Unit 10
Pleasure comes through toil. 苦尽甘来。
学习内容 Part A Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Part B Part C Part A
Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].
Text 1
Ash Upadhyaya is no tree hugger. Yet he has spent the past two years studying environmentally sustainable business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, who wants to work for a private-equity fund when he graduates in June. “It just makes good business sense to be sustainable.”
Environmentalists and capitalists have typically eyed each other with suspicion, even disdain. A new breed of M.B.A. students thinks it’s possible to make a bunch of green by going green. For some, studying sustainable business practices just gives them a competitive edge. For others, it’s a fresh way of thinking about business. These eco-M. B. A. s talk about the “triple bottom line” —people, planet, profit. Thousands are joining Net Impact, a networking group for business leaders interested in societal problems.
Slowly, business schools are catching up. “This is all student-driven,” says Stanford B-school professor Erica Plambeck. Seven years ago she offered the first environmental elective at the business school. Today Stanford ranks No. 1 on the Aspen Institute’s 2007 “Beyond Grey Pinstripes” report, which rates how business schools integrate social and environmental responsibility into their curricula.
Mainstream schools weren’t changing fast enough for green-business icon Hunter Lovins. The book she coauthored in 1999, “Natural Capitalism,” has become the textbook for sustainable management. In it, she argues that companies don’t factor the environment into their spreadsheets. “We treat it as if it has a value of zero, and that’s bad capitalism,” she says. Business leaders needed to start thinking differently. So in 2003 Lovins helped found Presidio School of Management in San Francisco, where climate change permeates every part of the curriculum. Critics say such boutique business schools themselves are unsustainable. But Green M. B. A. s insist they learn traditional skills while fostering unconventional business values. For the final project in accounting at Presidio, students analyze both a company’s finances and its CSR (corporate social responsibility). One group gave United Parcel Service credit for mapping routes
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题 材 词 数 商业经济 478 科普知识 498 生态环境 417 社会生活 438 商业经济 550 科普知识 379 建议时间 得分统计 做题备忘 /10 /10 /10 /10 /10 /10 学英语 找长喜
so drivers can avoid gas-wasting left turns. Green M. B. A. s take macroeconomics, but it includes the emerging field of “ecological economics.” The cases they study examine companies like Clif Bar, which makes organic energy snacks.
But it’s the atmosphere at Presidio that makes it so different from Harvard. For Presidio student Taja di Leonardi, it was never for the money. A nature lover, she wanted to go to business school without feeling as if she was selling her soul. At Presidio, her quest to design her own green kitchen grew into a business plan for something she called Ecohome Improvement. Since Ecohome Improvement opened in 2005, di Leonardi has doubled the store’s square footage, increased her staff from one to 10 and seen a 200 percent increase in revenues. Soul intact, she is cashing in.
1. Why is Ash Upadhyaya interested in environmentally sustainable business? [A] He is an activist in environmental protection.
[B] He believes environmental issues are important to businesses. [C] He has just taken a course at Stanford Graduate School of Business. [D] Upon graduation he wants to work for a fund for green causes. 2. The new breed of M.B.A. students believe
[A] profit cannot be made by sacrificing the environment.
[B] environmental knowledge is important to business school students. [C] social issues are closely related to environmental issues. [D] businesses can make money by going green.
3. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Net Impact is a group interested in how the Net affects businesses. [B] Mainstream schools still resist offering environmental courses. [C] Hunter Lovins is an M. B. A. teacher as well as a business person. [D] Stanford B-school is the first to offer related environmental courses. 4. The students at Presidio
[A] accomplish their research projects at related businesses.
[B] can choose whatever courses they like to take.
[C] take environmental factors into account in their research.
[D] turn away from traditional skills to unconventional business practices. 5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] di Leonardi has made a fortune from her environment friendly project. [B] di Leonardi has to pay a price for her environment friendly project. [C] di Leonardi has met great difficulty in keeping her business sustainable. [D] di Leonardi would have made more money if she had sold her soul.
Text 2
Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively, since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. By contrast, intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be molded by the environment. But in the particular case we would like to know how much is contributed by heredity and how much by the environment, since it has important social and educational implications.
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In an attempt to resolve the relative contributions made by heredity on the one hand and the environment on the other, human geneticists have turned to studies of twins. Twins are of two kinds: dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins, who are always the same sex and often so alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. Dizygotic twins arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two spermatozoa, the two fertilizations occurring very close together in time. Monozygotic twins, on the other hand, arise from the same fertilized egg, which separates into two at an early stage in cleavage, so that each part develops into two separate embryos which are genetically identical.
How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions made to the human phenotype by heredity and environment, given the ethical and other constraints associated with experiments on human beings?
Measurement could be made on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. One would expect that there might be a higher degree of similarity in all characters measured for monozygotic twins, because they have the same genotype, provided that they are brought up in similar environments. Dizygotic twins do not show such a strong similarity since they have different genotypes, even if they come from the same environment.
To measure the effect of differences in the environment，one would measure the same characters in monozygotic twins which by circumstance have been separated at birth, and then reared with different families in different social conditions.
Intelligence is a quantitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. There are severe limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. Any number of gene combinations may predispose an individual to, say, musical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, or to sagacity for hunting and surviving in Arctic. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with nutritional state, illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels.
Indeed, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naive.
6. The scientists study twins in order to
[A] measure if their intelligence can be molded by environment.
