Unit3 Discovering Useful Structures and Listening and Talking 语法-精讲破
过去完成时及其被动语态
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作（即“过去的过去”）。过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成，其被动形式为 had been done。常用过去完成时的几种情况： 观察1
By the end of last year，we had produced 20，000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting？
By the time he got to the school，the first period had been finished. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night. 归纳1
过去的时刻常用包含 ① 等的介词短语或时间状语从句来表示，过去完成时常用于表示在此之 ② 已完成的动作，即 ③ ，还可表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 观察2
We had hoped that you would come，but you didn’t.
I had thought we might travel as far as Oak Valley，but we only managed the first lap of the journey.
I had wished festival activities should attract her, but these didn’t work. 归纳2 表示
④的希望、打算、意图、诺言等常用had
hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等。 观察3
She had hardly had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. 归纳3
表示“一……就……”的几个句型： had hardly/scarcely+过去分词+ ⑤ + ⑥
1/ 4
had no sooner+过去分词+ ⑦ + ⑧
当 hardly，scarcely、no sooner位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。 观察4
He went to Wuhan last week.
The bus had already left by the time she arrived. 归纳4
一般过去时与过去完成时的区别：一般过去时表示动作在过去的某个时间发生，也表示在过去经常性或习惯性的动作。过去完成时表示动作在过去某个时间之前已经完成，即动作发生在过去的过去。使用过去完成时一定是以 ⑨ 的某个时间为参照点，而一般过去时是以 ⑩ 的时间为参照点。 链接高考 单句语法填空
1.（2019天津，2，★★☆）I _____（hope）to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn’t manage it. 2.（2019江苏，29，★★☆）
A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith _____（fall）in love with the people and culture there.
3.（2019天津，8，★★☆）Amy，as well as her brothers, _____（give）a warm welcome when returning to the village last week。
4.（2019课标全国Ⅲ，语法填空，★★☆）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _____ （recommend） wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.
5.（2018北京，9，★★☆）A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _____（trap）in the mountains for two days.
6.（2018江苏，30，★★☆）I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _____（carry）out in the past two years.
7.（2017北京，29，★★☆）In the1950 s in the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones _____ （invent）yet.
2/ 4
8.（2016天津，3，★★☆）When walking down the street, I came across David，whom I _____（not see）for years。
9.（2016浙江，9，★★☆）Silk _____（become）one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. 单句改错
10.（208课标全国I，短文改错，★★☆）
During my last winter holiday，I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. 参：
①by、before ②前 ③过去的过去 ④过去未曾实现 ⑤when ⑥一般过去时 ⑦than ⑧一般过去时 ⑨过去 ⑩现在
1. had hoped 句意：我本来希望寄给彼得一个礼物以祝贺他结婚了，可是我没能做到。此处表示未曾实现的希望，故用过去完成时。
2. fell 考查动词的时态。句意：史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。设空处表示发生在 had arrived之后的动作，应用一般过去时。 3.was given 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：上周埃米和她的兄弟们回到村里时，受到了热烈的欢迎。根据 last week可知应用一般过去时。当并列的主语由 as well as连接时，谓语动词的数与 as well as前面的主语保持一致。本句主语与动词give构成被动关系，故填 was given。
4. recommended 考查动词的时态。句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。and前的 shared与设空处是并列关系，所以设空处也应用一般过去时。故填recommended。
5. had been trapped 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困了两天的游客。根据主句的谓语动词 risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在 risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是 two tourists，与从句的谓语动词rap之间是被动关系，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。
6.had been carried 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：上个月我被派到这个村子来
3/ 4
看看在过去的两年这个发展计划的实施情况。设空处表示的动作应该发生在主句谓语 was sent之前，属于“过去的过去”，又知the development plan与 carry out之间为被动关系，所以用过去完成时的被动语态。
7.hadn’t been invented 句意：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭家中只有一部电话，并且无线电话还没有被发明出来。根据句意可知，“无线电话”和“发明”之问为被动关系；根据句意和yet可知应用完成时态，题干中的时间为 In the1950s，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。
8.hadn’t seen 句意：沿着街道走的时候，我遇见」戴维，我有好多年没有见到他了。根据语境可知，“没见到”这个动作发生在 came across之前，是过去的过去发生的动作，所以应用过去完成时。
9. had become 句意：截止到大约公元前100年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。时间状语是“by+过去的时间”，所以应用过去完成时。 10.find改成 found 考查动词的时态。根据题干中的During my last winter holiday可知，事件发生在过去，故用一般过去时。故将find改成 found。
4/ 4
