1.add up 合计 add„ to„ 把„„加到„„上 add that„ 补充说 add up to 加起来是„„；相当于
upset（adj.）心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的（vt. upset，upset）使不安；使心烦；打翻 be upset about sth. 为某事心烦/沮丧 be upset that„ 为„„心烦/沮丧
It upset sb. that„/What upset sb. is that„ 让某人心烦的是„„ It upsets sb. to do sth. 做某事使某人不快 2.ignore（vt.）不理睬；忽视
ignorance（n.）无知 be in ignorance of 对„„无知/不了解 ignorant(adj.) 无知的 be ignorant of 对„„无知/不了解
3.calm(vt.&vi.) 使平静；使镇定 （adj.）平静的；镇静的；沉着的 calm down 平静
calm sb. down 使某人平静 calm quiet silent still 天气、水、水面等风平浪静；指人时表是镇定自如 表“宁静”、“安静”、“寂静”，侧重没有响声，没有噪音和没有动静。指人时侧重性格温和，文静 表“沉默”、“不发言”、“不说话”，常常表示人不爱说话，沉默无语 “不动的”，指人时侧重一动不动；指物时指完全没有声音，突出静止不动 4.concern（vt.）使担忧；涉及；关系到 （n.）担心；关注；（利害）关系 concerned (adj.) 关心的 concerning(prep.) 关于 be concerned about/for 关系；为„„担心 be concerned with 牵涉到；与„„有关
as far as„ be concerned 关于；至于；就„„而言 show concern for/over 对„„表示关心 with concern 关切地 5.go through
①Recent years we have gone through too many natural disasters,such as earthquake,floods and mudslide. 经历；经受
The new plan went through,which shocked us. (法案等)通过 I seem to have gone through a lot of money. 用完；花完 The professor will go through the experiment soon. 完成 I always start the day by going through my mail. 仔细检查 7.set down
①I will set down the story as it was told to me. 记下；写下 ②He set down the heavy box and rested for a while. 放下 ③The bus stopped to set down an old lady. 让„„下车
set about (doing) sth. 着手（做）某事 set forward 提出；促进
set off 动身；出发；引爆 set out (to do sth.) 出发；着手做 set down 竖起；开设 set„aside 搁置 8.a series of 一连串的；一系列；一套
series的单复数形式相同，“... series of ＋ n．”作主语时，谓语动词的数应与series在句中的具体意义一致。
9.on purpose 故意
for the purpose of=with the purpose of 目的是„„ ①on purpose的同义短语为：by design
②其反义短语为：by chance和by accident，意为“偶然地”。 10.in order to为了
①In order to keep up with his classmates, he works hard. =He works hard in order to keep up with his classmates.
=He works hard so that/in order that he could keep up with his classmates. =He works hard so as to keep up with his classmates. 为了跟上他的同学们，他刻苦学习。 (1)in order to do可以放在句首或句中 (2)so as to do不能放于句首
(3)in order that 和so that后面要跟从句，且常用情态动词may, might, could, can 10.power （n.）能力；力量；权力
(1)come to power=take power上台；执政 表示动作，不与时间段连用
(2)be in power 执政；掌权 表状态 (3)have the power to_do_sth. 具有„„的能力 (4)lose power 丧失政权 (5)beyond/out_of one's power 力所不能及的 11.状语从句省略句 省略句的条件 省略句的形式 省略句动词的形式 when, while, before, after, unless, as if 等状语从句中的主语与主句 主语一致或从句主语是it 状语从句谓语中含有be动词 省略从句中的主语和be动词 主语与谓语动词若是主动关系，则用现在分词；若是被动关系，则用过去分词；若未发生，则用不定式 12.“It was/is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句”表示“这是某人第„„次做某事”。 ①It was the first time that I had visited the Great Wall. 那是我第一次去长城。
②It is the second time that I have visited the small village. 这是我第二次参观这个小村庄。 (1)此句型中的it可用this或that来代替。 (2)此句型中，若主句中的be动词为was，从句中谓语则用过去完成时；若主句中的be动词为is，从句中谓语则用现在完成时。 13.settle （vi.）安家；定居；停留 （vt.）使定居；安排；解决
(1)settle down 舒适地坐下或躺下；（在某地）定居下来；(使某人)安静下来 (2)settle down to sth. 开始认真对待某事；定下心来做某事 (3)settle in/into sth. 适应(新环境、新工作、新生活等) (4)settle on sth. 决定/选定某事或某物
settle down to sth.中的to是介词，因此后面跟名词或动名词作宾语。
The settlers decided to settle down in the small village which they had settled on earlier, because they believed they had settled into it. 这些殖民者决定在之前选定的那个小村子定居下来，因为他们相信自己已经适应了那里。