[B] tell the differences between dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
[C] search for the important social and educational implications behind them. [D] find out the contributions of heredity and the environment to intelligence. 7. The word “cleavage”(Line 11, Para. 2) probably means [A] whole [B] growth
[C] area [D] division
8. Dizygotic twins reared in similar environment may behave differently because [A] they have the same genes.
[B] they develop from separate embryos. [C] they have different genotypes. [D] they receive different education.
9. To tell the environment’s effect on intelligence, scientists would study
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[A] dizygotic twins. [B] monogotic twins.
[C] twins of the both kinds.
[D] as more twins as possible.
10. What might be the author’s attitude toward IQ test?
[A] It is applicable as intelligence can be measured quantitatively. [B] It is scientific because intelligence is decided mainly by genes. [C] It has restrictions to measure intelligence by a signal dimension. [D] It has no scientific support and should be abandoned.
Text 3
The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.
Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.
This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures to loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a war in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves whole heartedly.
This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitantsof this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course, and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.
To grasp it, we need a widespread understanding of the nature of the crisis confronting us and the world, a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists mere fears, no byproduct of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed lifestyle. The acceptance of this life style depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generations. 11. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage? [A] Energy Crisis [C] Loss of Morality
[B] Environmental Pollution
[D] Over-development of Motor Transport
12. According to the first paragraph, what condition has nearly destroyed our cities? [A] Lack of financial planning. [B] The breakup of the family. [C] Natural disasters in many regions.
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[D] The excessive growth of motor transportation.
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13. According to the passage, an example of our loss of morality is [A] lack of cooperation. [C] disregard for law.
[B] lack of devotion.
[D] exploitation of resources.
14. “The highest places in the land” in the third paragraph most probably refers to [A] mountainous areas in the countries. [B] national government offices. [C] high positions in the business. [D] core of crime organizations. 15. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to [A] describe seriousness of the energy crisis.
[B] reveal the loss of morality in many people.
[C] call for more devotion to a common cause of mankind. [D] warn of the immediate dangers of the energy crisis.
Text 4
Until the end of the 18th century it was men who lavished attention on their feet. Louis XIV wore high-heeled mules to show off his shapely legs; his courtiers adorned their figures and feet with feathers, pink silk, lace, and jewels; even in colonial American, men fussed with their wigs and the bows and buttons on their shoes. The end of that foppery, called “the great renunciation” by historians, coincided with an epochal shift in politics and society, toward democracy, industry, and reason, away from the aristocracy with its affectations that spoke of rank, parasitism and, to the modern eyes, effeminacy.
Women’s fashion is now, some believe, at the turning point of similar magnitude, coinciding with the equally dramatic social transformation of the past several decades. The change has been slow: a century-long move away from the padding, corseting, and decoration that made a woman into a kind of ornate bauble and displayed her family’s wealth, and toward the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement. But the shift has accelerated in recent years, thanks to changes in the technology and business of fashion.“The use by top designers of ‘weird, fabulous, unrecognizable synthetics’” says Hollander, “has ruined the status of certain fabrics, like linen, which has had a leveling effect for the sexes and for the classes.”And the emergence of chains like Club Monaco means that “forward-looking style is disseminated very fast and very cheaply”, according to Valerise Steele, a historian and curator of “Shoes: A Lexicon of Style”,an exhibition now on view at New York’s Fashion Institute of Technology. Such store have succeeded, she believes, because“there’s substantial group of people with a sophisticated eye for design”who are eager for an affordable version of what was once thought to be “dog-whistle fashion”, pitched so high that only a few would get it. Against that background, the shoes at FIT look like fashion’s last gasp. The exhibit begins with the most symbolically loaded of women’s shoes: high heels, which Steele calls“a prime symbol of women’s sexual power over men.”That same defiance of feminine expectations is visible throughout the FIT show: in the boot, for instance, with its connotations of machismo and military power, or the androgynous oxford, made girlish with a big chunky heel. The show ends, fittingly, with the sneakers. No longer simply a downscale kidswear item, the big, brilliantly colored, high-tech sneaker has become one of the today’s most dramatic fashion statement, asserting street hip and futuristic velocity. Maybe shoes aren’t so indifferent to the changes in modern lives, after all.
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16. The end of men’s lavish attention to fashion marked [A] great political and social changes. [B] the status of the aristocracy.
[C] the changes of the social ranks.
[D] the great renunciation of the fashion.
17. Women in last century adorned themselves in an elaborate way to [A] display their importance in society. [B] announce their quality as woman.
[C] show their families’ wealth.
[D] challenge men’s position in society.
18. The clean and neatly-tailored modern fashion appeared with [A] the industrialization.
[B] the establishment of democracy. [C] the emergence of chain stores.
[D] the suffrage movement.
19. What helps to speed up the popularity of modern fashion? [A] Changes in the technology and business practice. [B] The use of synthetics instead of linen.
[C] The emergence of chain stores like Club Monaco. [D] The consumers’ sophisticated eyes for design. 20. The FIT shoes exhibition
[A] popularized the lexicon of shoe style.
[B] pitched so high that only a few could appreciate it. [C] expressed a defiance of feminine expectations. [D] showed women’s sexual power over men.
Part B
Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about What Makes a Good Manager. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.
[A] Like people and be good at communicating [B] Hire carefully and be willing to fire
[C] Set reasonable aims and arrangement for employees [D] Don’t make the same decision twice [E] Define success for employees
[F] Create a productive circumstance
Recently I wrote about some qualities of a good employee, which prompted quite a few people to ask about the attributes of a good manager. There isn’t magic formula for good management, of course, but if you’re a manager, perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.
21.
