Unit 1
Text A
II. Language points
1. How successful you’ll be in making transitions among careers can at least be partially attributed to the amount of career planning and preparation you’ve done. (Para. 1) If you are well-prepared in making plans for your future career, the chances are that you might as well succeed in changing your career because how successfully you change your career may in part result from what preparations you’ve done in career planning.
2.Think of career planning as building bridges from your current job/career to your next job/career; without the bridge, you may easily stumble or lose your way, but with the bridge there is safety and directions. (Para. 2) You should regard making plans for your career as building bridges which are the transitions from your current job/career to your next job/career and may help you find the right door to the future.
3. And while career planning and career decision-making is an important aspect of your life, do not put so much pressure on yourself that it paralyzes you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. (Para. 5)… don’t put too much pressure on yourself to make real choices, decisions, or plans.
4. To help you with your career planning, consider using the following exercises to their fullest potential. (Para. 6) … consider using the following exercises to their fullest degree/ as much as possible. 5. Reflect on the times and situations in which you feel most passionate, most energetic, most engaged — and see if you can develop a common pro these situations. (Para. 9) Consider the times and situations in which you feel most excited, most vigorous, most engrossed— and try to generalize the features these situations have in common.
6. Remember those papers you had to write as a kid about what you wanted to be when you grew up? (Para. 13) Do you still remember when you were little you were asked to write about what you would like to be in the future? 7. Take the time to revert back to those idyllic times and brainstorm about your current dream job; be sure not to let any negative thoughts cloud your thinking. (Para. 13) Spend some time in returning back to these simple, peaceful and pleasant times and trying to think more about your current ideal job to make sure that no negative thoughts could make your thinking obscure /unclear. 8. Look for ideas internally, but also make the effort to explore/research other careers/ occupations that interest you. (Para. 13) You should not only look for ideas inside yourself/ at the bottom of your heart, but also explore/research other careers/occupations you are interested in from the outside.
9. Pinpoint the qualifications you need to move to the next step in your career or to make the move to a new career path. (Para. 18) Mark clearly the qualifications that are needed in career changing.
10. If you’re not sure, search job postings and job ads, conduct informational interviews, research job descriptions.
(Para. 18) If you’re not sure about the qualifications required in the new career, you should search job postings and job advertisements for those qualifications, take part in interviews in which you know something about the job, and study the list of general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position.. 11. Develop a timeline and action plans for achieving each type, being sure to set specific goals and priories. (Para. 20)
Make a timetable and action plans for achieving each type of qualification you need and remember to set concrete goals and decide what should be done first.
12. Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have or plan for today may not
be in demand years from now. (Para. 21) Businesses, careers, and the workplace are rapidly changing, and the skills that you have mastered or you plan to master now may not be required or needed in the future.
13. Long-range career planning should be more about identifying and developing core skills that employers will always
value while developing your personal and career goals in broad strokes. (Para. 21) When planning career for the long
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run, you should focus on pinpointing and developing the essential skills in general that will always be valued no matter whom your employers are or how time changes.
14. Here’s a collection of the best self-assessment tools, designed to give you a better idea of your attitudes and interests
as they relate to possible career choices. (Para. 25) The best collected self-assessment tools are developed to make you clear about your attitudes and interests related to the careers that you may choose.
15. Some tools and resources especially for established job-seekers contemplating a career change. (Para. 26) In the
section of Career Change Resources, there are some tools and resources especially for those established job-hunters who consider changing careers. 16. Taking the time to use a career journal is a fantastic way to conduct career planning on a regular basis. (Para. 31) It
is great to spend some time using a career journal to carry out career planning regularly.
17. The concept of transferable skills is a vital job-search technique that all job-seekers should master, though the
concept is especially important for career changers and college students. (Para. 33) All job-hunters should master those skills that are needed to make transitions from school to workplace or from your current job to the next job
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
(1) According to the author, career planning is very essential because it functions as bridges built from one’s current job/career to his/her next job/career and with the bridges there is safety and direction. (2) The main idea of the passage:
The passage offers some basic guidelines for both short-term and long-term career planning. (3) Short-term career plan and long-term career plan are different. A short-term career plan focuses on a timeframe ranging from the coming year to the next few years. It is characterized by developing realistic goals and objectives that can be accomplished in the near future. But long-term career planning usually involves a broader set of guidelines and preparation and focuses on and developing workplace core skills and identifying career trends. (4) In order to hold a positive attitude towards short-term career planning, you should free yourself form all career barriers, such as personal barriers, family pressure and peer pressure. And you shouldn’t put so much pressure on yourself because it may paralyze you from making any real choices, decisions, or plans. (5) Before you develop a picture of yourself and your career, you should analyze your current/future lifestyle, likes/dislikes, passion, definition of success, personality, dream job and current situation.
2. Vocabulary Section A
(1) on the move (2) In terms of (3) quintessential (4) perspective (5) priority (6) cloud (7) brainstormed (8) extravert, introvert (9) Reverting (10) timeframe
Section B
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) C (5) A (6) D (7) D (8) A (9) C (10) A 3. Cloze (1) right (2) not (3) wrong (4) First of all (5) knowledge (6) Only (7) no matter what (8) outperform (9) successful (10) higher (11) who (12) still (13) rather than (14) figure out (15) worst (16) Then (17) However (18) rehearse (19) more (20)instead of 4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Although we failed this time, we should not be sunk in apathy, because as we all know, “failure is the mother of success.〞 And we are all wedded to the belief that this failure will be the beginning of future success.
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(2) The idyllic Indonesian island is a beautiful combination of spirituality, natural beauty and a taste of the exotic. (3) Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, is always a critical time for everybody. So parents must pay special attention to their children’s growth in this period.
(4) Thank you for your really practical advice, but I still need time to reflect on it.
(5) You’d better contemplate the related issues before making a final decision, and formulate a feasible action plan that can be fulfilled in one year.
(6) In this English Speaking Contest, what impresses me most is that contestant 11 is a very fluent speaker of English, but it’s a pity that he fails to confine himself to the subject. (7) Neither difficulty nor failure frustrates his passion in his research. He was content to go as far as he could.
(8) Anthropologists, as far as I know, are still unable to pinpoint just where along the line man and the apes branched into two distant species.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
We all have goals and aspirations. Sometimes we have difficulty knowing where to start. We want that new body, or want to be healthy and have more energy, but we just do not know what the first step is. In addition, the road to our goals is sometimes a rocky one. It is difficult to transgress and sometimes we just want to give up. We sometimes forget that our current situation did not occur overnight and so changing it will not happen overnight either. It will take time and hard work. Therefore, I suggest that you should set only one goal at a time. When you try to take on too much at once, you can become overwhelmed quickly. Create a list and take one goal at a time. Once you achieve that goal, back to your list to mark it off, and move to the next one. The act of achieving goals individually will give you a greater sense of accomplishment. You can even break the one goal into smaller parts. This gives you motivation and success more often than waiting for days or months to achieve a larger goal.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作，仔细思量你的事业，为未来制定方案。无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作，职业规划能够帮助你。职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁，没有这座桥，你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥，就有了平安的保证和明确的方向。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕一位权威科学家警告说，机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理标准的监督和控制，以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用，比方看小孩、照顾老人以及作战等情境。
〔2〕谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说，机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中，这可能会导致〔被效劳者〕与世隔绝的状态，因为人们在给机器人设定指令后，往往很长时间不再问津。
〔3〕第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令，但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己，但不得违反前两条定律。
〔4〕但是20世纪末提出的有关具有高度人工智能的机器人将崛起的预言并未实现，不过机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征，比方简单的言语识别、情绪表达以及面部识别等能力。
〔5〕目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上。如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等，我都不会有这些担忧了。
Text B
Career Path: Acting Your Age
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) troublesome (2) strenuous (3) handicap (4) similar in meaning (5) applies (6) commendable (7) saturated (8) intimidating (9) attracting (10) What’s more
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True or false
(1) T (2) F (3) T (4) F (5) F (6) T (7) T (8) F
Unit 2
Text A
II. Language points
1. Even a modest space voyage, Dyson calculated, would set the average family back 1,500 years in wages. (Para.1) According to Dyson’s calculation, even a modest and common space voyage would cost the average family wages of about 1,500 years.
set back: cost (a person) specific amount
e.g. My new car set me back $3 000.
2. The difference reflected the relative difficulty of space travel, but also the limitations of big government programs to do things on the cheap. (Para.1) The cost difference not only has showed space travel is much more difficult than the Mayflower’s voyage in 1620 and the westward journey of the Mormons in 1840s, but also proved that government needs to reduce its spending on big and expensive programs and turn its attention to the programs that cost less money. 3. Nothing has happened in the past 40 years to suggest that NASA has come any closer to the commercial sweet spot of the Colonial settlers. (Para.2) In the past 40 years, nothing has shown that NASA’s has found its best solution to which it could start and develop its business just like early colonial settlers who found their place, Massachusetts, to settle down and made their living move on based on their settlement.
A sweet spot is a place, often numerical as opposed to physical, where a combination of factors suggests a particularly suitable solution. In the context of a racquet, bat or similar sporting instrument, sweet spot is often believed to be the same as the center of percussion. In this context, sweet spot means a financially profitable situation. Colonial settlers found this sweet spot while NASA didn’t come close.
4. The commission headed by Lockheed Martin chairman Norm Augustine that has spent much of the past year deliberating on NASA’s human spaceflight program… (Para.2) deliberate on: to consider /discuss or negotiate仔细研究，审议 e.g. We had no time to deliberate on the problem.
5. ...even though ending this program would send NASA’s international partners into apoplexy. (Para.2) …even though ending the ISS program would make NASA’s international partners feel very angry.
The apoplexy is an outdated medical term, which can be used to mean “bleeding〞. It can be used non-medically to mean a state of extreme rage or excitement.
6. More embarrassing, with NASA’s space shuttle due to be mothballed in 2021, and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule, not due to fly until 2021, the partners face a two year gap in which they will have to rely on Russia’s Soyuz ships to commute to the space station. (Para.2) To NASA’s embarrassment, they had to stop using their shuttle in 2021 and its cheaper replacement, the Orion capsule cannot fly until 2021, so there will be a two year gap between 2021 and 2021, in which NASA’s international partners have to depend on Russia’s ship to come and go to the space station.
mothball: to decide not to use or develop something, for a period of time, especially a piece of equipment or a plan 封存；搁置不用 If someone in authority mothballs a plan, factory, or piece of equipment, they decide to stop developing or using it, perhaps temporarily.
7. The shortfall may force NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators to a degree that’s unprecedented in its history. (Para.3) The shortage or lack of money may force NASA to get commercial operators
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involved in its space-exploration program to a degree that has never happened before. shortfall: n. 缺口；差额；亏空
If there is a shortfall in something, there is less of it than you need.
8. The move could create opportunities for the modern equivalents of Young and Bradford—entrepreneurs willing to risk their livelihoods on making the exploration of space affordable by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to their targets. (Para.3) The move —NASA’s opening up its space program to commercial or private sectors— could create opportunities for upcoming modern entrepreneurs like Young and Bradford in the early times. They are willing to take a risk in spending much money, effort and even their lives on space exploration in order to get it started and moved on by not only designing and building ships for NASA, but also by providing shuttle services to deliver NASA astronauts or equipment to meet NASA’s targets. 9. In the past, NASA has been deeply involved in managing design and development work by outside contractors, a messy process that made the shuttle expensive and unsafe, rather than cheap and safe. Now the agency is under pressure to step back and buy services wholesale from private firms. (Para.3) In the past, NASA has spent much effort and time asking outside contractors to design and develop space shuttles, which is a very complicated process making the space shuttle expensive and unsafe rather than cheap and safe. Now due to financial pressure, the agency has stepped back to entrust private firms to do all the business for NASA. 10. “We’re talking about a movement from where the government has been the prime contractor, managing situations
with a very hands-on role, to a situation where they are just a customer,〞 says Larry Williams. (Para.3) We are talking about the movement — NASA has shifted it role from a major contractor who needs to do every detailed and practical work by itself to a customer who buys services wholesale from private firms.
11. The next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. (Para.5) The next step is to
enable the private firms to send astronauts to outer space just like cargo that can be delivered. aloft: adj./adv. high in the air 在空中高处
Something that is aloft is in the air or off the ground.
12. To do that, NASA will have to relinquish some of its oversight of crew safety. This isn’t entirely without precedent.
(Para.5) In order to let private firms send astronauts into space, NASA will have to give up their responsibility of regulating crew safety. This has happened before.
relinquish: vt. to stop having something, especially when this happens unwillingly If you relinquish something such as power or control, you give it up.
oversight: the state of being in charge of somebody/something 负责；照管
13. Space X claims it could adapt its cargo-carrying spaceship for ferrying a human crew in less than three years, once
it gets the green light. (Para.6) Space X claims it could make some change to its spaceship so that it could send people to outer space in less than three years, once it gets permission.
14. If Virgin and other commercial firms can deliver, Earth orbit will be far more accessible than it’s ever been before.
Although it would still be a stretch for all but the wealthiest people, costs could come down low enough to jump-start markets for tourism. (Para.8) If commercial firms like Virgin Galactic can deliver man to Earth orbit, then Earth orbit would be much easier to get to than ever before. It would be open to nobody but the wealthiest people since only the rich can afford the high price，but the cost could be reduced so that it would become a rising market for tourism.
15. The big sticking point, however, will be safety. Even though NASA holds the safety of its crew paramount, it still
hasn’t been able to escape the occasional disaster, like the loss of the Columbia shuttle and its crew in 2003. (Para.8) The key point is still the consideration of safety of its crew. Even though NASA regards the safety of its crew as the most important thing, it still hasn’t been able to avoid the occasional disaster, such as the loss of the Space shuttle, Columbia and its 7 crew members in 2003.
16. …the space shuttle is unreliable, in part, because its all-purpose design is overly complex. NASA needs a bigger
rocket capable of sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a long-duration trip, beyond the tether of Earth’s gravity. (Para.9) … the space shuttle is unreliable partly because its space shuttle is designed for all- around purposes, such as carrying cargo or people, etc. And the process of design is extremely complex. NASA needs a bigger rocket capable of
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sending a crew, with equipment and supplies for a longer trip, beyond the limitation or influence of Earth’s gravity. overly: too/ extremely
17. It might be able to entice commercial firms to undertake their own big rockets if there were some payoff down the
road. (Para.9) Private firms might be attracted to build their own rockets to deliver astronauts to outer space if they could get profits.
payoff: n. return; reward; payment
18. Many seemingly ridiculous ideas for generating energy and beaming it back to Earth now seem much less so, thanks
to the climate crisis. (Para.9) The ideas of generating energy and shining it back to earth, which used to sound very funny, but now seems much possible and necessary due to the consideration of the climate crisis.
