时间、条件、让步和方式状语从句中,若从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句中含有be动词时,为了使句子结构简洁,可省略从句中的主语和be动词。
② 若从句的主语为it,谓语动词为be的某种形式时,也可以将it和be动词一起省略。 One day after school, while exploring the green woods of this magnificent mountain, I almost fell on a set of stairs.
一天放学后,我在这座雄伟的山上探索绿色的树林时,差点摔倒在台阶上。 Ordinary soap, if used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. 如果使用得当,普通肥皂能有效地抗菌。
3. 非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词)做定语的语法现象 非谓语动词做定语的形式 现在分词一般形式 doing 现在分词被动形式 being done 过去分词形式 done 动词不定式to do 功能 与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系或表正在进行的动作 表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中 与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系或表已完成的动作 表示将要发生的动作 动词不定式的被动形式 to be 表示将要被做的动作 done 4. 性定语从句和非性定语从句 项目 形式 功能 性定语从句 与先行词之间不用逗号隔开 与先行词的关系十分密切,了先行词的意义,如果去掉该从句,剩余部分的意思往往不完整,甚至失去意义 先行词一般为单个的名词或代词 可用所有的关系代词/副词引导,且关系词做宾语时可省略 非性定语从句 与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开 是先行词的附加说明,如去掉该从句,句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整 先行词既可为单个的名词或代词,也可为整个句子或其中一部分 在所有的关系词中,不能用that或why引导非性定语从句,且其他引导词不能省略 先行词 引导词 The girl who likes expensive clothes works hard to keep her job. (who引导性定语从句,与主句之间无逗号)
这位喜欢昂贵衣服的女孩为保住自己的工作而努力着。
The body of the missing fire fighter, who was considered to have escaped from the scene of the fire when they were trying to put out the flames, was found 13 years later.
(who引导非性定语从句,与主句之间有逗号隔开)
这位失踪的消防员的尸体13年后被找到了,当时他被认为在扑灭大火时临阵脱逃。 Taobao is a website where you can buy what you want at a good price. (where引导性定语从句)
淘宝是一个你能以一个合适的价格买到你想要的东西的网站。
There are many high buildings along the river, where there used to stand rows of trees. (where引导非性定语从句)
沿河有很多的高楼,过去那儿是成排的树。
The stubborn girl will never give in to any difficulty, which has made her character more charming.
(which引导非性定语从句)
这位倔强的女孩永不屈服于任何困难,这一点令她的性格更迷人。 注:① which引导非性定语从句时不置于句首。
② 在非性定语从句中,关系代词做宾语时不能省略。
③ 关系副词where, when及why可以转换成相应的“介词 + which”的形式。 5. 非性定语从句中需要注意的几个问题
① 关系副词why不能引导非性定语从句,但可用for which代替。 He didn’t tell us the reason, for which he went abroad without telling anybody. 他没有告诉我们为何在没有告诉任何人的情况下就去了国外。
② 非性定语从句由“介词 + 关系代词”引导时,其中的关系代词用which或whom。 There was an earthquake attacking this area the other day, in which some people were injured. 几天前这个地区发生了一场地震,在这次地震中有几个人受伤了。
Mr Smith, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments 史密斯先生是我的老板,他在给加班费时很大方。
③ 在“介词 + which/whom”引导的定语从句中,介词的选择原则: I 根据介词与动词的搭配关系
There are some details in the project, about which the manager cares much. 在这项工程里有一些细节,对此经理非常关心。(care about) II 根据介词与形容词的搭配关系
I introduced some subjects to her, in which she may be interested. 我给她介绍了几个科目,她可能对此感兴趣。(be interested in) III 根据介词与先行词的关系
The president said that he didn’t need any reason, for which the plan couldn't be carried out. 总裁说他不需要解释这项计划不能执行的任何理由。(for any reason) IV 根据属于与被属于(或部分与整体)的关系
There stands a building over there, the elevators of which often go out of order. 那里矗立着一座楼,这座楼的电梯经常出故障。
6. as, which引导非性定语从句时的区别 as which 既可指代整个主句的内容,又可指代主句的一部分或单个的名词或代词 引导的从句只能位于主句之后 这、那 指代 只能指代整个主句内容 位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 意义 正如 功能 起连接上下文的作用,表达说话人的观点、引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 句 As we all know, the situation of the real estate in this town is changing 众所周知,这个城镇的房地产形势在发生变化。
His success has hit the whole country, which his family members are proud of. 他的成功轰动全国,他的家人以此为傲。
注:① 关系代词as引导性定语从句时通常构成“the same….as….”及“such...as...”固定搭配。
He has got such a good chance as everyone else wants. 他得到了一个其他每个人都想要的一个好机会。 ② as还常用于一些固定结构中: as we all know 正如我们所知道的那样 as is known to us all 众所周知
as we all can see 正如我们大家都能看到的那样 as is often the case 情况常常是这样 as might be expected 正如所预料的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的一样
五、写作指导(如何写介绍有突出贡献的人物的文章) 1. 人物传记的写作模式
① 总:总体介绍人物(姓名、身份、地位、主要成就)成长经历、教育情况、兴趣爱好、性格品质。
② 分:具体介绍人物的工作经历、感人事迹、突出成绩、功过是非。 ③ 总:总结评价人物的影响、启示。 2. 常用表达
第一段:通过概括性的语言来提示人物的特征。常用同位语、定语从句来写。例如: ① Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China. ② Einstein, who discovered the “Relativity Theory”, is well known in the world.
③ Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers (that) the world has ever known.
④ Shakespeare, who was a son from a poor family, a man of little education, writes plays and poems that are read all over the world.
⑤ Thomas Edison, born in America, was a great scientist and inventor
第二段:具体介绍人物。按时间顺序介绍人物一生,用议论性的语言刻画人物。例如: have a passion for, be interested in, be devoted to, graduate from, ways to do, thanks to, be honoured as, live a...life, as for, as well as, make great contributions to, in one’s eyes, hardship, overcome等。
第三段:总体评价。例如: set a good example for...
sb be regarded/considered as People sing high praise for sb People think highly of sb remember sb. for ever let us realize that..
have a great effect on sb teach us that...
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