You need a strong team, because a mediocre team gives mediocre results, no matter how well
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managed it is. One common mistake is holding onto somebody who doesn’t quite measure up. It’s easy to keep this person on the job because he’s not terrible at what he does. But a good manager will replace him or move him to a set of responsibilities where he can succeed unambiguously.
22.
This is a particular challenge because it requires different approaches depending on the context. Sometimes you maximize productivity by giving everybody his or her own office. Sometimes you achieve it by moving everybody into open space. Sometimes you use financial incentives to stimulate productivity. A combination of approaches is usually required. One element that almost always increases productivity is providing an information system that empowers employees.
23.
Make it clear to your employees what constitutes success and how they should measure their achievements. Goals must be realistic. Unachievable goals undermine an organization. At my company, in addition to regular team meetings and one–on-one sessions between managers and employees, we use mass gatherings periodically and E-mail routinely to communicate what we expect from employees. If a reviewer or customer chooses another company’s product over ours, we analyze the situation carefully. We say to our people, “The next time around we’ve got to win. What will it take? What’s needed?”
24.
This is hard to fake. If you don’t genuinely enjoy interacting with people, it’ll be hard to manage them well. You must have a wide range of personal contacts within your organization. You need relationships — not necessarily personal friendships — with a fair number of people, including your own employees. You must encourage these people to tell you what’s going on (good or bad) and give you feedback about what people are thinking about the company and your role in it.
25. Spend the time and thought to make a solid decision the first time so that you don’t revise the issue unnecessarily. If you’re too willing to reopen issues, it interferes not only with your execution but also with your motivation to make a decision in the first place. After all why bother deciding an issue if it isn’t really decided? People hate indecisive leadership so you have to make choices. However, that doesn’t mean you have to decide everything the moment it comes to your attention. Nor that you can’t ever reconsider a decision.
I don’t pretend that these are the only these approaches a manager should keep in mind, or even that they’re the most important ones. There are lots of others. Just a month ago, for example, I encouraged leaders to demand bad news before good news from their employees. But these ideas may help you manage well, and I hope they do.
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Insomnia—the night disease—has many causes. We all know some of them, the more obvious physical problems such as a toothache, indigestion or a feverish illness. 26)Many of us, too, know the consequences of excessive drinking or smoking, which can upset the body’s
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rhythms, leaving the brain active even when physical exhaustion has set in.
But true insomnia—a prolonged inability to sleep or, to enjoy uninterrupted restful sleep — is much less common than we generally suppose. It has been widely twisted as what you have when you lie awake an hour for all night. Nevertheless, it certainly exists.
The most common causes are emotional: anxiety, stress, depression, overwork, worry. The trouble here is that causes become confused with effects. Emotional upsets can initiate lack of sleep; lack of sleep can increase the upsets. 27)In the worst cases, the bedroom and the bed, indeed bedtime itself, become associated with sleeplessness, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. Temporary sleeplessness caused by short-term worries such as moving house or problems at work is self-limiting and usually goes of its own accord. 28)But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over. The prime cause of the victim’s anxiety goes, but anxiety—about the insomnia—remains. The insomnia fuels itself.
29)According to professor Ian Oswald, patients who say they have hardly slept a moment for a month or that they always take hours to fall asleep are wrong. Monitoring by electronic equipment has proved that they are usually asleep within 20 minutes and that sleep for six hours. Yet, he admit, “They are not mere complainers. The expert can say how long someone sleeps, but not how restorative their sleep has been. The patient maintains something is wrong; the expert cannot say he or she doesn’t tell the truth—especially as those who complain of chronic sleeplessness have a death rate 1.3 times higher than normal.”
However, in almost all other cases insomnia is a kind of illusive condition—the triumph of mind over bed. 30)“It is a perceived rather than an actually difference in the quality of sleep between the satisfied and the unsatisfied sleeper,” says Dr. Peter Look.
题点拨与全文翻译
Part A
Text 1 语境词汇
1.sustainable a.可持续的；足可支撑的 2.private-equity n.私募股权 3.disdain n.轻蔑v.蔑视；鄙弃 4.catch up 赶上
5.elective n.选修课程a.随意选择的 6.mainstream n.主流 7.icon n.偶像；圣像
8.spreadsheet n.财务报表，空白表格程序 9.ecological a.生态学的；社会生态学的 10.revenue n.收入；税收
难句突破
1. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, (who wants to work for a private-equity fund [when he graduates in June.])
【分析】复合句，主句的宾语是直接引语。who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰Upadhyaya，
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其中when引导时间状语从句。
【译文】Upadhyaya想六月份毕业后任职于一家私募股权基金，他说：“是不是我的价值观促使我这样做的呢?坦率地说，不是。”
2.[Today] Stanford ranks No. 1 [on the Aspen Institute’s 2007 “Beyond Grey Pinstripes” report], (which rates how business schools integrate social and environmental responsibility into their curricula.)