19. …the challenge of sending people safely into deep space and back for a profit is big enough to give any entrepreneur
pause. (Para.10) … the challenge for private services to send people safely into deep space and back for making profits is so big that any entrepreneur would hesitate before they take their steps. give sb./sth. pause: 使踌躇，使犹豫
This finding should give pause to it. 这个发现令人深思。 His recent behavior has given her pause about their relationship. 他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫。
20. The Industrial Revolution didn’t take off until the railways arrived. (Para.11)
Here it means that the private sector will play an important role and do lots of work in deep space only if NASA gets it started.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) In early times there was an essay comparing space travel to the colonization, but nothing can keep Dyson from making a meticulous effort to quantify and compare the costs of these vastly different ventures. (2) By presenting the relationship between FedEx and the U.S. Postal service, the writer wants to show that NASA actually can pay private firms, like Space X to design and develop space program. (3) NASA opened up its space exploration program to commercial operators because NASA lacks funding to keep its human spaceflight program moving on and operating. So, it is the shortfall that forces NASA to open up its space-exploration program to commercial operators. (4) There are two steps that NASA is going to take after it begins working with smaller companies. The first is to get cargo delivered to space; the next step is to work out similar deals with private firms to send astronauts aloft. (5) Give your own comments. 2. Vocabulary Section A
(1) fanciful (2) eminent (3) meticulous (4) aloft (5) mogul
(6) shortfall (7) quantify (8) relinquished (9) entrust (10) wholesale Section B
(1) C (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) B (6) C (7) B (8) D (9) C (10) B 3. Cloze (1) predicted (2) pass (3) doubt (4) catch (5) running (6) high-lever (7) lag (8) convinced (9)assured (10) reasonably (11)dismissed (12) acute (16) feats (17) failed 4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
(13) called (18) lack
(14) offer (19) blame
(15) creation (20) boss
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) By some estimates, 10 million Americans will be telecommuting in 5 years so that three quarters of a billion gallons of
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petrol could be saved.
(2) Rogge also thanked the security forces that kept the Winter Olympic Games safe at the cost of about $310 million, a bill
that increased following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
(3) Government has given our city a modern international airport capable of meeting our requirements far into the next century. (4) What makes parents worry is that some primary students keep indulging themselves in computer games day and night and
nothing can entice them from computers.
(5) It’s an interesting suggestion for space program, but we need a bit longer time to give pause to it since it is so costly.
(6) At present, government particularly needs to work on vocational training in various forms, open up new opportunities of employment and strive to assist as many laid-off workers as possible in finding new jobs.
(7) A recent survey found 55 percent of those polled considered true love paramount in a relationship, while 45 percent still
believed in love at first sight. (8) Graduates are under great pressure before leaving college because of job hunting, poverty, emotional problems, school
achievements and surroundings, etc. 2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
After the Soviet space program launched the world’s first human-made satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership (known as the “Sputnik crisis〞), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced an agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was also created at this time. B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
首要任务是把货物送到太空。 美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的，所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站。去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同， 一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX)为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭。 另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕为其完成八次太空飞行任务。为了履行这一合同，美国宇宙探索技术公司(SpaceX) 现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器，以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接。太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球。美国轨道科技公司〔Orbital Sciences Corp.〕组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在2021年投入使用。威廉说：“从美国航空航天局的角度来看，他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了邮件，而是想方法把邮件送到。〞
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕太空工程的提案者早就有过这样的警告，逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞，就正如星期二所发生的，在西伯利亚上空500英里处，美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击。
〔2〕人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力，但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害。 〔3〕我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22 000英里，当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10时，这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了。
〔4〕每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道，伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星。
〔5〕一些机构的联盟，包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部，甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾，目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌。
Text B
The New Space Race
(1) left / flied away from (2) hesitated (3) prevented or impaired (4) brought back to use / revived (5) unfriendly / hostile
(6) made free from bacteria (7) space / vacancy (8)vulnerable / weak (9) a kind of metal element (10) filled with / full of
True or false
(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) F (6) T (7) T (8) F
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Unit 3
Text A
II. Language points
1. The utilitarian doctrine is, that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. (Para. 1)The utilitarian principle is that happiness is worth obtaining and is the only thing worth obtaining as a purpose; all other things being so only as a way to obtain happiness.
2. What ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it requisite that the doctrine should fulfill, to make good its claim to be believed? (Para. 1)What requirements should this principle meet, what are the necessary conditions this principle should accomplish to make its claim good for people to believe? requisite a. required by circumstances or necessary for success e.g. Have you the requisite visa to enter Canada? have/lack the requisite capital to start a business
3. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it. (Para. 2)Likewise, I think the only evidence we can possibly offer to prove anything to be desirable is that people do actually desire it.
apprehend v. grasp the meaning of (sb./sth.); understand
e.g. Do I apprehend you aright, i.e. Do you mean what I think you mean? sole a. one and only; single
e.g. the sole cause of the accident the sole survivor of the crash
4. If the end which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in theory and in practice, acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any person that it was so. (Para. 1)If the purpose which the utilitarian doctrine itself intends to fulfill were not accepted to be a purpose both in theory and in practice, then nothing could ever make anyone believe that it was so.
5. No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. (Para. 2)We can give no reason why the general happiness is desirable except that each person desires his own happiness as long as he believes that it can be achieved. attainable a. that can be attained
e.g. These objectives are certainly attainable.
6. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good, that each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons. (Para. 2)However, it is a fact that the general happiness is desirable, and we have not only all the evidence that the case agrees with, but all the evidence that it is likely to need, to prove that happiness is a benefit, that each person’s happiness is a benefit to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a benefit to all persons as a whole.
aggregate n. total amount; mass or amount brought together e.g. the complete aggregate of unemployment figures
7. Now it is palpable that they do desire things which, in common language, are decidedly distinguished from happiness. (Para. 3)Now it is obvious that people do desire things which, in everyday words, are definitely different from happiness. palpable a. clear to the mind; obvious e.g. a palpable lie, error
distinguish v. recognize the difference between (people or things)
e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind. The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.
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8. They desire, for example, virtue, and the absence of vice, no less really than pleasure and the absence of pain. (Para. 3)For example, they want to have virtue and avoid vice as much as they want to have pleasure and avoid pain. vice: n. evil or unprincipled conduct; wickedness e.g. Greed is a terrible vice.
9. The desire of virtue is not as universal, but it is as authentic a fact, as the desire of happiness. (Para. 3)Although the desire of virtue is not as common as the desire of happiness, it is as true a fact as the desire of happiness. authentic: a. known to be true or genuine e.g. an authentic document, signature, painting 10. And hence the opponents of the utilitarian standard deem that they have a right to infer that there are other ends of
human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation. (Para. 3)For this reason, those against the utilitarian standard consider that they have a right to conclude that there are other
purposes of human action apart from happiness, and that happiness is not the criterion for judgment. opponent n. person who is against another person in a fight, a struggle, a game or an argument e.g. a political opponent
Her opponent left the tennis court in tears. deem v. consider; regard
e.g. He deemed that it was his duty to help. She was deemed to be the winner. It is deemed advisable.
I deem it a great honour to be invited to address you.
infer v. reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth.
e.g. It is possible to infer two completely opposite conclusions from this set of facts. Am I to infer from your remarks that you think I’m not telling the truth? approbation n. approval; consent
e.g. awaiting the approbation of the court
11. But does the utilitarian doctrine deny that people desire virtue, or maintain that virtue is not a thing to be desired?
The very reverse. (Para. 4)But does the utilitarian doctrine refuse to admit that people desire virtue, or assert that virtue is not worth desiring? Just the opposite.
reverse n. thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected
e.g. In hot weather, the reverse happens/applies. Children’s shoes aren’t cheap — quite the reverse. You were the very reverse of polite.
12. It maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself. (Para. 4) It
claims that virtue not only is worth desiring, but also should be desired for its own sake in a fair and unselfish way.
13. Whatever may be the opinion of utilitarian moralists as to the original conditions by which virtue is made virtue,
however they may believe (as they do) that actions and dispositions are only virtuous because they promote another end than virtue, yet this being granted, and it having been decided, from considerations of this description, what is virtuous, they not only place virtue at the very head of the things which are good as means to the ultimate end, but they also recognize as a psychological fact the possibility of its being, to the individual, a good in itself, without looking to any end beyond it;... (Para. 4)No matter what opinion the utilitarian moralists may have about the original conditions which make virtue virtue, no matter how they may believe (as they do) that deeds and characters are virtuous only because they promote a purpose other than virtue, after considering this description of what is virtuous, we may see that they not only put virtue in the first place among the things which are good as a way to the ultimate end, they also accept it as a psychological fact that it is possible for virtue to be a benefit to the individual without thinking about the ultimate end.
disposition: n. person’s natural qualities of mind and character e.g. a calm, irritable, cheerful, boastful, etc disposition
look to sth. make sure that sth. is safe or in good condition; be careful about sth.
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e.g. The country must look to its defenses. You should look to your health.
14. …and hold, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state conformable to Utility, not in the state most conducive
to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue in this manner—as a thing desirable in itself, even although, in
the individual instance, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and on account of which it is held to be virtue. (Para. 4)…and utilitarian moralists believe, that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state corresponding to Utility, not in the state most favorable to the general happiness, unless it does love virtue as a thing worth desiring for its own sake —even although, in some cases, it should not produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to produce, and because of which it is held to be virtue. be conducive to sth. allowing or helping sth. to happen
e.g. These noisy conditions aren’t really conducive to concentrated work. on account of sth. because of sth.
e.g. We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.
15. This opinion is not, in the smallest degree, a departure from the Happiness principle. (Para. 4)This opinion is not
against the Happiness principle at all. departure from sth. action different from (what is usual or expected) e.g. a departure from old customs, the standard procedure, etc.
16. The ingredients of happiness are very various, and each of them is desirable in itself, and not merely when
considered as swelling an aggregate. (Para. 4) Happiness is made up of many elements, each of which is desirable in itself and not just when considered as a whole.
ingredient n. any of the qualities of which sth. is made
e.g. the ingredients of a/sb.’s character, of success, of happiness, etc. swell: v. (cause sth. to) become greater in intensity, number, amount or volume e.g. The group of onlookers soon swelled into a crowd. The murmur swelled into a roar. Small extra costs all swell the total. The river was swollen with flood water.
17. To illustrate this farther, we may remember that virtue is not the only thing, originally a means, and which if it were
not a means to anything else, would be and remain indifferent, but which by association with what it is a means to, comes to be desired for itself, and that too with the utmost intensity. (Para. 5) To illustrate this point more clearly, we may recall the following fact: virtue is a means at first which would be and remain unimportant if it were not a means to anything else; but by being associated with what it is a means to, virtue comes to be desired for its own sake with the greatest passion. What happens to virtue also happens to some other things. illustrate: v. explain or make (sth.) clear by examples, diagrams, pictures, etc. e.g. To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis. utmost a. greatest; furthest; most extreme e.g. in the utmost danger of the utmost importance with the utmost care
pushed to the utmost limits of endurance intensity n. state or quality of being intense e.g. work with greater intensity
18. There is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. (Para. 5) At first people’ s desire for money is just the same as that for any pile of shining stones. glitter: v. shine brightly with little sharp flashes of light; sparkle e.g. stars glittering in the frosty sky a necklace glittering with diamonds
19. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of
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gratifying. (Para. 5)The worth of money lies only in the things it will buy; people don’t desire money for its own sake, and money is just a way to satisfy people’s desire for other things. gratify: v. give pleasure or satisfaction to (sb.)
e.g. I was most gratified at/by/with the outcome of the meeting. It gratified me to hear of your success.
I was gratified that they appreciated what I did for them.
20. It may, then, be said truly, that money is desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end. From being a
means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual’s conception of happiness. (Para. 5)
Therefore, we may say that money is desired not to fulfill a purpose, but as part of the purpose. From being a way to obtain happiness, money itself has become a main part of the individual’s idea of happiness. principal: a. first in rank or importance; chief; main e.g. the principal members of the government
The Danube is one of the principal rivers of Europe.
The principal aim of the policy is to bring peace to the area. The low salary is her principal reason for leaving the job.
21. The same may be said of the majority of the great objects of human life: power, for example, or fame; except that to
each of these there is a certain amount of immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance of being naturally inherent in them—a thing which cannot be said of money. (Para. 5) The same thing may happen to most of the great goals of human life: for example, power or fame; except that here is a certain amount of instant pleasure attached to power or fame, which at least looks like a natural part of them. We cannot find such immediate pleasure naturally inherent in money.
annex: v. add or join sth. to a larger thing
e.g. A new wing has been annexed to the hospital.
inherent a. existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb./sth. e.g. an inherent distrust of foreigners
an inherent weakness in a design
the power inherent in the office of President
semblance of sth. appearance of being sth.; likeness to sth. e.g. put on a semblance of cheerfulness
bring the meeting to some semblance of order
22. Still, however, the strongest natural attraction, both of power and of fame, is the immense aid they give to the
attainment of our other wishes; and it is the strong association thus generated between them and all our objects of desire, which gives to the direct desire of them the intensity it often assumes, so as in some characters to surpass in strength all other desires. (Para. 5) Still, however, the strongest natural attraction of both power and of fame lies in the fact that they offer us great help to achieve our other wishes; thus a close relationship is built between them and all our objects of desire, which makes people desire them directly with passion, so that in some aspects people’s desire for them are stronger than all other desires. immense: a. extremely large
e.g. immense difficulties, problems, possibilities, etc of immense importance
surpass v. do or be better than sb./sth.; exceed sb./sth. e.g. surpass sb. in speed, strength, skill
It will be hard to surpass this very high score.
The beauty of the scenery surpassed all my expectations.
23. Happiness is not an abstract idea, but a concrete whole; and these are some of its parts. (Para. 5)
abstract: a. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence e.g. We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract. He has some abstract notion of wanting to change the world.
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concrete a. existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etc
e.g. Physics deals with the forces acting on concrete objects.
24. And the utilitarian standard sanctions and approves their being so. (Para. 5)
sanction: v. give one’s permission for (sth.); authorize or approve e.g. I can’t sanction your methods. Who sanctioned bombing the town?
They won’t sanction our spending on this scale.
25. Virtue, according to the utilitarian conception, is a good of this description. There was no original desire of it, or
motive to it, save its conduciveness to pleasure, and especially to protection from pain. (Para. 6) Originally people didn’t have desire of or motive to virtue, except that virtue helps people get pleasure, and especially helps protect people from pain.
26. ...and with this difference between it and the love of money, of power, or of fame—that all of these may, and often do,
render the individual noxious to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas there is nothing
which makes him so much a blessing to them as the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue. (Para. 6) …virtue may be felt a good in itself and desired as a good with as great passion as any other good, which makes it different from the love of money, of power, or of fame — all of these may, and often do, cause the individual to be harmful to the other members of the society to which he belongs, whereas the cultivation of the unselfish love of virtue makes him a blessing to them.
render: v. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a certain condition e.g. rendered helpless by an accident
Your action has rendered our contract invalid. noxious: a. harmful; poisonous
e.g. noxious fumes, gases, ect
27. And consequently, the utilitarian standard, while it tolerates and approves those other acquired desires, up to the
point beyond which they would be more injurious to the general happiness than promotive of it, enjoins and requires
the cultivation of the love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible, as being above all things important to the general happiness. (Para. 6)Therefore, although the utilitarian standard tolerates and approves those other acquired desires as long as they would promote rather than causing injury to the general happiness, it orders and requires the individual cultivate the love of virtue with the greatest efforts possible, making the love of virtue the most important to the general happiness.
injurious: a. causing or likely to cause injury; harmful e.g. Smoking is injurious to the health.
enjoin: v. impose(an action or prohibition) on sb.; order e.g. He enjoined obedience on his followers.
