sudo的工作过程如下:
1,当用户执行sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件,判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限
2,确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后,让用户输入用户自己的密码确认
3,若密码输入成功,则开始执行sudo后续的命令
4,root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)
5,若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同,也不需要输入密码
visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出时,visudo会检查内部语法,避免用户输入错误信息
visudo需要root权限
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1. [hadoop@localhost ~]$ visudo
2. visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够
3. visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够
使用visudo命令打开sudo配置文件
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1. ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
2. ## the root user, without needing the root password.
3. ## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令,而不需要root用
户的密码
4. ##
5. ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
6. ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
7. ## users or groups.
8. ## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择,这些示例都可以被特定用
户或
9. ## 用户组所使用
10.
##
11.
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
12.
## 该文件必须使用\"visudo\"命令编辑
13.
## Host Aliases
14.
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps usin
g
15.
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
16.
## 对于一组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使用主机名(可能是全域名的通配符)
17.
## 、或IP地址,这时可以配置主机别名
18.
# Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
19.
# Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
20.
## User Aliases
21.
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
22.
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
23.
## rather than USERALIAS
24.
## 这并不很常用,因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
25.
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
26.
## Command Aliases
27.
## These are groups of related commands...
28.
## 指定一系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是一个)的别名,通过赋予该别名
sudo权限,
29.
## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令,下面是一些示例
30.
## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
31.
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /s
bin/dhclient
32.
, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iw
config
33.
, /sbin/mii-tool
34.
## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
35.
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
36.
## Services 服务相关命令别名
37.
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
38.
## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
39.
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
40.
## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
41.
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/p
artprobe
42.
, /bin/mount, /bin/umount
43.
## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
44.
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod
, /bin/chgrp
45.
## Processes 进程相关命令别名
46.
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/kil
lall
47.
## Drivers 驱动命令别名
48.
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
49.
# Defaults specification
50.
#
51.
# Disable \"ssh hostname sudo rd in clear. 52. # You have to run \"ssh -t hostname sudo 53. # 一些环境变量的相关配置,具体情况可见man soduers 54. Defaults requiretty 55. Defaults env_reset 56. Defaults env_keep = \"COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUT RC KDEDIR LS_COLORS\" 57. Defaults env_keep += \"MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_AD DRESS LC_CTYPE\" 58. Defaults env_keep += \"LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASURE MENT LC_MESSAGES\" 59. Defaults env_keep += \"LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PA PER LC_TELEPHONE\" 60. Defaults env_keep += \"LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_C HARSET XAUTHORITY\" 61. Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin 62. ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on 63. ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple 64. ## systems). 65. ## 下面是规则配置:什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文 件可以在多个系统上共享) 66. ## Syntax(语法): 67. ## 68. ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=(可以变换的身份) 可 以执行的命令 69. ## 70. ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. 71. ## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项 72. ## 73. ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere 74. ## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令 75. root ALL=(ALL) ALL 76. ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, 77. ## service management apps and more. 78. ## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令 79. # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGA TING, PROCESSES, LOCATE 80. , DRIVERS 81. ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands 82. ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令 83. %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL 84. ## Same thing without a password 85. ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令 86. # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL 87. ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the 88. ## cdrom as root 89. ## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom 命令 90. # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom 91. ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system 92. ## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器 93. # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now 94. ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) 95. ## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件(此处的#不意味着这是一个声 明) 96. #includedir /etc/sudoers.d 因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容