【分析】复合句。本句的主干结构是Stanford ranks No. 1，on…介词短语作状语。which引导的非限制性定语修饰report，其中又包含how引导的宾语从句。
【译文】今天，斯坦福大学在阿斯本研究机构2007年“超越灰色地带”报告排名中名列榜首，该报告评估商学院如何将社会责任和环境责任结合到它们的课程体系中。
本文讲述了环保型可持续性商务问题。第一段以Ash Upadhyaya为例说明，即使不是环保积极分子，也因为利益原因而学习环保型可持续性商务；第二段陈述了新一代工商管理硕士的观点；第三段介绍了斯坦福大学商学院在环保方面的成绩；第四、五、六段讲了普雷西迪奥管理学院在环保型可持续性商务方面的独特做法。
答案解析 1.【题眼】引言处设题 全文翻译 Ash Upadhyaya不是环保积极分子。然而【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。在第一段，作他花了两年的时间在斯坦福大学商学院学习者引用Ash Upadhyaya自己的话说：他学习环保型可持续性商务。Upadhyaya想六月份毕环保型可持续发展商务不是受到了其环境保业后任职于一家私募股权基金，[1]他说：“是护价值观的驱使，他学习这个专业仅仅是因不是我的价值观促使我这样做的呢?坦率地为他认为只有可持续才是好买卖。也就是说，说，不是。因为只有可持续才算作是好买卖。” 他相信环境问题对商业很重要，因此他对可环境保护者和资本家总是彼此看着不顺持续发展商务感兴趣，[B]正是It just makes…眼，彼此猜疑甚至是鄙视。[2]新一代工商管的同义转述。文章第一句提到，他不是一个tree hugger，即他不是一个环保积极分子，可以排除[A]；[C]没有说明原因；首段只说明Ash Upadhyaya毕业后想任职于一家私募股权基金，并未说该基金工作是致力于环保事业的，排除[D]。 理硕士认为，从事绿色商务也可以赚大钱。对于一些人而言，学习可持续性商业运作能赋予他们一种竞争优势。对于另一些人而言，这是一种全新的商业思维模式。这些环保工商管理硕士谈论“三重底线”—人、地球、利润。成千上万的人加入Net Impact，这个网2.【题眼】观点总结处设题 络组织吸收那些关注社会问题的企业领导作【解析】选[D]。事实细节题。根据提干new 为成员。 breed定位于第二段。第二句提到新一代工商管理硕士的观点，他们认为通过从事绿色商务也能挣到大钱。a bunch of green中，green逐渐地，众多商学院开始接受这一概念。斯坦福大学商学院教授Erica Plambeck说：“这都是学生推动的。”[3]七年前，她在商学是俚语，指钱或钞票。[A]不能通过牺牲环境院开设了第一门环保选修课。今天，斯坦福来挣钱。这个选项表达的意思跟原文不符，大学在阿斯本研究机构2007年“超越灰色地原文强调的是如何既能挣到钱又能可持续带”报告排名中名列榜首，该报告评估商学(指环保)，并没有说即使不挣钱也要保护环院如何将社会责任和环境责任结合到它们的境。[B]、[C]虽然表述正确，但不是新一代工课程体系中。 商管理硕士的观点。 对于绿色商业的标志性人物Hunter 3.【题眼】例证处，引言处设题 Lovlns而言，主流商学院变化得还不够快。www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 【解析】选[D]。事实细节题。第三段第三句1999年她与别人合著的书《自然资本主义》提到Erica Plambeek教授七年前在斯坦福大学工商管理学院第一个开设了环保课程，因此[D]“斯坦福大学工商管理学院第一个开设了环保课程”正确。[A]“Net Impact是一个已经成为可持续性管理的教科书。在这本书中，她指出，公司没有将环境因素计入它们的财务报表中去。她说：“我们对待环境的方式就好像它等于零，这是很糟糕的资本主义对网络如何影响企业感兴趣的组织。”根据第论调。”商业领导人需要有不同的思考方式。二段，它是一个对社会问题感兴趣的企业领因此在2003年，Lovins在旧金山帮助建立了导组织，因此[A]错误；[B]“主流商学院仍普雷西迪奥管理学院，在那里气候变化被融然对开设环保课程有抵制心理”，第四段虽然入整个课程体系中。 表明在Hunter Lovins看来主流商学院变化不批评者指出，这种杂货铺式的商学院本够快，但这并不能因此推理说它们至今尚未开设环保课程，排除[B]；[C]“Hunter Lovins身就是不可持续的。但是，[4]绿色工商管理硕士们坚持认为，他们不仅学到了传统技能，是一名商学院老师也是一名商人。”本文未提同时也培养了非传统的商业观念。在普雷西到她是商人。 迪奥管理学院，学生在做会计课的期末项目4.【题眼】例证处设题 时，要分析一家公司的财务状况及其社会责【解析】选[C]。推理判断题。第五段提到，任。一个小组称赞联合包裹服务公司，因为学生们在Presidio管理学院既学习传统技能，它绘制出的线路可以使驾驶员避免不断地左而且也培养非传统的商务价值观。从Presidio管理学院学生在学习和研究上的几个例子可以看出，无论做什么，他们都把环境因素考虑在内。因此[C]为正确答案。 转弯从而减少油耗。绿色工商管理硕士也学习宏观经济学，但其中包括了新兴的“生态经济学”领域。他们研究的案例包括制作有机能量快餐的Clif Bar公司。 5.【题眼】尾段设题 正是普雷西迪奥学院的气氛使之不同于【解析】选[A]。事实细节题。文章最后一段哈佛大学。对普雷西迪奥学院的学生Taja di 最后一句说di Leonardi的收入增加了200％，Leonardi来说，钱不是上学的主要目的。作因此选项[A]“从她的环保型项目上挣到了为一个热爱自然的人，她最初的想法是进入钱。”正确。[B]、[C]文章中没有提到；最后商学院学习，而不会感到好像她是在出卖自一句说她的灵魂intact，就是说她没有出卖自己的灵魂。在普雷西迪奥学院，她设计自己己的灵魂，她通过发展环保型的企业同样挣的绿色厨房的想法最终演变为一个商业计到了钱，排除[D]。 划，她称之为“生态家园改良项目”。自从“生态家园改良项目”2005年开张以来，di Leonardi已经将店面的营业面积增加了一倍，工作人员从一个增加到十个，[5]收入也增加了200％。在不出卖灵魂的同时，她正在赢利。
Text 2 语境词汇
1.mold vt.塑造，影响n.模型 2.heredity n.遗传 3.cleavage n.分裂，开裂 4 .embryo n.胚，胚胎 5.phenotype n.表现型 6.constraint n.限制因素 7.genotype n.基因型
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学英语 找长喜