The leader enjoined that the rules should be obeyed.
28. If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing
which is not either a part of happiness or a means of happiness, we can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable. (Para. 8) If the opinion which I have now stated is psychologically true—if human nature is formed to desire either a part of happiness or a means of happiness and nothing else, then we can prove that these are the only things people desire.
constitute: v. make up or form (a whole); be the components of e.g. Twelve months constitute a year.
The committee is constituted of members of all three parties.
He is so constituted( ie His nature is such) that he can accept criticism without resentment.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) This text is a typical argument essay which should contain three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The
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structure of the text is as follows. Summarize the main idea of each part.
The introduction (Para. 1): The author gives a brief explanation of the argument. The body (Para. 2-7): The author presents both sides of the argument with an assessment of each. The conclusion (Para. 8): The author comes to the conclusion that happiness is the sole end of human action. (2) The opponents of utilitarian standards don’t believe that happiness is the sole criterion for morality. They deem that they have a right to infer that there are other ends of human action besides happiness, and that happiness is not the standard of approbation and disapprobation, because people do desire things which are decidedly distinguished from happiness and which are as authentic a fact as the desire of happiness. (3) As to virtue, the utilitarian doctrine maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but also that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself. Virtue, according to the utilitarian doctrine, is not naturally and originally part of the end, but it is capable of becoming so; and in those who love it disinterestedly it has become so, and is desired and cherished, not as a means to happiness, but as a part of their happiness. (4) In paragraph 5, John Stuart Mill says, “What was once desired as an instrument for the attainment of happiness, has come to be desired for its own sake.〞 For example, there is nothing originally more desirable about money than about any heap of glittering pebbles. Its worth is solely that of the things which it will buy; the desires for other things than itself, which it is a means of gratifying. Yet the love of money is not only one of the strongest moving forces of human life, but money is, in many cases, desired in and for itself. From being a means to happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the individual’s conception of happiness.
(5) According to paragraph 6, to best make an individual a blessing to other members of the society, it requires the cultivation of the disinterested love of virtue up to the greatest strength possible. 2. Vocabulary Section A
(1) ingredient (2) apprehend (3) audible (4) swell (5) render (6) infer (7) opponent (8) aggregate (9) exemption (10) disposition
Section B
(1) C (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) D (10) C
3. Cloze (1) practices (2) action (3) irrational (4) opposes (5) for (6) violate (7) far (8) intuitive (9) offer (10) accepting (11) selfish (12) refuse (13) away (14) upon (15) peace (16) alienated (17) harmony (18) diligently (19) obstacles (20) applies
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) Though utilitarian motivation can promote learning in certain circumstances, it cannot be enduring or help students form a positive learning attitude.
(2) On account of the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals.
(3) We should by no means undermine our worth by comparing ourselves with others or set our goals by what other people deem important because only we know what is best for us.
(4) The fight against terrorism requires conclusive evidence and clear targets. All actions taken should be conducive to the long-term interest of preserving regional and world peace.
(5) High-level sketching ability is a requisite skill for all designers—particularly those aspiring to a career in the highly competitive automobile industry.
(6) The actor’s autobiography is sheer hype. Obviously, what he really cares about is public attention, even though he claims he is indifferent to fame and fortune.
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(7) Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of either to lower prices or to let sales fall off. (8) Nowadays, although the developed countries in the western world, such as the United States, have got the maximum benefit from economic globalization and become the leading forces in this course, it does not mean that \"capitalism\" and “Americanization〞 embody the ultimate result of economic globalization.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
We all come to the world, but why do some of us make great achievements known forever and why are they remembered forever even though they leave the world? And why do some leave the world without anything valuable to his generation and the people? Every one of us will hope to have a valuable life. But what kind of life is valuable? The answer to the question is that \"The life value should be judged from his contribution rather than his possession.\" Einstein said. We know for certain that not all of us will be Einstein. However, a person of noble aspirations will do solid work. With continuous efforts, he will try to make his greatest contribution in his shortest time. He will try what he can to bring benefit to the people in his lifetime. We’d say it is impossible for one to live alone if he isolates society and people. If he hopes to have a meaningful life, he will bring benefit and make contribution to people.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
基于上述考虑，我们得出的结论是，除了幸福，事实上不存在其他任何被渴望的东西。无论何种事物被作为实现某种更高目的〔最终为幸福〕的手段而受到渴望，都是因为它本身被视为幸福的一局部而受到渴望，并且只有在它确实变成幸福的一局部后它本身才会被渴望。那些渴望美德本身的人，对美德的渴望要么是因为意识到拥有美德是一种快乐，要么是因为意识到缺乏美德是一种痛苦，或者是因为两者兼而有之。快乐和痛苦很少单独存在而几乎只是形影相随，一个人往往因获得了一定程度的美德而感到快乐，同时又因没有得到更多的美德而感到痛苦。如果获得一定的美德并不能给他带来快乐，而未获得更多的美德也没有使他感到痛苦，那么他就不会去热爱和渴望美德，或者对它的渴望仅仅是出于它可能会为自己或自己关心的人带来其他的益处。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕公共健康专家和肥胖症研究者把这一趋势发生的原因，局部地归结为孩子们越来越不动弹的生活习惯。由于青少年在屏幕前待着不动的时间越来越长，每天燃烧的卡路里越来越少，未被消耗的能量更多地堆积为脂肪。于是，就造成了肥胖率的迅速上升。
〔2〕这份发表在上周的?肥胖症评论?杂志上的报揭发现，在过去的二十年间，即使是在美国青少年体重增加了的情况下，他们的活动量事实上并没有发生显著的变化。
〔3〕简单地说，体重反映了两个变量之间的平衡：身体吸收的卡路里和燃烧的卡路。研究说明，对于一般的美国青少年而言，体重增加的罪魁祸首不是锻炼的减少，而是食品消耗的增加。
〔4〕自1991年以来，上体育课的青少年的百分比保持相对平稳；平均起来，上课学生比例的年变化率不超过1%。 〔5〕虽然那个结论可能很有吸引力，但王和其他的健康专家说，这些新的数据所要真正说明的却并不是那样的。这些发现更多告诉我们的，不是锻炼的作用，而是有关体重公式中的另一变量，即饮食的情况，以及饮食与锻炼的互动关系。
Text B
The Heart of Virtue
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) just like a current of cold air that we can prevent from coming into our room by shutting the door, vice is not a great enemy by which we should be frightened
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(2) prevent the devil from affecting us
(3) nothing but the improper profit
(4) expressing the feeling of shock and anger (5) fake or false
(6) remedies or cures
(7) opponents, rivals, enemies, competitors, etc. (8) Not being just politeness or social shows (9) stand up to the difficulties resulting from love (10) peculiar, unique, singular, special, etc.
True or false
(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) F (6) T (7) T (8) T
Unit 4
Text A
II. Language points
1. Our water supply is becoming increasingly contaminated — and not just by big factories dumping pollutants into the rivers. (Para. 1) Our water supply is becoming more and more polluted — and not just because big factories dump polluting substances into the rivers.
contaminate: v. to make impure, esp. by touching or mixing; pollute
e. g. They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these subversive ideas. pollutant: n. substance that pollutes
e. g. Pollutants are constantly released into the atmosphere.
2. It is consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic chemicals down the drain. (Para. 1) It is consumers, often unconsciously, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by dumping chemicals down the drain which are possibly poisonous.
unwittingly: ad. without knowledge or intention; unconsciously
e. g. Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment in which the birds live.
3. In the U.S., however, it was another twenty years before the scientific community began to take notice, largely in response to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton. (Para. 2) In the U.S., however, it took the scientists another twenty years to begin to notice the dangers of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, mainly due to the efforts of one scientist, Christian Daughton.
4. In 1999, Daughton co-wrote, with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, the first comprehensive article on pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the U.S. water supply. (Para. 3) In 1999, Daughton, together with Thomas A. Ternes of the Institute for Water Research and Water Technology in Germany, wrote the first article introducing the overall situation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the U.S. water supply.
comprehensive: a. of broad scope or content; including all or much e. g. An objective test can be quite comprehensive.
5. This landmark article discussed how “priority pollutants,〞 such as agrochemicals, were “only one piece of the larger
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puzzle〞 of human-made environmental risk factors. (Para. 4) This very important article discussed how most common pollutants, such as chemicals in agricultural production, were only one of the many human-made factors endangering the environment.
landmark: n. an event, a discovery, an invention, etc., that marks an important stage in sth. e. g. The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.
6. One large class of chemicals receiving comparatively little attention comprises the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; quantities of many are on par with agrochemicals. (Para. 4) One large group of chemicals receiving relatively little attention includes the medicines and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; lots of them have the same harmful effects on the environment as agrochemicals.
comprise: v. to have sb./sth. as parts or members; to consist of sb./sth. e. g. Exporting and importing comprise the most fundamental international business activity in most countries. on (a) par with as good, bad, important, etc. as sb./sth. else
e. g. She is only an amateur pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best professional.
7. Escalating introduction to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is adding exponentially to the already large array of chemical classes, each with distinct modes of biochemical action, many of which are poorly understood. (Para. 4) More and more new pharmaceuticals have entered the market, which makes the already large number of chemical types increase drastically, and each type of chemical develops quite different patterns of biochemical effects, many of which are hardly explained even by scientists.
exponentially: ad. (becoming) faster and faster
e. g. With the development of the Internet, web information has increased exponentially. an array of a group or collection of things or people
e. g. A large array of employees in the airline company went on strike for higher wages and shorter working hours. 8. The authors went on to write that exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially for aquatic organisms, may be more chronic than exposure to pesticides and other industrial chemicals “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are constantly infused into the environment wherever humans live or visit.〞 (Para. 5) The author went on to write that compared to contact with pesticides and other industrial chemicals, constant contact with pharmaceuticals and personal care products, especially for organisms living in water, may cause long-lasting suffering and problems, “because pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously introduced into the environment wherever humans live or visit.〞
chronic: a. (esp. of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure or get rid of e. g. They think his mother’s illness is acute rather than chronic. infuse into to make sb./sth. have a particular quality e. g. Sadness is infused into all her novels.
9. Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that prolonged exposure “could lead to cumulative, insidious, adverse impacts〞 that may not appear until it is too late to intervene. (Para. 5) Daughton and Ternes warned in 1999 that constant and long-term contact with such substances “could lead to increasingly serious, harmful, and negative effects〞 that may not cause immediate trouble until it is too late to do something to stop them when they are finally noticed.
cumulative: a. having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added e. g. The cumulative effects of many illnesses made grandpa a weak man.
insidious: a. spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm e. g. People have not fully realized the insidious effects of polluted water supplies.
adverse: a. negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result e. g. Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.
10. Preliminary data have shown lipid-regulating compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing fish to deposit fat
into their eggs which might affect reproduction. (Para. 7) Preliminary data have shown lipid-controlling compounds, such as Lipitor or Zocor, are causing fish to store fat in their eggs which might affect reproduction.
11. “Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very specific mode of action,〞 lead scientist Rebecca Klaper stated. (Para. 8)
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“Pharmaceuticals are designed for a very particular effect,〞 the leading scientist Rebecca Klaper stated.
12. Experts predict the incidence of emerging contaminants will continue to rise. (Para. 9) Experts predict that more and
more new contaminants will continue to emerge.
13. New drug entities, many with mechanisms of action never before encountered by biological systems, can be expected
to enjoy continued introduction to commerce. (Para. 9) Newly developed medicines, many of which have functional effects that biological systems have never experienced, are likely to be introduced and sold in market. entity: n. something that exists separately from other things and has its own identity
mechanism n. a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular function 14. Next, “the ones that resist our metabolism — that is they get excreted unchanged — will have a measurable presence
in waterways,〞 said Daughton. (Para. 10) Next are the drugs that will not be changed even by the chemical processes in
the human body of changing food etc. into energy for growth. Our waterways will contain a large amount of such substances.
15. “We probably have an idea of an unknown fraction of these chemicals that actually occur,〞 he said, “The issue
really is one of people being exposed to something they ordinarily never would... fetal exposure or pregnant mothers, for example.〞 (Para. 10) “Probably, what we know is that certain amounts of these chemicals have entered our water supply, but what makes the problem troublesome is that people are faced with dangers they have never experienced, for example, pregnant mothers and the fetuses they carry in their body are also exposed to some unusual and harmful substances.
fraction: n. a small part or amount of something e. g. She hesitated for the merest fraction of a second. fetal a. or foetal connected with a foetus e. g. fetal heartbeats
16. Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet — for years a common
practice in discarding unneeded or expired medication. (Para. 11) Some pharmaceuticals enter the water stream when consumers flush them down the toilet – for years a common way to throw away unneeded or invalid medicines because of long — time storage.
17. The federal guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be disposed of in this manner. (Para. 12) The federal
guidelines nearly advised all drugs to be thrown away in this way.
18. “We are hopeful that the success of this pilot will pave the way for similar projects in the future.〞 (Para. 13) “We are
hopeful that the success of this attempt will make preparations for similar projects in the future.〞 pave the way for to create a situation in which sb. will be able to do sth. or sth. can happen e. g. This decision paved the way for changes in employment rights for women.
19. In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area dropped 3634 pounds of medications during the area’s inaugural
“Safe Medicine Disposal Days〞 event. (Para. 13) In May 2006, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area discarded 3634 pounds of medicines on the first activities of “Safe Medicine Disposal Days〞. inaugural a. first, and marking the beginning of sth. important
e. g. The inaugural meeting of the geographical society was quiet a success.
20. While these take-back programs are commendable, they are not yet widely available. (Para. 14) Although these
take-back programs are worthy of praise, there are not so many and it is not easy for people to reach them. commendable: a. deserving praise and approval
e. g. The organization has pursued a commendable policy on combating racism and religious intolerance.
21. As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children, plus aging baby boomers, the
number of prescriptions per capita will likely increase. (Para. 14) As the market for prescription drugs grows to include more and more children and those who have already grown up and are getting old since the baby boom after War World Ⅱ, the number of prescriptions per person will likely increase.
22. It also stated “continual introduction of these parabens into sewage treatment systems and directly to recreational
waters from the skin leads to the question of risk to aquatic organisms.〞 (Para. 15) It also stated “these parabens
continually enter the systems dealing with waste water of people’s daily life, and the parabens from the skin come directly to recycling water systems, which together causes water organism to live in danger.