14.pack （vi.&vt.）捆扎；包装；打行李 （n.）小包；包裹 pack (sth.) up 将(东西)装箱打包 pack sb. sth. 为某人装好某物
pack away (用后)收拾好；把„„装起来 pack„into„ 把„„塞进„„
15.get along/on with 与„„相处；进展
此短语常与well, nicely, badly等连用，表示同某人相处得好坏或某事进展是否顺利。 get away with（做坏事）不受惩罚 get away 离开；脱身
get up 起床；站起来 get over 解决（问题）；克服（困难） get across 使理解；表达清楚 get through 完成（工作）；通过 16.grateful （adj.）感激的；表示谢意的
(1)be grateful to sb. for sth. 因某事感激某人 (2)be grateful to do„ 因做„„而感激 (3)be grateful that„ 感激„„
gratefully （adv.）感激地 gratitude（n.）感谢；感激之情 17.join in 参加；加入
①They are going to join in the singing. 他们将参加唱歌。
②She joined us in waiting in the sitting room. 她和我们一起等在客厅里。 ③They came out for their morning exercises. I also joined in. 他们出来做早操，我也跟着做。 join in 短语中的in既可以作介词，后面可以直接跟宾语；也可以作副词，后面不接宾语。 join (sb.) in attend join take part in 指（和某人一起）参加 指参加会议、上课、上学、听讲座 指加入某组织或团体，如参军、入团、入党等 指参加某项集体活动并在其中起积极的作用 18. have trouble with sb. 和某人有麻烦 have trouble with sth./in doing sth. 做„„有困难 have difficulty with sth. 做某事有困难 have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
19.“find＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do sth.”为常用句型，it是形式宾语，形容词或名词作补语，不定式短语to do sth.是真正的宾语。
①I find it my duty to help you when you are in trouble. 我认为当你有麻烦时帮助你是我的责任。
②I find it quite pleasant to work with you. 我觉得和你一起工作相当愉快。 用于此结构的常见搭配：find/make/feel/think＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do sth. 20.“助动词do＋动词原形”来强调谓语动词。
(1)do＋动词原形(一般现在时除第三人称单数外的各人称)
①I do believe that he is an honest man. 我的确相信他是个诚实的人。 (2)does＋动词原形(一般现在时的第三人称单数)
②She does_like working with him. 她确实喜欢和他一起工作。 (3)did＋动词原形(一般过去时的各人称)
③He did help me much with my work. 他的确在工作上帮了我很多。
直接引语和间接引语
一、人称的变化
直接引语变间接引语人称变化口诀： “一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。” John said，“I want to visit the World Expo.” →John said that he wanted to visit the World Expo. He said to Kate，“How is your sister now？” →He asked Kate how her sister was then. Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.” →Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.
二、时态的变化 句子时态 直接引语 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 一般将来时 三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
指示代词 时间状语 直接引语 this these now today this morning tonight tomorrow yesterday last night the day before yesterday three days ago next week ago 地点状语 方向性动词 here bring come 间接引语 that those then that day that morning that night the next/following day the day before the night before two days before three days before the next/following week before there take go 间接引语 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成时 不变 过去将来时 四、连接词的选择
1．直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中，that可以省略。 He said，“I was cooking when the earthquake happened.” →He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为told sb.。 2．直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(... or ...或．..or not)或if引导。 He said，“Are you interested in English？” →He asked(me)if/whether I was interested in English. 如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
3．直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“What's your name？”he asked me. →He asked me what my name was. 疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容