8.rear v.养育，培养n.后部，背面 9.dimension n.尺寸；方面，特点 10.linear a.直线的，线性的 11.predispose v.使预先有倾向 12.sagacity n.聪慧，精明 难句突破
1．How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions (made to the human phenotype by heredity and environment), [given the ethical and other constraints associated with experiments on human beings?] 【分析】简单句。句子主干为：How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions ...；made ...为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰contributions；此句中given的功能相当于介词，表示“考虑到；假设”；associated ...为过去分词短语作constraints的后置定语。 【译文】考虑到与人类实验相关的伦理和其他限制因素，如何利用异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞胎研究遗传和环境对于人类表现型起到的相关作用呢？
2．Intelligence is (a quantitative) trait, (which does have a genetic component), but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. 【分析】并列复合句。由but连接的并列句；but之前包含由which引导的定语从句；but之后that引导宾语从句，修饰assume。
【译文】智力是一种量化的特性，其中具有遗传的成分，但是我们不能够假定它有一种单一的表达尺度。
本文是一篇“观点证明型”论述文。主要论述了遗传和环境对人类智力的影响。第一段指出了解遗传和环境对智力造成的影响具有非常重要的意义。第二、三、四、五段介绍了科学家们为了探索遗传和环境因素对于人的发展产生的影响而对双胞胎进行的研究。第六、七段得出结论：能估算出遗传和环境因素对不同人种智商影响的人士非常幼稚的。 答案解析 6.【题眼】段首句设题 全文翻译 由于天赋具有独特的性质，虽然当我们【解析】选[D]，事实细节题。根据提干看到或听到它时能够识别出来，但却很难从数关键词，定位于第二段第一句：人类遗传量上加以衡量。相对而言，智力则比较容易从学家试图通过对双胞胎的研究，探索遗传数量上衡量，但他和天赋一样具有一种多基因和环境因素对于人的发展产生的影响，即的性质，这种性质是可以由环境塑造的。但在[D]所表述的内容。而并非要衡量双胞胎特殊情况下，我们想知道的是多少因素是由遗的智力水平是否由环境塑造而成或了解传造成的，多少因素是由环境造成的，因为这同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎的差异，故[A]、具有非常重要的社会意义和教育意义。 [B]被排除；第一段最后一句提到智力因[6]为了解释遗传和环境因素所产生的相素如何受到遗传和环境的影响有着重要关作用，人类遗传学家开展了针对双胞胎的研的社会和教育含义，[C]断章取义。 7. 【题眼】对比处设题 究。双胞胎分为两类：一类是异卵双胞胎，一类是同卵双胞胎。这两种双胞胎一般都是同性【解析】选[D]，语义理解题。第二段中的，并且很难从外观上把它们区别开。异卵双提到异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞胎，并将二者胞胎是由两个不同的卵子和两个精子在非常进行了对比，指出：异卵双胞胎是由„产接近的时间内结合产生。[7]而同卵双胞是由www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 生的，同卵双胞胎“arise from the same 一个受精卵在受精初期通过卵裂发育为两个fertilized egg, which …，在cleavage前面相互独立但遗传信息相同的胚胎形成的。 提到，“which seperates into two at an early 考虑到与人类实验相关的伦理和其他限stge in ...,”在什么过程中同卵双胞胎能分制因素，如何利用异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞胎研裂为二呢，观察选项，[D]“分裂”符合究遗传和环境对于人类表现型起到的相关作题意。其他三项放入文中无法使语义逻辑用呢？ 合理。 我们可以衡量异卵双胞胎和同卵双胞8.【题眼】对比处设题 胎。有人说同卵双胞胎在性格上有更大的相似【解析】选[C]，事实细节题。根据提干性，因为他们拥有同种基因，假使他们还在类关键词，定位于第四段最后一句：异卵双似的环境中成长的话。[8]异卵双胞胎即使来胞胎即使来自于相同的环境，由于具有不自于相同的环境，由于具有不同的基因类型，同的基因类型，并不象同卵双胞胎那样极他们之间也会存在一些差异。 为相似，故选[C]。[A]与[C]叙述的内容恰好相反；[B]谈论的是同卵双胞胎的受精卵分裂的情况；[D]与题干不相符。 9. 【题眼】段首句设题 【解析】选[B]，事实细节题。根据题干 [9]为了了解环境因素对人的发展产生的不同影响，可以衡量不同环境下同卵双胞胎的相同的特征。把这对双胞胎在一出生就分开，然后在不同家庭、不同的社会条件下进行抚养。 关键词，定位于第五段第一句：为了了解 [10]智力是一种量化的特性，其中具有环境因素对人的发展产生的影响，可以遗传的成分，但是我们不能够假定它有一种单“measure the same characters in 一的表达尺度。由于每个人的遗传基因种类不monozygotic twins”故此题答案为[B]。 同，所以仅仅用从迟钝到聪明的线性尺度来衡10. 【题眼】尾段设题 【解析】选[C]，观点态度题。最后一段第一句话，作者认为智力是一种量化的特性，虽然遗传因素对于智力产生一定的影表达尺度。第二句指出用一种线性的衡量尺度对智力进行测量存在着很大的局限性。本段最后一句指出，由于营养状况、疾病、教育、经济和社会水平的不同，智量智力存在很大的局限性。任何一种基因组合都会使一个人具有某种天赋，这种天赋可能是在音乐方面，在美术方面，在计算机程序设计方面，还有可能是在打猎或是在北极环境中生他方面会拥有同样的天赋，并且同种遗传基因会由于环境的截然不同而又有不同的表现形式。[10]比如说由于营养状况、疾病、教育、社会及经济状况的不同，智商测试的结果也会响，但是我们不能够假定它有一种单一的存的能力。拥有一方面的天赋并不意味着在其商测试值会有很大不同。因此，作者对于有很大不同。 IQ测试持有的观点应该是[C]，即认为这事实上，那些说能估算出遗传和环境因素对不种单一的测量方式是有局限性的。[A]与同人种智商影响的人是非常幼稚的。 作者表达的观点不一致；文章并未谈到基因可以决定智力，因此[B]错误；作者并未明确表达应该取消智商测试这种观点，故[D]错误。 Text 3 语境词汇