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23. The Washington, D.C.-based Environmental Working Group reports “An average adult is exposed to over 100
unique chemicals in personal care products every day — these exposures add up.〞 (Para. 16) The Environmental
Working Group, which is located in Washington, D.C., reports “An average adult is constantly in touch with over 100 unique chemicals in personal care products every day – if these exposures are put together.〞
24. A few years ago, Christian Daughton posed the question, “Is the introduction of new chemicals to commerce
outrunning our ability to fully assess their significance in the environment or to human health?〞 (Para. 17) A few
years ago, Christian Daughton asked the question, “With so many new chemicals being sold in our stores and getting into our life, do we have enough time to think what all these mean to our environment or to human health?〞
outrun: v. to develop faster than something
e. g. Demand for the new model is outrunning supply.
25. I believe the answer is yes, and we -- as consumers and as stewards of the environment -- must evaluate the choices
we make every day in consideration of the long-term effects of our prescription use, of our dependence on over-the-counter medications, and of our use of chemically charged personal care products. (Para. 17) I believe the answer is yes, and we – as consumers and as managers of the environment – must evaluate the choices we make every day and at the same time, we have to consider the long-term effects of our prescription use, of our dependence on medicines that are available without written permission from a doctor, and of our use of personal care products containing quantities of chemicals.
steward: n. a person employed to manage another person’s property, esp. a large house or land e. g. As a steward on the farm, he showed great talent in management.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) Our water supply is becoming increasingly contaminated, not just by big factories dumping pollutants into the rivers, but by consumers, often unwittingly, who are poisoning rivers and oceans by sending potentially toxic chemicals down the drain. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated its researchers have found pharmaceuticals and personal care products in nearly every water supply they have tested. (2) The article “Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change?〞 is called a
landmark article because it discussed how “priority pollutants,〞 such as agrochemicals, were “only one piece of the larger puzzle〞 of human-made environmental risk factors. As the authors wrote: “One large class of chemicals receiving comparatively little attention comprises the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products, which are used in large amounts throughout the world; quantities of many are on par with agrochemicals. Escalating introduction to the marketplace of new pharmaceuticals is adding exponentially to the already large array of chemical classes, each with distinct modes of biochemical action, many of which are poorly understood.〞 (3) In 1999, the United States Geological Survey began surveying 139 streams across 30 states and found 80 percent of water samples contained residues of prescription and non-prescription drugs. In 2006, researchers on the project discovered \"intersex fish\" in the Potomac River. The fish were male but also carried eggs. (4) The term “emerging contaminants〞 encompasses personal care products, prescription drugs, pesticides, and other substances, some of which are known to affect human hormone production. Experts predict the incidence of emerging contaminants will continue to rise.
(5) Earlier this year the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Environmental Protection Agency jointly released new guidelines for disposing prescription drugs which urge consumers to discard prescription drugs in the trash by mixing the drugs with “an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter.〞 The federal guidelines stopped short of advising all drugs be disposed of in this manner. Consumers were advised to continue flushing drugs — presumably to keep these controlled substances out of the hands of children and drug abusers. 2. Vocabulary Section A
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(1) contaminate
(2) comprise
(3) chronic
(4) adversely
(5) residues
(6) locale (7) metabolism (8) inaugural (9) expired (10) outrun Section B
(1) C (2) B (3) D (4) B (5) C (6) A (7) D (8) C (9) A (10) B
3. Cloze
(1) conservation (2) for (3) endangered (4) diversity (5) collapse (6) extinct (7) petitions (8) ignored (9) continue (10) regulations (11) call (12) additional (13) nesting (14) oceans (15) next (16) right (17) Delaying (18) indiscriminate (19) accelerate (20) species
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) A large array of college students participated in the environmental protection organization, which infused great new life and energy into the activities. Influenced by them, the local residents began to consciously protect the environmental health. (2) With a review of the cumulative effects of human activity on the world ecological environment, the lecture is aimed at improving the audience’s awareness of environmental protection and reducing environmental pollution. (3) She is only an amateur pianist, but her playing is on a par with the best professional.
(4) After 15 years of arduous efforts, China became a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the beginning of this century, which was a new landmark in our opening up to the rest of the world.
(5) It is necessary to monitor and precisely analyze many kinds of pollutant indexes to estimate the overall water quality. (6) Some kind people and entrepreneurs with a sense of social responsibility actively responded to the government call and made generous donations to help the disadvantaged groups, which was highly commendable.
(7) It is reported that the opposition party leader made inflammatory remarks at the rally, attempting to encourage his supporters to launch a coup to overthrow the current government.
(8) The regulation provides that without the Pharmaceutical Trade License, no enterprises shall engage in the trade of pharmaceuticals. Given the company’s illegal business operations, the industrial and commercial management imposed severe punishment.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
Although the major chronic diseases and their risk factors are distinct in terms of prevention and treatment, they share many similarities. Populations at risk for one chronic disease are often at risk for multiple chronic diseases. Common settings, such as schools, worksites, health care organizations, and communities serve as intervention sites for the prevention of multiple risk factors, early detection of disease, and promotion of self-management programs for chronic disease. In addition, coordinated strategies, such as those involving supportive public policy, social and physical environments, system changes, media, and technology, are required to address nearly all chronic disease risk factors and conditions. Recognizing the necessity for improved program integration, the organization is working with states and communities to develop and evaluate new models for chronic disease prevention that focus on populations rather than on risk factors and diseases.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
这篇里程碑式的文章说，常见污染物，如农业生产中的化学品，只是人为危害环境因素的冰山一角。道格顿和特纳斯写道：“许多未受到足够重视的化学物质，包括药品和个人护理用品中的活性物质等，在全世界大量广泛使用，它们中的许多跟农业化学品一样具有危害性。新的药品不断进入市场，使得本已数目众多的化学品种类急剧增加，而每种化学物质生化作用又各不相同，有些连科学家也不能完全解释。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕但凡想接种H1N1疫苗的人几乎都已接种，而未接种的人那么注意到了一件奇怪的事情：接种疫苗的人和未
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接种的人没什么两样，都好不到哪里去。
〔2〕因此现在的情况是，美国花费数十亿美元来购置H1N1疫苗，而这些疫苗在被投入到消费环节的时候，已与公众的健康毫不相干了。
〔3〕为了到达这个目的，可以通过主流媒体，大肆渲染个别婴幼儿因感染甲流而死亡的少数病例，而事实上，这些死亡病例主要的主要原因都是缺乏维生素D。
〔4〕在所有夸大其辞的渲染、空洞的承诺、数十亿美元的花费、巨大的恐惧散播之后，这些药品中很大一局部将被扔进冲水马桶中冲走，因为那正是众多医院、药店、甚至制药商销毁多余药品的常见做法。
〔5〕顺便提一下，这可真是主导的健康的智慧所在呀：花大价钱，用存在潜在危险 的、可能最终与在自然环境中伺机而动的病毒重新组合的基因物质来污染我们生存的星球。
Text B
End Cruelty: People, Animals and Nature
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) prominent (2) holiness (3) mentally handicapped (4) worst (5) oral evidence (6) sympathy (7) mentality/ attitude (8) assumption (9) horrifying/ extremely cruel (10) is able to return to its original state
True or false
(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) F (8) F
Unit 5
Text A
II. Language points
1. Each year, the World Economic Forum ranks countries in the Global Competitiveness Index — a rough gauge of which nations are best positioned to squeeze efficiency out of their businesses and to attract companies and investment from overseas. (Para.1) Each year, the World Economic Forum rates the world’s nations according to the Global Competitiveness Index, which is a brief assessment of each nation’s productivity and their capacity to attract companies and investment from overseas.
rank: v. to array (a set of objects) as a sequence, esp. in terms of the natural arithmetic ordering of some measure of the elements
e.g : to rank students by their test scores
squeeze: v. to impress or crush something so as to extract
2. …the bigger take-away is that globalization, inextricably linked to economic development, is very different from what it was only a few years ago. (Para.1) …the bigger attraction or something important is globalization, which is surely related to economic development. And this is very different from what it was only a few years ago. inextricably: adv. inseparably or unavoidably
3. …the countries with the lowest wages relative to competitiveness — that is, the best values as investment locations… (Para.2) …in terms of their competitiveness, the best value of the countries with the lowest wages lie in the fact that they can
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be the locations for investment.
4. …and burgeoning heavyweights like Turkey take out full-page ads in US magazines boasting about their university graduates and gains in GDP. (Para.3) The important countries like Turkey which develop very fast advertise in US magazines to praise their excellent university graduates and achievements in their GDP so as to let the world know about them.
burgeon: v. to develop or grow rapidly; flourish e.g.: the burgeoning administration/population
5. “Your competitors are in your backyard now in a way they never were before,〞 says Alec Hansen, president of the Economic Competitiveness Group, an outfit that advises governments, companies and development organizations. “The world has gotten a lot scarier.〞 (Para.4) Now your competitors are not far away from you and they will compete with you in a different way that hasn’t happened before. The competitors have their own set of assets to offer advises to government, companies and development organizations. The world has got frightened by the present situation.
6. Tuhendhat’s firm suggested harnessing the nation’s long tradition of metal working and pushing into the machining and automotive parts sectors in order to take advantage of the growing auto industry in neighboring Slovakia and Romania… (Para.5) Tuhendhat’s firm suggested that they should make full use of their long tradition of metal working and let machines replace manual work so as to cooperate with or benefit from their neighboring auto industry. harness: v. to control so as to employ the energy or potential power of e.g. to harness the atom
7. But with transportation costs continuing to plummet and markets becoming freer, there are many more places for companies to set up shop. (Para.5) With falling transpiration costs and freer global markets, companies have more choices on where to set up their business. plummet: vt. to drop down; plunge Price is rising, falling, going up, going down, shooting up, plummeting, etc.
8. “Companies are adopting an all-shore strategy,〞 (Para.5) Companies are adopting a strategy of setting up their shops in every possible corner of the world.
9. Searching for an edge, many regions are applying the concept of clustering with renewed zeal. (Para.6) In order to search for their poison in the world market, many regions start to apply the concept of clustering again with great passion. Here, “clustering〞 refers to the idea of focusing a geographic area on a particular industry in order to achieve economies of scale, which has been kicking around since at least 10.
10. Some predicted that a globalized company’s ability to cherry pick regions would kill the notion of clusters, but countries are trying to establish industrial niches for themselves more than ever. (Para.6) Some people predicted that an international company has the ability to choose the best location for its investment, which could be a big blow to the notion of clusters, but every country is still trying hard to apply the concept of clustering, that is to focus a geographic area on a particular industry.
Cherry picking is the act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position.
The term is based on the perceived process of harvesting fruit, such as cherries. The picker would be expected to only select the ripest and healthiest fruits. An observer who only sees the selected fruit may thus wrongly conclude that most, or even all, of the fruit is in such good condition.
cherry pick: v. 最正确决定/选择 11. Turkey established a textiles cluster to try to fend off lower-cost rivals. (Para.9) Turkey set up a large scale of textiles
shops in one particular place in order to defend itself from the competitors with lower costs. fend off: prevent from happening
e.g. He tried to fend off the questions raised by the newsman. 12. Singapore is making a play for biotechnology. (Para.9)
Singapore is trying to position itself to start a regional center for biotechnology. make a play for something: to try to get something
e.g. It was rumored that he would make a play for the director’s post.
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13. There is always a risk in spending massive amounts of focus and money on one sector since so many factors have to
align for economic development to work. (Para.9) It is very risky for a company to spend large amounts of money and efforts on one sector since so many factors work together to make economic development become true. align v. coordinate or work together
14. When clustering does work, though, it’s gold. (Para.10) Even though the idea of clustering is very hard to realize, when
clustering does work, it is valuable.
15. “By having it all in close proximity, it reduces overhead costs,〞 (Para.10) By having all of its shops placed close to
each other, a company’s daily expenditure could be reduced.
overhead: adj. connected with the general costs of running a business or an organization, for example paying for rent or electricity
16. …which will significantly increase the $1 to $1.5 billion the company already annually invests to keep its fabs on the cutting edge. (Para.11) Here it refers to SanDisk increasing its annual investment to get the company operating.
17. Microsoft knows a thing or two about the latter. (Para. 13) Microsoft knows a lot about the latter — a firm helps regions
position themselves: “you have to find skilled labor if all your machines are computer-controlled.〞 know a thing or two: 知道的很多，不是一点 18. Many of the classic reasons companies set up shop in far-flung locales, like gaining a foothold in a new market, are
still in the mix. (Para. 14) There are many complicated reasons for companies to choose to set up their shops in remote places, such as, gaining a position in a new market.
19. But even the auto industry isn’t immune from the evolution of globalization. (Para.15) Even the auto industry is
affected by the influence of globalization and sets up their shops overseas. be immune from: not affected by given influence 20. …it’s not uncommon to source auto parts for a particular car from around the world: cast iron from India, seat
fabric from Tunisia. (Para.15)… it is very common to find auto parts suppliers for a particular car are from around the world: iron comes from India; seat fabric comes from Tunisia.
In business, if a person or firm sources a product or a raw material, they find someone who will supply it.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) By saying Globalization is different from what it was a few years ago, the writer means Globalization is much more linked to economic development compared with what was in the past. (2) In Para.2, as manual work becomes more automated and trade barriers fall, present companies chase knowledge workers and efficiency just as much as they do cheap labor and access to new markets so as to enhance their competitiveness.
(3) The traditional advantages such as cheap labor or lack of tariffs mean less in today’s competitive global market because with transportation costs continue to plummet and markets are becoming freer, there are many more places for companies to set up shop. (4) The reason why some regions start to apply the concept of clustering is to get at the usefulness of companies in close proximity sharing infrastructure, ideas and employees — like high performance cars in Germany. (5) According to the text, there are two reasons why the idea of clustering doesn’t always work well. Firstly, there is always a risk in spending massive amounts of focus and money on one sector since so many factors have to align for economic development to work. Secondly, the place where the companies cluster might not be the real place where the top scientists or talents want to be working. 2. Vocabulary Section A (1) squeeze (6) clustered
Section B (1) C
(2) B
(2) proliferate (7) amenities
(3) burgeoning (8) overhead
(4) mantra (9) topsy-turvy
(5) skyrocketing (10) flush
(3) D (4) D (5) B (6) B (7) C (8) D (9) A (10) A
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3. Cloze (1) advances (6) access (11) agents (16) taken
4. Translation
(2) reduction (7) leading (12) launched (17) spread
(3) associated (8) erosion (13) integrating (18) divided
(4) expansion (9) surroundings (14) existed (19) wave
(5) emergence (10) search (15) connected (20) advent
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) The convenience brought by modern technology can be found easily, bank customers today can access their checking accounts instantly through the electronic system.
(2) Experience tells us this is a very hard race, but there can be no doubt that the players we support will finally win out. (3) At a press conference, spokesmen sometimes need to tactfully fend off some awkward questions from reporters.