1.dramatize v. 使戏剧化；戏剧性地描述；改编为剧本；生动地表达; 2. suburb n. 市郊, 边缘, 郊区
3. commute v. 通勤； 代偿； 替代；交换 4. exploit v. 开拓；开采； 开发 5. morality n. 道德, 品行, 教训
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6. revelation n. 显示, 被揭露的事, 揭露 7. inhabitant n. 居民； 居住者
8. widespread adj. 分布广泛的, 普遍的 9. confront v. 使面对, 遭遇, 对抗 10.ambition n. 志气, 抱负, 野心 难句突破
1. The over-development of motor transport, [with its increase of more cars, more highways,
more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting], has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and the pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth’s atmosphere. 【分析】简单句。With引导的复合结构作主语的伴随状语，宾语为几个并列的名词短语。句子框架为：the over-development of motor transport...has contributed to...。
【译文】过分发展的汽车运输，以及它所带动的小汽车数量的增加，高速公路的增加，污染的增加，郊区的增加和上下班往返时间的增加，都加剧了城市的濒临崩溃、家庭的破裂以及不仅仅是局部，而是整个地球的大气的污染。
2. [To grasp it], we need a widespread understanding (of the nature of the crisis (confronting us
and the world)), a crisis {that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of
the oil producing countries, no environmentalists’ mere fears, no byproduct of any present system of government.}
【分析】复合句。主句为We need a „ understanding，后一个crisis是对前一个crisis的进一步补充说明，that引导的同位语从句修饰后一个crisis，that在从句中做主语。 【译文】要抓住这个机会，我们就需要对我们以及我们的地球所面临的危机的性质的有一个广泛理解。这场危机不是交通不便引起的，不是石油出产国野心的副产品，不是环保主义者的担心，不是政府现存系统的副产品。
本文是一篇“现象解释型”文章。文章开头摆出世界上到处都能感受到能源危机这一现象，紧接着第二、三、四段阐述了我们所面临的危机的严重性以及需要采取的措施。最后一段则总结了危机的性质及我们要改变危机所需要采取的态度。 答案解析 11.【题眼】段尾处设题 【解析】选[A]。主旨大意题。本题考查读者对文章大意的掌握。通观全文，可以看出文章主要讨论的是当代能源危机问题，同时论述了能源危机的根源和人们应采取的应对之策，所以选[A]。 12.【题眼】复杂句设题 全文翻译 [14]世界上到处都能感受到的能源危机, 生动地展示了人们是如何滥用地球上的资源以致把地球带到了灾难的边缘。[11]过分发展的汽车运输，以及它所带动的小汽车数量的增加，高速公路的增加，污染的增加，郊区的增加和上下班往返时间的增加，都加剧了城市的濒临崩溃、家庭的破裂以及不仅仅【解析】选[D]。事实细节题。文章首段第二是局部，而是整个地球的大气的污染。[14]句告诉我们是motor transport几乎毁灭了我灾难以能源危机的形式到来。 们的城市。[A]“缺少财政计划”在第一段找不 我们目前的状态不像战争，革命或萧条，到任何相关信息，第二段提到long-range 也不像过去的自然大灾难。[14]全球范围内的planning，但是指的也不是财政计划，而是对资源的利用计划；[B]“家庭的破裂”是与“毁灭城市”并列的结果之一，而非原因；[C]“很多www.beiwen.com
资源开发和能源利用使我们面临一个不得不做出远程计划的状态。我们需要的不是一个危机我们的子孙，我们的国家，我们的地球，13
学英语 找长喜 地区的自然灾害”也非第一段提供的信息。 13.【题眼】例证处设题 【解析】选[B]。事实细节题。第三段第一句提到道德沦丧，接着在第二句提到我们需要道德复苏，需要“… some devotion that is vast 我们的未来的状态的延续，而是一场为了能快速有效地解决全球问题而推出一种新规范的运动。 [13]伴随着连续不断的道德沦丧以及政府高层官员犯罪不断揭露，这个国家在逐渐倒[12]道德复苏以及足够庞大且人人参与的enough and yet personal enough to enlist the 退。devotion of all.”，可知道德沦丧的表现之一是奉献是急需的。在过去，只有在保护自己的缺乏devotion，所以选[B]。 国家以及理想的战争中，人们才会全身心投14.【题眼】段首设题 入。 【解析】选[B]。语义理解题。本题还是考查 我们这是第一次被要求来号召地球上与对第三段第一句的理解，该句提到“… 我们共同承受着危险的空气和海洋的同类共lawbreaking has reached into the highest places 同合作，来保卫我们的自己以及我们所珍爱in the land”，不应违法而违法的机构只能是的东西。重新审视并改变我们目前的发展路[B]，即政府的最高层，同时可排除选项[D]。线，想出新的办法来使我们的世界继续存在[A]是对句子意思的肤浅理解；文章是就整个国家的情况来说的，并未具体到business领域，所以[C]错。 15. 【解析】选[C]。主旨大意题。本题考查作者的写作目的。文章虽然开篇描述了目前能源危机的严重形势，却并没有仅仅停留在对此种严重局势的描绘之上，而是更进一步发出了呼吁，要求所有人对能源危机这一全球性问题投入自己的努力。结尾段的最后一句则更明显地体现了作者的写作目的，即我们需要“a sincere devotion”。