(4) “While their sales grow, intensifying competition may push auto firms into price cuts later this year. That will narrow their margins,〞 said Mr. Qian, an analyst at United Securities. (5) The Shanghai municipal government, which seems confident to keep the real estate market stable for the moment, now must ensure that prices will not to plummet.
(6) History tells us that in an integrated global market, no single economy can expect to be immune from the results of financial turmoil elsewhere in the world.
(7) John is a secretary to the manager in a joint venture. He doesn’t like his present job, but he decides to hang on to it until he finds a better one.
(8) With willpower, a zeal for work and a sense of mission towards the nation, he shouldered different responsibilities at different stages, fulfilling every role like a mission. He has never allowed himself to fail nor has he ever disappointed the people around him.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
Economic globalization is the objective trend of the economic development in the world today, featured by the free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information and service in the global context, making the economic interdependence and interaction between various countries ever stronger, and has brought about new driving forces and opportunities for the economic development of all countries in the world. However, nobody can deny the fact that under the circumstances where international economic new order is yet to be established and the difference in the economic development level of all countries is fairly big, the benefits enjoyed by different countries from the process of economic globalization are not balanced. Compared with developed nations, developing countries are confronted with more pressure and challenges. Facing the trend of accelerated economic globalization, we hold that all countries, in particular, developing countries should take an active part in the economic globalization process, grasping the opportunities to develop ourselves, and at the same time, proceed from the actual situation of our respective countries and bring our own advantages into play, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses to welcome the challenges of economic globalization. B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
微软公司对后一情形〔全球企业对高科技人才的追求〕非常了解。这个西雅图的计算机巨头有六个高端的研究中心—3个在美国，一个在英国〔该中心直接与剑桥大学的计算机科学学院相临〕，另外两个遥远中心分别设在北京和〔印度的〕班加罗尔。这种战略部署局部是与世界顶级的大学所在地有关：在北京的实验室就正好设在北京大学和清华大学之间，这两所学校被人们称为中国的哈佛和麻省理工大。但还有局部原因是微软认识到，随着许多国家逐渐从开展中变为兴旺国家，它们也具有了以前只有在别的地方才能拥有的良好环境和就业时机，许多人才宁愿呆在本国开展。微软的研究与战略首席执行官科瑞格·曼戴说：“我们认识到，我们慢慢就不太可能招募到世界顶级的人才到美国来工作了。〞
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕近几年来，在降低生产费用和扩大市场的巨大竞争压力下，许多制造商纷纷在海外建厂，或者签订承包商，
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而不是在扩大全球业务的经营过程中首先贯彻一致的程序和共同的手段。
〔2〕制造商会在中国寻求供货商从而降低采购本钱，可在后来的过程当中，负责物流的人们会发现他们的开支增加了25%，贮存货物的开支也增加了25%，因为他们必须建立缓冲机制从而抵消从海外运输货物的过程中所需的时间。 〔3〕感受到全球化所带来益处和害处的一个公司是朴特拉包装公司〔位于加州圣何塞〕，它是美国最大的果汁与其他食品的塑料容器制造商。
〔4〕虽然不是很理想，但那一情形还是可以得到控制的，直到两年前，朴特拉包装公司为了拉拢客户和降低原材料本钱，开始了其咄咄逼人的全球扩张策略。
〔5〕查阿卡罗巴提说，该公司经常发现这样的问题，例如：个别厂里的急剧增加的成品库存量在已成事实很长时间后才被发现。
Text B
Three Connected Cites Drive the Global Economy
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) liable to happen; impending (2) inhabitants, occupants or residents (3) make greasy, slippery or smooth (4) dirty (5) were born
(6) jumped 7) oils /lubricates with grease/ eases (8) collections / aggregations (9) flowing in/ pouring in (10) retired / terminated /ignored True or false
(1) F (2) T (3) T (4) T (5) T (6) T (7) F (8) F
Unit 6
Text A
II. Language points
1. What mysterious force drives us into the arms of one person, while pushing us away from another who might appear equally desirable to any unbiased observer? (para. 3) What mysterious power makes us attracted to that someone special even if the people whom we face might be all suitable if judged fairly.
2. Of the many factors influencing our idea of the perfect mate, one of the most telling, according to John Money, professor emeritus of medical psychology and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University, is what he calls our “love map〞 — a group of messages encoded in our brains that describes our likes and dislikes. (para.4) Many factors may influence our choice of a marriage partner. One of the most compelling factors is defined as “love map〞 by John Money who is professor emeritus of medical psychology and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University, which is a group of messages indicating what we like and what we don’t like.
3. It also records the kind of personality that appeals to us, whether it’s the warm and friendly type or the strong, silent type. (para. 4) The “love map〞 also records the personality type which attracts us, whether it’s the warm and friendly type or the strong, silent type.
4. When I lecture, I often ask couples in the audience what drew them to their dates or mates. (para. 6) When I deliver a lecture, I often ask couples what made them attracted to their lovers or marriage partners.
5. The mother has an additional influence on her sons: she not only gives them clues to what they will find attractive in a
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mate, but also affects how they feel about women in general. (para.9) The son may not only choose a mate who is quite similar to his mother in characteristics, but also develop his feelings toward women in general.
6. Conversely, a mother who has a depressive personality, and is sometimes friendly but then suddenly turns cold and rejecting, may raise a man who becomes a “dance-away lover.〞 (para. 10) On the contrary, if a mother is depressed in general, and sometimes friendly but then suddenly becomes cold and merciless, her son may become an unreliable lover. 7. Because he’s been so scared about love from his mother, he is afraid of commitment and may pull away from a girlfriend for this reason. (para.10) …due to this reason, he may be afraid of dating.
8. While the mother determines in large part what qualities attract us in a mate, it’s the father — the first male in our lives — who influences how we relate to the opposite sex. (para.11) Whereas the mother determines to a large extent what qualities in a mate appeal to us, the father, who is the first male in our lives, influences how we get along with the opposite sex.
9. We hang around with people in the same town; (para.13) We stroll around and stay with people in the same town; hang about/ (a) round be standing or loitering about, doing nothing definite
Since he lost his job, he’s been hanging about here. 他失业后一直在这里闲着。
10. We tend to be most comfortable with these people, and therefore we tend to link up with others whose families are
often much like our own. (para.13) We are inclined to be most comfortable with these people, and so we are inclined to marry people with similar family background.
11. It’s rather like the old, but perceptive, saying on the subject of marriage that advises future partners to make sure
that the holes in one’s head fit the bumps in the other’s. (para.16) Looking for someone with complementary needs is just like the saying on the subject of marriage, old but to the point. It suggests that future marriage partners should fit each other.
12. Or, as Winch observed, it’s the balancing out of sociological likenesses and psychological differences that seems to
point the way for the most solid lifelong romance. (para.16) Winch found that the trade-off between sociological similarities and psychological differences might be the way for a strongest romance for our whole life.
13. It turns out that the woman was like her mother-in-law — a loving and caring person, the type who rolls up her
sleeves and volunteers to work at church or help out people in need. (para.18) It is proved that his wife was like his mother, a loving and caring person who was willing to prepare for the work at church or help out people in need.
14. This is the quality that her husband fell for, and it made color and religion and any other social factors irrelevant to
him. (para.18) This is the quality that her husband loved, and he ignored any other social factors, such as color and religion. fall for fall in love with
They met at a friend’s house and fell for each other immediately.
15. …his marriage was his favorite gig, even though it was Gracie who got all the laughs. (para.19) … his marriage was
his favorite recreation, even though Gracie, his wife, laughed more frequently.
16. They complemented each other perfectly: he was the straight man, and she delivered the punch lines. (para.19) They
were a perfect match because he was serious and honest while she was humorous and had many intelligent remarks. punch line the point of a joke or humorous story He is eloquent, and always delivers the punch lines. 他口才很好，说出话来妙语连珠。
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) There are two real reasons why we choose that special someone.
Reason 1 (Para.1 to para.13): Parents’ Influence Reason 2 (Para.14 to para.30): Complementary Needs (2) The “love map〞 is crucial to our idea of the perfect mate because it records our preferences in personalities and characteristics. So we fall for and pursue those people who most clearly fit our love map. (3) While mothers determine what qualities appeal to their children in a mate, fathers influence their children’s personalities and chances of marital happiness. Additionally, mothers affect how their sons feel about women in general; fathers influence 精品文档
their daughters’ general feelings about men.
(4) According to Robert Winch, a sociology professor at Northwestern University, Social similarities are involved in the choice of a marriage and the balancing out of sociological likenesses and psychological differences might be the way to keep romance solid and long-lasting.
(5) The sentence “the holes in one’s head fit the bumps in the other’s〞 implies that the two who are not the same but complementary can be a perfect match. 2. Vocabulary Section A (1) goose flesh (2) blurt out (3) hang around (5) float around (6) pediatric (7) wand
(4) non-judgmental
(8) rears its head
(9) crook (10) marital
Section B
(1) B (2) A (3) A (4) A (5) B (6) A (7) C (8) A (9) C (10) A
3. Cloze (1) or (2) which (3) who (4) how (5) balance (6) love (7) solid (8) based upon (9) in terms of
(10) children (11) healthiest (12) everyone (13) when (14) derived (15) steps (16) necessary (17) career (18) while (19) only (20) potential 4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) London College of Fashion has produced a dictionary of fashion terms in four languages, and has also established links
with a fashion college in Germany in order to s and information.
(2) I hope I can get an interesting job rather than something mundane. That’s why I didn’t apply for it this time.
(3) Under the New Curriculum, in addition to giving a general introduction to computer theories, the school-based course also provides practical experience so that students can master computer skills better. (4) Wise men seek instruction; fools fall for applause.
(5) The technology can be used to connect branch offices within a company, to link up with business partners or to give remote
users access to the company network. (6) It is a great honor for me to introduce Mr. Milton Friedman, a professor emeritus from Johns Hopkins University who won
the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
(7) Tightening our control in this area will not deter foreign businessmen from investing in China; on the contrary, it will
reassure them.
(8) Government inspectors lavished praise on the good leadership and management of this school and their report calls it “a
welcoming school that is thought of highly by pupils, their parents and the local community〞.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
The economic and social development has given people greater variety in education, work, travel, entertainment and information, but the more opportunities people have access to, the fiercer the competition. When some young people look at that, they also see it as a catalyst for social improvement。Ten years ago, people might have felt relieved to get admitted to college, and they went on to settle down with a job in their hometown. Now, however, we’re pressed to learn more。Without the competition, maybe we’d be satisfied with the status quo, and willing to be ordinary. In any case, there’s more progress in store for the next decade. Do we just sit there, sighing and complaining about it? Or, do we make full use of the richer resources and advanced technology to enjoy a more colorful life? It’s still up to you。
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
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到底是什么样的神奇力量驱使我们爱上一个人，却放弃了在常人眼里同样适合的另一个人呢? 根据约翰·霍普金斯大学心理学和儿科学名誉教授约翰·马内的解释，人们在择偶的诸多因素中，最常用的是我们所说的“爱情图谱〞——记录了我们大脑中描述喜恶的一组信息。这组信息显示了我们在头发、眼睛颜色、声音、味道和体形等方面的喜好，记录了吸引我们的性格特征，比方是热情友好类型还是生硬冷酷类型的。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. 〔1〕洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学的研究小组及约会交友网站eHarmony发现，正在谈恋爱的大学生不大可能注意别的帅哥或美女。
〔2〕“一旦爱上某人，其他人在你眼中就会黯然失色，而且这种感觉似乎能让你驱走内心的杂念。〞
〔3〕他们要求志愿者们从中选出最帅或最漂亮的异性照片，然后写文章描述自己目前的恋爱对象或自己所选照片上的异性。
〔4〕后来在被要求回忆照片中异性的迷人之处时，写文章描述自己目前的恋爱对象的人回忆起来的细节较少。 〔5〕“这并不是他们的整体记忆受到了损害；这就好比他们选择性地过滤掉了照片上的异性对他们的吸引力。〞
Text B
Why Do We Have Children?
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) the most gifted
(2) established standard, pattern (3) leave school (4) few
(5) afflicted with (6) preserve (7) contracted (8) confined
(9) superior in numbers (10) taking in
True or false
(1) T (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) F (6) T (7) T (8) F
Unit 7
Text A
II. Language points
1. During the second half of the twentieth century, the impact of social and environmental factors on infectious disease outbreaks has been greatly amplified by the doubling of the world’s population, accelerating most rapidly in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics, where infectious diseases continued to have a hold. (Para. 1) During the second half of the twentieth century, social and environmental factors have had an increasingly strong impact on infectious disease outbreaks, due to the sharp increase in the world’s population, which grows most rapidly in the developing
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countries of the tropics and subtropics, where infectious diseases continued to cause suffering.
amplify v. to increase sth. in strength
e. g. A manufacturer can amplify the demand of a product by advertising widely. accelerate v. to start to go faster
e. g. We must seize all opportunities to accelerate development.
2. Rural–urban migration has resulted in inadequacy of sanitation, crowded living conditions and other basic infrastructure issues associated with population growth. (Para. 1) Large numbers of people have moved from the countryside to cities, causing problems such as dirty and crowded living conditions and lack of basic and necessary public service systems.
migration: n. the movement of large numbers of people, birds or animals from one place to another e. g. the seasonal migration of birds
sanitation: n. the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste infrastructure: n. the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization
e. g. Basic infrastructure in many Asian economies remains inadequate.
3. It has thus contributed to the resurgence of many diseases, such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, and plague, that are transmitted when living conditions and hygiene are sub-standard, and when overcrowding occurs. (Para.1) It has thus resulted in many diseases coming back again, such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, and plague, which are spread when people live in crowds and do not have clean and proper living conditions. resurgence: n. the return and growth of an activity that had stopped
e. g. The United Nations is poised for a resurgence, a renaissance with new blood and new people and new ideas and new leadership.
hygiene: n. the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease 4. Cholera, thought to have been introduced into Peru in 1990 by bilge pumped from a freight ship, resulted in urban epidemics in Peru and parts of Latin America where it had previously been quiescent for over 100 years. (Para. 1) Experts believe that cholera was introduced into Peru in 1990 by the dirty water that had collected in the bottom part of a freight ship, which became widespread in cities in Peru and parts of Latin America, where the disease had previously been inactive for over 100 years.
bilge: n. ( the dirty water collected in) the bottom part of a freight ship
epidemic: n. a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community
e. g. Prevention is the most critical element in slowing the spread of this devastating epidemic.
quiescent: n. quiet, not active; (of a disease, etc.) not developing
e. g. It is unlikely that such an extremist organization will remain quiescent for long.
5. Behaviors such as over or under prescribing of antibiotics by health workers, and excessive demand for antibiotics by the general population, have had a remarkable impact on the selection and survival of resistant microbes, rapidly increasing levels of microbial resistance. (Para. 2) Behaviors such as doctors giving patients antibiotics too often or below necessary amounts, common people depending too much on antibiotics, have weakened the effects of antibiotics, thus causing antibiotics to fail to kill some of the microbes which the antibiotics are originally supposed to kill.
prescribe: v. (of a doctor) to tell somebody to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a prescription for a particular medicine, etc.
e. g. Doctors usually prescribe radiotherapy for cancer patients.
6. Drug-resistant microbes have then spread from person to person and geographically, raising the prospect that common infectious diseases could become prohibitively expensive or impossible to treat. (Para. 2) Microbes that the antibiotics have failed to kill have then spread from person to person and from one place to another, making the situation likely that common infectious diseases could become much too costly and impossible to treat.
prohibitive: a. (of a price or a cost) so high that it prevents people from buying sth. or doing sth. e. g. The project was abandoned because of prohibitive costs.
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prohibitively ad.
e. g. Giving every patient an annual anti-flu injection would be prohibitively expensive.
7. The bacterial infections that contribute most to human disease are also those in which emerging resistance is of most concern ...(Para.2) Of all the bacterial infections that contribute most to human disease, increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is the factor that people are worried about most.
8. …a host of hospital-acquired infections that are notoriously difficult and expensive to treat. (Para. 2) ... a large number of infections spread to people in a hospital are well- known to be difficult and expensive to treat. a host of a large number of
e. g. A host of college students participated in the environmental protection organization. notoriously ad. to a notorious degree
e. g. But experts believe they have now finally solved the tricky question of why winter is notoriously known as the flu season.
9. Most alarming of all are microbes that have now accumulated resistance genes to virtually all currently available antimicrobial drugs ...(Para. 2) What is most terrible is that some microbes have now developed genes which escape the killing effects of almost all currently available antibiotics ...
10. Trends in tourism, with tourists penetrating deep into tropical forests, often without appropriate protection against
insect bites or vaccination, result in importations of malaria and yellow fever to industrialized countries. (Para. 3) Tendencies in tourism, with tourists traveling deep into tropical forests, often without necessary and enough protection against insect bites or vaccination, result in malaria and yellow fever that will later be introduced into industrialized
countries.
penetrate into/through/ to to go into or through sth.
e. g. Once the person who practices meditation achieves a strong and powerful concentration, his mind is ready to penetrate and see into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering.
importation n. the act, business, or process of importing goods or services or an imported product or service
e. g. These commodities are only permitted for importation under license.
11. At the same time, weak infection control procedures by health workers have caused the amplification of
transmission in outbreaks such as Ebola to health workers and their contacts in sub-Saharan Africa, and hepatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to health workers and those with whom they have contact in both developing and industrialized countries. (Para. 3) At the same time, medical workers fail to control infections very efficiently, thus leading to quick and widespread outbreaks such as Ebola, hepatitis and SARS that infect not only health workers themselves but also those whom they have come into contact with, from Africa to both developing and industrialized countries.
12. Human disturbance and alternation of ecological zones throughout the world has increased the frequency with
which microbes, usually confined to animals, cross the species barrier to infect humans. (Para. 4) Humans have broken the balance of nature and have greatly changed the ecological system, which has caused microbes that used to be restricted to animals to further spread to other species to infect humans. confined to restricted to
e. g. Confined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything.
13. Deforestation disrupts natural habitats of animals, and can force animals, searching for food, into closer contact
with humans. (Para. 4) Human beings have cut down forests, destroying the natural homes of animals and forcing the homeless and hungry animals to come closer to humans.
14. In Latin America, Chagas disease emerged as an important human disease after deforestation caused the insect that
transmits the infection to move from its wild natural hosts to involve humans and domestic animals in the transmission cycle, eventually transforming the disease into an urban infection that can now also be transmitted by blood transfusion. (Para. 5) In Latin America, Chagas disease occurred as a threatening human disease after humans destroyed the forests and caused the insect that spreads the infection to move from the wild animals it used to feed on to infect humans and animals they raise in their houses. The disease finally changed into an urban infection that can now be spread during the process of putting new blood into the body of a patient.
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host: n. an animal or a plant on which another animal or plant lives and feeds
transfusion: n. the process of putting new blood into the body of a person or an animal e. g. The patient got round after a blood transfusion.
15. Climate extremes, whether involving excessive rainfall or drought, can likewise displace animal species and bring
them into closer contact with human settlements, or increase vector breeding sites. (Para. 6) Extremely bad weather, whether it is heavy rain or severe drought, can also make animals move from one place to another, and bring them closer to humans, or make helpful conditions for insects carrying diseases to reproduce.
16. Humans and cattle, forced to live in close proximity on islands of dry land surrounded by water, facilitated the
transfer of the Rift Valley Fever virus from unvaccinated animals to humans by mosquitoes that had increased in numbers because of the abundance of pooled-water breeding sites. (Para. 6) Humans and cattle were forced to live very close to each other on islands of dry land surrounded by water, and that greatly helped the spread of the Rift Valley Fever virus from easily infected animals to humans by mosquitoes that had increased rapidly because of the dirty pool water used as their place of reproduction.
proximity: n. (formal) the state of being near sb./sth. in distance or time e. g. The restaurant benefits from its proximity to several cinemas. 17. Other examples of how insects that carry infectious diseases have taken advantage of new opportunities created by
environmental degradation and human behavioral change include epidemics of dengue and yellow fever that have been fuelled by the adoption of modern consumer habits in urban areas where discarded household appliances, tires, plastic food containers and jars have created abundant artificial mosquito breeding sites. (Para. 7) We can still find other examples of insects spreading infectious diseases as a result of environmental pollution and changes in human behavior. For instance, the wide spread of dengue and yellow fever have been caused by people in modern cities carelessly throwing away used household appliances, tires, plastic food containers and jars, which provides very suitable conditions for mosquitoes to reproduce.
18. The Aedes mosquito species is now well established in most, if not all, large African cities, increasing the risk of
explosive urban outbreaks of dengue. (Para. 7) The Aedes mosquitoes are increasing so rapidly in most large African cities that great urban outbreaks of dengue are quite likely to happen.
19. …where a few incidental and probably imported cases in Tajikistan in the early 1990s multiplied to almost 20 000 reported cases in 1998. (Para. 8) …where a few cases that had been caused by accident or probably by infections coming from other countries in Tajikistan in the early1990s increased rapidly to almost 20,000 reported cases in 1998.
20. Such problems are compounded by the very small number of new cost-effective chemical pesticides, suitable for
public health, that have been developed in recent years. (Para. 8) Such problems become even worse because only a small number of the new, cheap but effective chemical pesticides, suitable for public health, are available. cost-effective: a. giving the best possible profit or benefits in comparison with the money that is spent
e. g. But when compared to other methods of training currently being used, taking courses over the Internet is cost-effective and flexible.
21. Although intensive research has failed to disclose the origins of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks,
microbes causing both diseases are also thought to be transmitted to humans who encounter animal sources somewhere in the transmission cycle. (Para. 9) Although thorough and careful research has not found the causes of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks, microbes causing both diseases are also thought to infect humans who have got in touch with animals sometime in the infection chain.
22. The consequences of the environment and interspecies transmission of microbes are most clearly demonstrated in
the case of the influenza virus. (Para. 11) The effects of environmental changes and the spread of microbes between animals of different species are the most important causes for the further spread of the influenza virus.
23. It is thought to be only a matter of time until an animal influenza virus spreading in domestic animals recombines
with a human influenza virus, and causes the next highly deadly influenza pandemic. (Para. 11) Researchers believe that sooner or later the animal influenza virus spreading among domestic animals will mix with a human influenza virus, thus causing the wide spread of a new influenza that could lead to death.
24. Although human-to-human transmission of the virus was documented, it was found to be relatively inefficient and
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uncommon. (Para. 12) Although the virus was proven to spread between humans, it is not quick or frequent.
25. Finally, a new infectious disease threat related to social behavior dominates public health thinking and policies in
some industrialized countries – deliberately caused infectious disease outbreaks. (Para. 13) Finally, a new threat of infectious diseases is caused by some evil people in society, which becomes an important factor affecting common people and policymakers in some industrialized countries — infectious disease outbreaks that are caused on purpose.
26. Following the deliberate dissemination of anthrax spores through the US postal system in 2001, questions
concerning the deliberate use of biological or chemical weapons have been raised with great urgency. (Para. 13) After anthrax spores were distributed and spread for evil purposes through the US post offices in 2001, it has been urgent to
consider problems about the purposeful use of biological or chemical weapons.
dissemination n. spreading information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people
e.g. With the advent of an informational society and knowledge-based economy, information dissemination and knowledge sharing is becoming more and more important in the organizational decision-making processes.
27. The prospect of introduction of an infectious disease to non-immune populations that could cause severe illness and
death has now become a cruel reality. (Para. 13) It has become a cruel reality that an infectious disease could be spread intentionally to common people who are easily hurt and could cause them to suffer and even die.
28. Infectious diseases have caused human suffering, illness and death throughout written history, and undoubtedly before. (Para. 14) Infectious diseases have caused human suffering, illness and death throughout recorded history, and of course even before recorded history.
29. The threats caused by infectious diseases today are being amplified by social, behavioral and environmental factors
that accelerate the natural phenomena that affect infectious disease patterns. (Para. 14) The threats caused by infectious diseases today are becoming more and more dangerous because of social, behavioral and environmental factors, and these factors together lead to changes in nature, which in turn result in changes in the way infectious diseases develop. 30. Better understanding of these factors through a vigorous research agenda and development of evidence-based
policies based on this understanding, will help prevent their occurrence and keep them at bay. (Para. 14) What is now needed is to make a very active and determined research plan to study these factors and to make new policies based on the findings so as to prevent them from happening again and becoming even worse.
keep/hold sb./sth. at bay to prevent an enemy from coming close; to prevent a problem from having bad effect e.g. Although the wolves tried to attack us, we managed to keep them at bay by shooting several of them.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) According to the author, infectious diseases revived in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics because in such
areas, where infectious diseases continued to have a hold, rural–urban migration has resulted in inadequacy of sanitation, crowded living conditions and other basic infrastructure issues associated with population growth. It has thus contributed to the resurgence of many diseases. (2) Microbes have become resistant to antibiotics because behaviors such as over or under prescribing of antibiotics by health workers, and excessive demand for antibiotics by the general population, have had a remarkable impact on the selection and survival of resistant microbes, rapidly increasing levels of microbial resistance. (3) Infectious diseases like yellow fever, Ebola, hepatitis, and SARS have been transmitted to developing and industrialized
countries out of Africa mainly in two ways: on the one hand, trends in tourism, with tourists penetrating deep into tropical forests, often without appropriate protection against insect bites or vaccination, result in importations of malaria and yellow fever to industrialized countries; on the other hand, weak infection control procedures by health workers have caused the amplification of transmission in outbreaks such as Ebola to health workers and their contacts in sub-Saharan Africa, and hepatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to health workers and those with whom they have contact in both developing and industrialized countries. (4) Human disturbance and alternation of ecological zones throughout the world has increased the frequency with which
microbes, usually confined to animals, cross the species barrier to infect humans. Deforestation disrupts natural habitats of animals, and can force animals, searching for food, into closer contact with humans. 精品文档
(5) Other examples of how insects that carry infectious diseases have taken advantage of new opportunities created by
environmental degradation and human behavioral change include epidemics of dengue and yellow fever that have been fuelled by the adoption of modern consumer habits in urban areas where discarded household appliances, tires, plastic food containers and jars have created abundant artificial mosquito breeding sites. The Aedes mosquito species is now well established in most, if not all, large African cities, increasing the risk of explosive urban outbreaks of dengue. Similar examples are occurring in Asia where dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever have caused major outbreaks during 2004 in Indonesia and India. In countries of the former Soviet Union, large amounts of stagnant water, created by ineffective irrigation projects, provided mosquito breeding sites that permitted the reemergence of malaria in the most southern states, where a few incidental and probably imported cases in Tajikistan in the early 1990s multiplied to almost 20 000 reported cases in 1998. 2. Vocabulary Section A (1) quiescent
(2) geographically
(3) infrastructure (4) prescribe
(5) amplify
(6) document (7) transfusion (8) stagnant (9) agenda (10) prohibitive
Section B (1) B (2) C (3) A (4) D (5) B (6) C (7) D (8) A (9) C (10) B
3. Cloze
(1) inappropriate (2) resistance (3) against (4) diseases (5) increase (6) spreading (7) geographical (8) refers to (9) transmission (10) contaminated (11) caused (12) existence
(13) since (14) worldwide (15) total (16) unknown (17) undergo (18) cope (19) damaging (20) thereby
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) With the advent of the Information Age and era of a knowledge-based economy, information dissemination and knowledge
sharing are becoming more and more important in the organizational decision-making processes.
(2) All participants in the meeting unanimously agreed that we should accelerate the infrastructure construction and improve
the ecological environment in the western region.
(3) At the construction stage, the progress and expenditure level of projects are monitored closely to ensure that the projects are
delivered on schedule, within budget and in a cost-effective manner.
(4) Benjamin experienced the changing period from tradition to modernism, and the influence of modernization penetrated into
every aspect of his thought.
(5) In order to attract foreign investment in mining in western China, the state has already formulated or is to formulate a host
of incentive policies.
(6) Hong Kong is committed to making full use of its close proximity to the Mainland market to provide better services to
Mainland enterprises seeking listing outside the Mainland.
(7) One of the most serious causes for global warming includes the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and
deforestation.
(8) Facing the present serious situation of the AH1N1 flu’s rapid spread, governments warn the public that they should not
enter the infected areas if they are not vaccinated.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
Yet, according to the expert, it will take at least three months from the virus’s emergence until full-scale vaccine production can begin. “Over the next nine months, vaccine production will increase, and if everything goes well, one billion doses will have been produced one year after the virus was first identified,〞 he says. Because flu vaccines are made from the
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virus itself, making a global or even national supply requires first producing large amounts of the virus. Traditionally, researchers mass-produce the viral component of vaccines by injecting the virus into chicken eggs, where it replicates within the embryo. But the method is slow, needs a lot of space and requires a large supply of chicken eggs, usually 1–2 eggs per dose of vaccine — something that could be problematic if H5N1 continues to plague the poultry industry.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
旅游业出现了一些新情况，游客在未经免疫接种、无适当防蚊虫叮咬措施的情况下深入热带雨林，把疟疾和黄热病带回兴旺工业国。同时，医疗工作人员未采取有效控制传染措施，加速了埃博拉出血热在医疗工作者及其在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区的亲属中的爆发，同时也把肝炎及非典传播给与之有过接触的开展中国家及兴旺工业国的人员。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕值得注意的是，西北大学的这项研究说明，在儿童期接触传染性微生物，实际上可能会预防少年期向成年期过渡时患上包括心血管疾病在内的严重疾病。
〔2〕“与先前研究的假设相反，我们的研究说明，早期生活环境过分干净、卫生可能会导致成年时炎症更厉害，从而增加各种疾病的风险，〞托马斯·麦科德，该研究的第一作者，在面对媒体的讲话中说道。 〔3〕“换句话说，人身体的炎症系统可能需要在幼年时期长期接触同一种已成为人类环境一局部的微生物，以使我们在成年期能适应环境，健康生存下来，〞麦科德说。
〔4〕对被访母亲的哺乳、对孩子的照料情况进行了解，对其家庭社会经济、卫生状况〔包括家中是否豢养家畜〕及家中居住人口数量进行调查。
〔5〕“在美国，我们认为应不惜一切代价防止婴幼儿接触微生物和病原体，〞麦科德总结道。“但是我们很可能使婴幼儿正在形成的免疫系统丧失了适应环境的时机，而这种重要的环境输入能引导身体机能的正常开展，使人顺利渡过整个童年期、进入成年时期。
Text B
Prevention Will Reduce Medical Costs: A Persistent Myth
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s) (1) agreement (2) unstoppably (3) abundant (4) collection (5) examining (6) ceasing
(7) high blood pressure (8) added together (9) prestigious (10) injections
True or false
(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) F (6) T (7) F (8) F
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Unit 8
Text A
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) People’s frequent use of automobiles lead to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramatic increase in the rate of accidental death, social isolation and the disconnection of community, rise in obesity, the generation of air and noise pollution, the facilitation of urban sprawl and urban decay.
(2) First, increased road-building exerts negative effects on the habitat for wildlife, primarily through habitat fragmentation and surface runoff alteration. Second, new roads built through sensitive habitats can cause the loss or degradation of ecosystems, and the materials required for roads come from large-scale rock quarrying and gravel extraction, which sometimes occurs in sensitive ecological areas. What’s more, road construction also alters the water table, increases surface runoff, and increases the risk of flooding. All these threaten the existence of wildlife. (3) Automobiles are a major source of air pollution and noise pollution. They contribute greatly to the global climate warming by emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. What’s more, the increased road-building exerts negative effects on wildlife habitat. (4) Automobiles brought about changes to urban society. First, streetcars, cable cars, and other forms of light rail in the urban areas are replaced by coaches or buses. Second, it’s more dangerous for pedestrians to walk. Third, people have less contact with their neighbors and become more disconnected. (5) Until the advent of the automobile, factory workers lived either close to the factory or in high density communities farther away, connected to the factory by streetcar or rail. The automobile and the federal subsidies for roads and suburban development that supported car culture allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods. The outward growth of cities accelerated. The suburban society came. 2. Vocabulary Section A (1) favorable (2) sprawl (3) proliferation (4) fragmentation (5) manure (6) sanitation (7) diesel (8) integrate (9) ideology (10) solidify
Section B
(1) A (2) D (3) B (4) C (5) D (6) B
3. Cloze
(1) emphasizing (2) particularly (3) brought (6) reliance (7) least (8) sure (11) shadow (12) prospect (13) cigarettes (16) suburban (17) mean (18) abandoned
4. Translation
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(7) A
(8) C
(9) B
(10) D
(4) alternative (9) intact (14) doubt (19) right (5) moves (10) as
(15) vast (20) purchasing
(1) The two countries should initiate bilateral dialogues and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and equality, which will be beneficial to the economic development of both sides. (2) Unless we take all factors into account, we shall be faced for a long time with the social problem of insufficient employment, which is one element that causes social instability.
(3) In this century, our country will continue to accelerate the strategic adjustment of the economic structure in an attempt to seize every opportunity to develop.
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(4) With the advent of biological economic era, many countries put a high value on developing biotechnology industry. (5) The rampant deforestation has broken the panda habitat into isolated areas, which is especially dangerous for pandas’ existence.
(6) Action, gesture, eye, and voice contribute to the greater effectiveness of drama as compared with the novel.
(7) Aside from wealth, potential moon travelers will need time to train for the mission and must meet health requirements.
(8) In response to an epidemic reported in the area, the government authorities immediately decided to fly in doctors and medical supplies to ease difficulties of the affected areas.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
At a time when most carmakers are struggling to cope with the worst crisis the industry has experienced in living memory, the ambitions of Geely, China’s biggest privately owned car firm, are breathtaking. The company is simultaneously developing six modern platforms—an astonishing number even for a global giant such as Toyota—and is committed to launching nine new cars in the next 18 months and up to 42 new models by 2021. Its technical director, Frank Zhao, claims that Geely will have the capacity to make 2m cars a year by then.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
汽车对于中产阶级的文化有着重要的影响，汽车融入到了从音乐到书籍到电影的各个生活层面。从1905年到1908年，有超过120首歌曲以汽车作为主题。这些歌曲的汽车主题反映了汽车工业的普遍文化：性历险，摆脱社会束缚，以及男性的力量。当时的书籍以汽车男孩为主题。这些汽车男孩从普通的\\中规中矩的中产阶级生活下解脱岀来，前往陌生的地方旅行历险。拥有汽车逐渐和，自由，及社会地位的提高联系起来。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕我对研究生的第一条建议就是要在一个由有着很高科学素养和道德水平的人领导之下的实验室开始研究。 〔2〕通常情况之下，一位卓有建树且管理不超过十几个人的老师是最能营造一种有创造性的，令人兴奋的和互相支持的工作气氛的。
〔3〕所以，最好的导师，应该一方面提供研究生足够的指导以防止其浪费时间在一些无功而返的工作上，另一方面也应该给研究生从事科研创新的自由和从自己错误中学习的时机。
〔4〕这个阶段的科学家应当有意地选择一个可以弥补自己以往所学知识的缺乏之处的实验室。
〔5〕能够设计研究策略很重要。这些研究策略有着足够的雄心，是重要的，令人兴奋的和革新性的，可能带来独特的奉献并且非常有可能产生有价值的结果。
Text B
Less is More
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) great，never seen in the history (2) doesn’t endanger the earth’s environment (3) talking nonsense (4) a vehicle driven by two power systems (5) not moving (6) indicating future success or good results; hopeful (7) propagated
(8) anything that slows down the development (9) free from mistakes; excellent (10) unrealistic
True or false
(1) F (2) T (3) F (4) T (5) F (6) F (7) T (8) T
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Unit 9
Text A
II. Language points
1. …many dressed in the brilliant matrimonial hues of their cultures. (Para. 1) …many wearing the wedding dresses whose colors are characteristic of their cultures.
2. Once a practice as provincial as it was personal, the art of pairing up people for marriage has become an increasingly international and technology-driven business. (Para. 2) In the past, the art of matchmaking was a local and personal practice; now, it has become a business that goes to the world and is pushed by technology.
3. As young people all over the world move far from home for school and work, even those from traditionbound cultures can no longer rely solely on the resources of crafty aunties to find them suitable mates. (Para. 2) Since young people throughout the world live far away from home for study and work, even those from cultures closely related to traditions can no longer depend only on their resourceful and clever relatives to help find a suitable husband or wife.
crafty: a. clever; cunning e.g. a crafty politician He’s a crafty old fox.
4. With growth slowing in the U.S., Web matchmaking giants are eyeing fertile potential markets such as China and India. (Para. 2) With growth of the U.S. market slowing down, big online matchmaking companies are aiming at potential markets such as China and India where there are many opportunities for development.
5. But an international match presents hurdles in business as in love: differing societal attitudes, wily competition and cultural quirks to bewilder the most sophisticated suitor. (Para. 2) But global matchmaking is difficult in terms of business as well as love due to the following facts: different societies have different attitudes towards love and matchmaking; competition in matchmaking and love involves a lot of tricks; specific conventions of a particular culture may confuse the most experienced suitor.
hurdle n. (fig) difficulty to be overcome; obstacle
e.g. I’ve passed the written test; the interview is the next hurdle. wily: a. crafty or cunning; full of wiles e.g. as wily as a fox
bewilder: v. puzzle (sb); confuse
e.g. The child was bewildered by the noise and the crowds. I am totally bewildered by the clues to this crossword puzzle.
sophisticated: a. having or showing much worldly experience and knowledge of fashionable life e.g. a sophisticated woman wearing sophisticated clothes
6. As far back as the Paleolithic era, arranged marriages served to forge networks between family groups, writes Stephanie Coontz in Marriage, a History. (Para. 3) In Marriage, a History, Stephanie Coontz points out that as early as the Paleolithic era, arranged marriages began to help create close ties between family groups. forge: v. (fig) create (usu a lasting relationship) by means of much hard work e.g. forge a bond, a link, an alliance, etc
a friendship forged by adversity
7. Suspicion and disdain eased into acceptance as more Americans found a partner--or at least a date and not a nut — on the sites. (Para. 4) Americans’ attitude towards online matchmaking changed from doubt and contempt into acceptance because more of them found a mate — or at least a person to have a romantic relationship with rather than a crazy person—on the Internet dating sites.
disdain: n. feeling that sb./sth. is not good enough to deserve one’s respect; contempt
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e.g. a look/tone/expression of disdain
treating other people’s ideas with disdain
8. If a country with little tradition of matchmaking can embrace a version of it online, then it follows that cultures long used to a third party’s hand in love affairs would do the same. (Para. 5)If online matchmaking can be popular in a country like the U.S. with little tradition of matchmaking, then we can logically conclude that cultures with long tradition of arranged marriage by a third party would accept it as well.
9. But it has learned along the way that its model does not always translate. (Para. 6) But Match has learned during the course of expansion that its way of matchmaking does not always work well in other cultures. 10. On Match, users post personal profiles and photos, attracting and perusing potential mates in what resembles a
colossal bar scene. (Para. 6) On Match , users post their personal profiles and photos on the Internet, attracting other users and examining carefully the personal profiles and photos of the users they are attracted to in a scene which is like a
huge bar.
peruse: v. read carefully or thoroughly
e.g. peruse a document
11. To differentiate itself from local competitors when it launched there in 2003, Match toned down its window-shopping
aspect and played up the promise of long-term love. (Para. 6) In order to distinguish itself from local competitors when it started operations there in 2003, Match made its window-shopping aspect less important and emphasized the promise of long-term love.
tone down (cause sth. to) become less intense
e.g. She is trying to tone down the colors of the picture.
play sth. up try to make sth. appear more important than it is e.g. Some reporters like to play up sensational social news.
12. That bodes well for the international hopes of eHarmony, the leader among compatibility-focused sites in the U.S.
(Para. 7) The social changes and especially the newly pervasive insistence on love as an essential ingredient of marriage are a good sign for eHarmony’s success around the world because the company is the leading matchmaking site in the U.S. that has been focusing on compatibility research. bode well/ill (for sb./sth.) be a good/bad sign (for sb./sth.) e.g. His idle habits bode ill for his future.
These figures do not bode well for the company’s future.
13. That’s not to mention marriages at a rate of 90 a day, unions that so far have produced 100 000 children (a
disproportionate number of them named Harmony). (Para. 7) In addition, eHarmony helps make 90 marriages every day which up to now have produced 100 000 children (an unusually large number of them named Harmony after the company).
disproportionate: a. relatively too large or small, etc; out of proportion e.g. We spend a disproportionate amount of our income on rent.
14. In China, that means commissioning researchers at Beijing University to find out whether its model — in which 29
“dimensions〞 such as humor and spirituality are mined for compatibility — applies to the culture. (Para. 8) In
China, eHarmony has appointed researchers at Beijing University to find out whether its model — in which 29 “dimensions〞 such as humor and spirituality are extracted for the compatibility test — is appropriate for Chinese culture. 15. China should be a natural haven for online matchmaking. (Para. 10) China should naturally be an ideal market for
online matchmaking.
haven: n. place of safety or rest; refuge e.g. Terrorists will not find a safe haven here.
16. The imbalance of genders brought on by the single-child rule (many parents opted to keep only a male baby) has
also led to a desperate demand for matchmakers among rural men, opening the door to unscrupulous brokers who con women into unions. (Para. 10) The fact that men outnumber women due to the one-child policy (many parents chose to keep only a male baby) has also led to an urgent need for matchmakers among marriage-aged single men in the countryside, which gives unethical brokers opportunities to make profit by deceiving women into marriage.
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unscrupulous: a. without moral principles e.g. unscrupulous methods, behavior
He was utterly unscrupulous in his dealings with rival firms. con: v. (infml) swindle or persuade sb. after gaining his trust e.g. I was conned into buying a useless car. She conned me out of $100.
17. Western online matchmakers, however, do face challenges in gaining a foothold in the Chinese matchmaking market.
(Para. 11) Western online matchmakers, however, do find it difficult to gain a secure position in the Chinese matchmaking market, from which they can make further progress.
18. Chinese sites rely instead on online advertising and ticket sales from events such as speed-dating mixers that charge
about $13 for admission (parents who tag along have to pay too). (Para. 11) Instead of subscription fees, Chinese Web dating sites mainly rely on online advertising and ticket sales from events such as speed-dating mixers that require about $13 for admission in which parents who follow their children closely also have to pay. tag along (after/behind/with sb.) follow closely e.g. children tagging along behind their mother
If you’re going to the cinema, do you mind if I tag along (with you)?
19. …his free websites steer users to his 30 off-line matchmaking offices, where they can pay fees totaling up to $6,000.
(Para. 11) …after browsing his websites free of charge, users will be guided to his 30 off-line matchmaking offices, where they can pay as much as $6000 for matchmaking.
steer: v. direct or control the course of e.g. steer a boat into the harbor
(fig) He managed to steer the discussion away from the subject of money.
20. Like China, India has a long history of and cultural comfort with matchmaking; (Para. 12) Like China, India has a
long history of matchmaking and matchmaking is generally accepted in its culture. 21. Partly because India’s matrimonial sites have already succeeded in wooing the nation, Western companies have
hesitated at the door. (Para. 13) Partly because India’s Web matchmaking sites have already succeeded in obtaining the support of the nation, Western companies have not decided yet whether they should dive into the Indian market. woo: v. try to obtain the support of e.g. woo the voters
22. For instance, sites there make matches on the basis of factors unfamiliar to outsiders, including caste, language and
“character〞 — a euphemism for chastity. (Para. 13) For example, India’s matrimonial sites make matches according to
factors that people outside India are not familiar with, such as caste, language and \"character\"—an indirect word for virginity.
euphemism: n. (example of the) use of pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones e.g. ‘Pass away’ is a euphemism for ‘die’. ‘Pass water’ is a euphemism for ‘urinate’.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading comprehension
(1) There are some reasons why the art of pairing up people has become an increasingly international and technology-driven
business. On the one hand, since young people all over the world move far from home for school and work, they can no longer only depend on their relatives to find them suitable mates. On the other hand, online marriage and dating sites have multiplied rapidly since they began to appear a decade ago. (2) In the U.S., matchmaking took off as an industry only in this decade, with the arrival of Internet dating sites. Americans’
attitude towards online matchmaking has gone through some changes. At first Americans distrusted and scorned online matchmaking, but they later accepted it because more Americans found a partner on the dating sites. (3) According to Para. 6, in order to differentiate itself from local competitors, Match emphasized the importance of long-term love and relied on science to help users find their true love. 精品文档
(4) According to the text, China should be a natural haven for online matchmaking. Firstly, up until a century ago, marriage-registration forms required the seal of an “introducer.〞 Secondly, even today, the off-line matchmaking business remains robust. Lastly, the imbalance of genders has led to a desperate demand for matchmakers among rural men. (5) Western online matchmakers do face some challenges in gaining a foothold in the Chinese matchmaking market. For
example, western online matchmakers mainly rely on subscription fees for their revenues, but in China, only a very small number of Internet daters pay subscription fees which are minimal according to the Western standard. If they want to win the Chinese matchmaking market, they have to adjust their subscription-based models to the market.
2. Vocabulary Section A
(1) matrimonial (2) privacy (3) multiply (4) flirt (5) browse (6) provincial
Section B (1) B (2) A
3. Cloze (1) bore (6) online (11) mere
(16) practically
4. Translation
(7) steer
(8) temperament
(9) disproportionate
(10) haven
(3) D (4) C (5) C (6) A (7) D (8) B (9) C (10) A
(2) gossip (3) share (7) visited (8) lead (12) values (13) but (17) unimaginably (4) lies
(9) estimated (14) made (18) originally (5) informal (10) Although (15) stuff (19) into (20) on
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) In countries such as the United States and Australia, the sports industry is very lucrative. The money that professional
sportsmen make every year is certainly no less than specialist doctors, lawyers or bankers.
(2) I strongly reject the idea that people who use “earthy〞 language are speaking more directly or with more authenticity than people who employ euphemisms.
(3) As time goes by and technological development forges ahead, it will become increasingly harder to differentiate between
mental and manual labour.
(4) Increases in physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with improving physical fitness. Therefore,
moderate physical activity — even an unhurried 30-minute stroll every day — may diminish the risk for heart disease among the elderly. (5) To take full advantage of the convenience offered by the Information Age, I subscribe to a number of journals concerned
with my subject on the Internet.
(6) The best-financed, most technologically powerful companies often bring out their most advanced products on their home
turf a year or two before they ship them around the world.
(7) China and America together account for nearly half of the global energy demand, which urges the leaders of the two
countries to talk about how clean technology may help solve the problem of climate change.
(8) Some aspiring young people in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai may opt to remain single because they are so busy with
work that they don’t have the time to date and get married.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
users may feel socially successful in cyberspace but they are more likely to perform poorly in exams, according to new research into the academic impact of the social networking website. The majority of students who use every day are underachieving by as much as an entire grade compared with those who shun the site. About 83% of British 16 to 24-year-olds are thought to use social networking sites such as , MySpace and Bebo, to keep in touch with friends and organize their social lives. According to the research, 65% of users accessed their account daily, usually checking it several times to see if they had received new messages. The amount of time spent on at each log-in varied from just a
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few minutes to more than an hour. However，79% of -using students believed the time they spent on the site had no impact on their work. said: “There is also academic research that shows the benefits of services like . It’s in the hands of students, in consultation with their parents, to decide how to spend their time.〞
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
美国的婚恋网站谋求使自己区别于当地竞争对手的一种方法是依靠科学。Match公司雇佣拉特格斯大学的人类学教授海伦·费舍尔为其副产品设计了一套匹配度测试题。当Chemistry准备全面启用时，费舍尔信心十足，她相信这套适用于任何文化的测试——包含56个问题，将把用户分为四种气质类型。毕竟，推动美国在线婚恋的社会开展趋势适用于世界上的大局部地区：妇女就业、年轻人移居外地。可能最重要的，还是一种新的、普遍的把爱情当作婚姻根本成分的坚决主张。费舍尔引用了一项研究，当10 000个来自36种文化的人被问及婚姻的首要标准时，她说：“不管在哪，答案都是爱情。〞
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕而且，全球几十亿观众取代了新近造就出来的有文化的中产阶级，其受教育率达82%，而且这个比例还在上升。
〔2〕老的出版业没有消失——至少就目前来看，它确实还是作家们获得赖以生存所需的金钱和地位的最好方式，但是它将作为大金字塔的小尖角以一种急剧变化的、共生的方式继续存在。
〔3〕像爱好者小说一样，数字时代的小说将存在大量的参考和文本互涉，其泛滥程度足以使版权法陷于崩溃。 〔4〕坐在屏幕前阅读，会使你加快速度：你不会在语言间逗留，只是不停地点击鼠标。我们将看不到什么现代主义风格的晦涩艰深，更多的是浪漫小说式的感伤和情节高速推进的表达性产品。
〔5〕未来的文学作品也许不符合传统的文学价值的标准，或者任何标准。但是，如果那听上去令人担忧或很悲惨的话，不妨回到过去去体会一下小说刚出现时，人们满怀正义蔑视它的情形。
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Text B
Medical Mouse Practice
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) has been involved in
(2) writing in a hasty or illegible manner
(3) easily available to them
(4) help develop the new method of practicing medicine (5) the most important online product (6) record officially on a computer
(7) Putting an end to
(8) prevent disaster from happening
(9) the most complicated and difficult problems to solve (10) relevant information about a patient
True or false
(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) T (6) F (7) T (8) F
Unit 10
Text A
II. Language points
1. New strategies to confront the perils of climate change reflect a sense of urgency and fresh perspectives. (para.1) New strategies to tackle the dangers brought about by climate change show that people feel that the climate problem is urgent and look at this problem from a new angle.
2. On Wednesday, September 16, as part of an ongoing series on natural disasters, the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement hosted a roundtable on the future challenges of climate change and the role of the international community. (para.2) On Wednesday, September 16, as part of series of actions being taken to deal with natural disasters, the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement organized a discussion about the challenges brought about by climate change in the future and the role the international community plays in the battle against it.
3. Rod Snider, of the American Red Cross, opened the discussion by outlining the rapid increase of natural disasters worldwide and the pressing need for adaptable international responses. (para.2) Rod opened the discussion by speaking of the rapid increase of natural disasters and the urgency of flexible international responses.
4. Brookings Senior Fellow Elizabeth Ferris added to the discussion a response stressing the need for a rights-based approach with the specific intent to protect vulnerable populations affected by natural disasters. (para.2) Brookings Senior Fellow Elizabeth Ferris responded to the discussion by emphasizing that it is necessary to adopt an approach based on the protection of rights with the special purpose to protect populations easily influenced by natural disasters.
5. Brookings Fellow Noam Unger moderated the discussion. () Brookings Fellow Noam Unger made compromises between different opinions in the discussion.
6. In the current approach to natural disasters, gaining access to the affected region can be limited by a lack of
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coordination and adaptability. (para.4) In the present ways to deal with natural disasters, entering the areas hit by the disaster is limited because of a lack of cooperation and flexibility.
7. However, he also noted that these efforts must expand their focus and look at recovery from the beginning. (para.5) However, these responses must expand their focus and consider recovery from disaster in the beginning.
8. Further, such efforts must involve the affected community in recovery activities in a real and participatory way. () What’s more, such responses must include local areas and let them participate in the recovery activities.
9. In some cases, the government may have to physically relocate people to protect them from impending natural disasters. () Sometimes, the government may have to move people to other areas to protect them from imminent natural disasters.
10. Ferris outlines the approach taken in the IASC Operational Guidelines to formulate a hierarchy of rights for people
affected by a natural disaster. (para.8) Ferris gave a short description of the approach taken in the IASC Operational Guidelines to express rights of different levels for affected people in a natural disaster.
11. At the top of this hierarchy is the right to life, illustrating that physically protecting people must be a top priority.
(para.8) Among those rights, the most important is the right to life. To ensure people’s lives must be the first thing to consider.
12. For example, sometimes, NGOs unknowingly replicate and reproduce the domestic caste structure within their own
staff, fostering inherent discrimination. (para.9) For example, non-government organizations unconsciously copy the hierarchical structure of their own country in their organizations, therefore, the discrimination within the organization itself develops.
13. During the workshops, participants were able to see the human rights implications of disaster response and
welcomed existing tools to assist them in adapting a rights-based approach. (para.9) During the practical work against natural disasters, participants were able to see the significance of human rights in disaster response and welcomed present systems to help them in making certain changes to find an approach based on the protection of human rights. 14. …the international response is still very weak, as evidenced by the lack of a designated lead agency for protection in
natural disasters. () …the international response is still not so effective, which can be proved by the lack of an appointed lead agency for protection in natural disasters.
15. …ensuring that Disaster Risk Reduction is a national and local priority. (para.12) ... guaranteeing that Disaster Risk Reduction is the most important thing both in a nation and in the local areas.
16. Resilience is the key to empowering these vulnerable populations in the face of harsh climate change. () Flexibility is
important to give these easily-hurt people power when they encounter the severe climate change.
17. “The great tragedy of sustainable development is that we have not invented a politics to go with it.〞 () It is a pity
that our politics are not good enough to ensure the implementation of sustainable development.
18. Cameron pointed out that an integral component has to be political will. (para.20)Cameron pointed out that for climate
change strategies, one necessary thing is the will of politicians.
19. Ferris noted that migration is likely to be an adaptation strategy. (para.21) Ferris noted that moving to other places is a
strategy used to adapt to the severe climate situation.
20. The potential of large-scale climate-induced migration raises major political, legal, economic, and security questions.
For example, politically, migration could signal the “death〞 of nations, such as island states. (para.21) Moving to other places to live in large numbers due to climate change causes significant political, economic, and security problems. For example, from the political perspective, migration could be a sign that a nation is dead.
21. Legally and economically, it is unclear what happens if a nation moves. (para.21) If a nation moves to other places, the
legal and economic significance is not clear.
22. Finally, a clear discrepancy exists between those responsible for climate change and those most affected by it.
(para.22) Finally, a big difference exists between developed countries that emit most of the greenhouse gases and developing countries greatly influenced by climate change.
23. Cameron pointed out that between these two groups, those vulnerable to climate change are aware of their
vulnerability but do not know what to do to combat it. To the contrary, those responsible for climate change know what to do to combat it, but have become complacent. () Cameron pointed out that between these two groups, those
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easily influenced by climate change realize their fragility but do not know what to do to fight against it. By contrast, those countries that emit most of the carbon into the atmosphere know what to do but have become too self-satisfied to take any action.
III. Key to the exercises
1. Reading Comprehension
(1) The current international response lacks coordination and sustainable development approaches. What’s more, it fails to protect the rights of displaced persons. (2) The discussion is about the future challenges of climate change and the role of international community. (3) Rod Snider believes that international responses to natural disasters should not be limited to a single model. Instead, the international community should take a holistic model, strengthen cooperation and share information together. At the same time, the affected community should be involved in recovery activities in a real and participatory way.
(4) According to Elizabeth Ferris, to protect affected people, the most important thing is to protect their rights to life. Once the right to life is guaranteed, the focus of international response can shift to other basic needs. And the international community should take rights-based approach to protect the rights of displaced people. (5) According to Edward Cameron, climate change is serious and should be tackled urgently. And developing greater coherence among different organizations and programs is essential. According to him, more long-term and sustainable approaches are needed after a natural disaster. 2. Vocabulary Section A (1) holistic (2) refugee (3) hierarchy (4) coherence (5) synergy (6) sustainable (7) aftermath (8) convene (9) implement (10) reconcile
Section B
(1) B (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) A (6) C (7) B (8) D (9) A (10) B
3. Cloze (1) binding (2) emissions (3) otherwise (4) preservation (5) allowing (6) intact (7) reality (11) average (12) as (16) credit (17) insistence
4. Translation
(8) avert
(13) deforestation (18) avoid
(9) forests (14) combined (19) tackle
(10) but (15) impact (20) inflict
A. Chinese to English
1) Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) In the international society, there is a trend that countries all over the world put their own interests on top priority. Therefore, it is difficult for them to reach an agreement on the problem of tackling global warming. (2) The need for perfection and the desire for inner tranquility conflict with each other.
(3) We should soberly rethink what we have done in the past, look to the future, review our experience, draw the lessons from it and seriously address the problems we are faced with at present.
(4) In the face of adversity, courage and perseverance shown by people in the affected areas win great respect from people all over the world.
(5) In the aftermath of natural disasters，food in affected areas may become contaminated and consequently be at risk for outbreaks of foodborne disease.
(6) It is not true that suffering ennobles the character; happiness does that sometimes, but suffering, for the most part, makes men petty and vindictive.
(7) This conference centers on how to develop a low-carbon economy to realize the sustainable development of the whole society.
(8) When it comes to mitigation of earthquake disasters, people’s governments at different levels shall strengthen leadership
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over the work and mobilize the relevant departments to take effective measures to protect people’s safety.
2) Translate the following paragraph into English.
During the summit, Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed said, “This is not a negotiation. This is different from the WTO negotiations. You cannot cut a deal with Mother Nature.〞 While the speech was being delivered, Maldives islanders were moving inland. Nonetheless, in contrast to the strong statements made by international businesses, countries’ representative negotiators made careful government commitments. As Churchill said, “There are no permanent friends or permanent enemies, only permanent interests.〞 The national interests are putting great pressures on the negotiations. One long-time UN climate change negotiator expressed, “Internationalism is only reflected at the civic level; it is impossible at the national level.〞 Any country that takes the first step to give way faces large risks and would be labeled as being foolish.
B. English to Chinese
1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
气候的变化引起了自然灾害的增加。各国，联合国及其他国际组织通过促进可持续性开展，正在寻求加强和扩大应对自然灾害的方法以将预防和灾害前的准备包含在内。应对气候变化所引起的灾难的新策略反映了人们的紧迫感以及新的视角。这些策略着重纠正目前国际行动的内在缺乏。目前的国际行动缺乏协调及可持续性开展的方法，往往没有保护到流离失所的人们的权利。一种协作性更强，适应性更强，以权利为根底的可持续性开展的方法可以给脆弱的人们以保护自身不受自然灾害侵害的能力。
2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
〔1〕但是在12月14号星期一，关于实质性讨论的进展或多或少进入到一种停滞状态，因为以77国集团和中国为代表的贫穷国家暂时退出了谈判。
〔2〕问题并不特别在于所需采取的措施的强度问题，尽管这是最易受影响的国家和最兴旺的国家之间的不同点。 〔3〕目前所建议的减排目标，尽管比一年前所期待的要高一些，也不可能将气候变暖的幅度到2℃。
〔4〕但是，签署京都议定书的富国〔大局部是欧洲国家〕拒绝单方面执行这一协定。因为他们从非京都议定书签约国的美国那里得不到任何补偿，也不能从签署了京都议定书的开展中国家得到任何补偿。京都议定书对于开展中国家没有做出要求。
〔5〕包含在草案中的妥协暗示富裕国家将会降低温室气体的排放，但是缺乏京都议定书的约束力。这一妥协可能提供某种方式走出僵局。
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Text B
In Wake of Disaster, Scientists Seek Out Clues to Prevention
Key to the exercises
Guess the meaning of the word(s)
(1) gather
(2) not necessarily true or real
(3) damaged (4) imitate
(5) removing from a place of danger to a safer place (6) position
(7) attack
(8) slight shaking or trembling
(9) point at which an earthquake reaches the earth’s surface (10) find out
True or false
(1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) F (6) T (7) T (8) T
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