Text 4 语境词汇
1.adorn v.装饰；使增加美观，使生色
2.fuss v.忙乱，大惊小怪n.忙乱，大惊小怪 3.epochal a.划时代的，开创新纪元的 4.renunciation n. 抛弃，放弃
5.effeminavy n.女人气，娇气
6.magnitude n.重要性；大小；高度；等级 7.disseminate v.散布，传播
8.gasp n.喘气，喘息；挣扎vi.喘气，喘息vt.喘着气说出(或发出) 9.defiance n.蔑视，轻视；挑衅，挑战 10.futuristic a.未来派的
难句突破
1.The end (of that foppery), (called“the great renunciation”by historians), coincided with an www.beiwen.com
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下去，是我们共同的需要。这是一次珍贵的机会。 [14]要抓住这个机会，我们就需要对我们以及我们的地球所面临的危机的性质的有一个广泛理解。这场危机不是交通不便引起的，不是石油出产国野心的副产品，不是环保主义者的担心，不是政府现存系统的副产品。我们所面临的是近四百年来的发明所带来的后果。我们需要的是生活方式的转变。[15]要接受这种新的生活方式，依靠的是为这个世界的子孙后代找到高质量生活的真诚奉献。 学英语 找长喜
epochal shift (in politics and society), (toward democracy, industry, and reason, away from the aristocracy with its affections (that spoke of rank, parasitism and, to the modern eyes, effeminacy)). 【分析】复合句。本句的句子主干为The end of that foppery...coincided with an epochal shift...；介词toward短语和形容词短语away from所引导的词组作名词shift 的定语；最后的that 引导定语从句修饰名词affections.
【译文】被历史学家们称之为“大抛弃”的纨绔习气的终结发生在整个社会和政治向民主社会、工业社会和理性时代转型的时期，这是一个划时代的转折，因为它远离了贵族政治及其所代表的等级制度、寄生行为以及现代人所认为的那种贵族的娇弱习气。
2．The change has been slow: {a century-long move away from the padding, corseting, and decoration (that made a woman into a kind of ornate bauble and displayed her family’s wealth), and toward the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement}.
【分析】复合句。本句的句子主干为The change has been slow，冒号表示后面的句子与前面的句子构成解释关系,作主语change的同位语；that引导定语从句修饰前面的名词decoration；away from 引导的词组和toward 引导的词组共同作名词move 的定语。 【译文】这个变化进行得非常慢：在一个世纪中，服装慢慢远离了衬垫、束胸和那些将妇女打扮得花枝招展，用以炫耀自己家族财富的装饰，朝着选举权运动以后所出现的简洁、流线型风格发展。
3．Such store have succeeded, she believes, [because “there’s substantial group of people with a sophisticated eye for design”(who are eager for an affordable version of what was once thought to be“dog-whistle fashion”, pitched so high that only a few would get it)]. 【分析】复合句。本句的主干为Such store have succeeded；she believes此处为插入语；because引导了原因状语从句；在原因状语从句中，句子的主干为there be 句型，其中who 引导的定语从句其先行词为people，在这个定语从句中分词pitched…作定语修饰名词短语“dog-whistle fashion”。 【译文】她认为，这些连锁店之所以非常成功，是因为“有相当一部分对服装设计有着不同鉴赏品味的人”，他们渴望那些一度高高在上、只有少数人才能够买得起的所谓“贵族服装”有其平民版本，使得他们都能够买得起。
本文是一篇“现象解释型”议论文。文章主要介绍了服饰随着社会变迁而变化的现象。第一段介绍了18世纪末这一时代转型时期，男士们的服饰变化情况；第二段介绍了伴随着社会的重大转变，现代时装界出现的巨大变化；第三段通过介绍服装技术学院的鞋展来说明鞋子也随着社会的变化而变化。 答案解析 16.【题眼】首段设题 【解析】选[A]，事实细节题。从文章第一段第全文翻译 直到18世纪末，对自己的脚给予过多关注的还是男士们。路易十四穿着高跟一句可以看出，一直到18世纪晚期男士们还极的拖鞋以显示自己优美的腿型；他的朝臣端重视他们的服饰，但是“the end of that 们则用羽毛、粉色的丝绸、花边和珠宝来foppery ”随着整个时代的“shift in politics and 装饰自己；甚至在当时的美洲殖民地，男society ”出现了，故选项[A]正确；选项[B]“贵人们用假发打扮自己、用蝴蝶结和扣子来族身份”，[C]“社会地位的变化”，在文章中均装饰鞋子。 [16]被历史学家们称之为“大www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 未提到；而男士不再对服饰过分关注并不意味着抛弃”的纨绔习气的终结发生在整个社会对整个服装时尚的否定，故 [D]不正确。 17.【题眼】定语从句处设题 【解析】选[C]，事实细节题。根据题干关键词，定位于第二段第二句话：在服饰中运用大量的和政治向民主社会、工业社会和理性时代转型的时期，这是一个划时代的转折，因为它远离了贵族政治及其所代表的等级制度、寄生行为以及现代人所认为的那种“padding, corseting and decoration”把妇女打扮贵族的娇弱习气。 得花枝招展，后面的that从句说明这些decoration有的人认为，伴随着过去几十年中社同时也是妇女“displayed her family’s wealth”的一种方式，故选项[C]正确。选项[A]、[B] 和[D]在文中均未提及。 18.【题眼】复杂句设题 定位于第二段第二句话：“the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement ”，因此选项[D]正确。选项[A]“工业化时期”和选项[B]“民主国家建立时期”是第会发生的重大转变，现代女性的时装已经处在同样重要的转折点上。这个变化进行得非常慢：在一个世纪中，[17] [18]服装慢慢远离了衬垫、束胸和那些将妇女打扮饰，朝着选举权运动以后所出现的简洁、流线型风格发展。但是，]随着科技和时装行业的变化，时装的这个变化在最近几年中速度越来越快。霍澜德说：“一些顶【解析】选[D]，事实细节题。根据题干关键词，得花枝招展，用以炫耀自己家族财富的装一段中所提及的男士不再像以前那样过分关注级时装设计师在设计中使用了‘稀奇古自己的服饰打扮的时期，故错误；而选项[C]中怪，让人难以辨认的合成纤维’，这些合提及“连锁店的出现”时期是现代服饰得以流行成纤维的使用摧毁了像亚麻布这样的布时期，而非题干要求的“最初出现”时期，故[C]料的固有地位，这些布料原来能够起到平错误。 衡性别和阶级差异的作用”。[19]像摩纳哥19.【题眼】双引号处设题 【解析】选[C]，事实细节题。文中第二段倒数第二句中指出，连锁店的出现使得“forwardlooking style is disseminated very fast”，故选项[C]服饰变化越来越快，是由于科技和时装业的变化可见，这同题干所问的“现代服饰流行的速度”是不同的概念，故选项[A]错误；第二段中指出，有些设计大师使用了一些“weird, fabulous, 俱乐部这样的连锁店不断出现，这就意味着“比较前卫的时装款式以极低的价格迅速流行起来”，这是瓦勒芮·斯迪勒的看法，斯迪勒是一位历史学家，目前是纽约子：时尚的代名词”展览的行政主管。她认为，这些连锁店之所以非常成功，是因为“有相当一部分对服装设计有着不同鉴赏品味的人”，他们渴望那些一度高高在正确。而第二段第三句说到：最近几年中妇女的服装技术学院正在举办的一个名为“鞋unrecognizable synthetics ”，它所起到的作用是上、只有少数人才能够买得起的所谓“贵“has ruined the status of certain fabrics”，而未提族服装”有其平民版本，使得他们都能够及是否促进了现代服饰的流行，故选项[B]错误。买得起。 从第二段最后一句中可以看出，affordable 在此背景下，服装技术学院的鞋展看起来fashions 实际是连锁店出现的结果，而不是时装似乎成为时尚的最后一次挣扎。最先展出流行的原因，故选项[D]不正确。 20.【题眼】尾段设题 的是大量最具象征性的女式鞋子——高跟鞋，按照斯迪勒的说法，这些高跟鞋是【解析】选[C]，事实细节题。本文最后一段中“女性以自己的性权力支配男性的”主要指出：“That same defiance of feminine 标志。[20]而在整个学院展览中，随处可expectations is visible throughout the FIT show”，见对女性期望的蔑视：比如靴子，带有强并在其后举出一些例子佐证，故选项[C]正确。烈的男子气概和军事力量的味道；而男女从第二段中可知，服装技术学院举办的这次展览皆可穿的牛津鞋，因为配上了厚厚的鞋的名字为“Shoes: A Lexicon of Style”，选项[A]底，比较适合女孩子衣着的风格。运动鞋生搬硬套，故错误；选项[B]在文中未提及，文被恰当地放在了展出的最后时刻。运动鞋www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 中提到的“只有少数人才能欣赏的”是那些昂贵不再仅仅是适合低收入者购买的童装鞋，的时装，与展览无关，故错误；选项[D]只是FIT设计大方、绚丽多彩、科技含量高的运动展览中部分展品的内涵，即最后一段第二句所述鞋已经成为当今最引人注目的时尚宣言，的高跟鞋，故不符合题意。 成为时尚最流行和未来派高速度的代名词。毕竟，鞋子也不会对现代生活的变化 无动于衷。
Part B 语境词汇
1.formula n.公式，方程式；原则，方案；配方 2.mediocre a.不太好的，平庸的，第二流的 3.unambiguously adv.明白地，不含糊地 4. incentive n.诱因；动机 5.routinely adv.例行公事地
6.feedback n.反馈，反馈信息
7.execution n.实行，执行；演奏，技巧
8.indecisive a.优柔寡断的，不果断的；非决定性的
难句突破
1. There isn’t magic formula (for good management), of course, but [if you’re a manager], perhaps these tips will help you be more effective. 【分析】并列复合句。but连接两个转折关系的并列分句：第一个分句为there be句式；第二个分句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句。
【译文】当然，成为一名优秀的经理并没有神奇公式可以遵循，但如果你是一名经理的话，下面的方法将会帮助你提高效率。
2. I don’t pretend that these are the only these approaches (a manager should keep in mind), or even that they’re the most important ones. 【分析】复合句。or连接两个并列的that从句，两个从句均作pretend的宾语；在第一个that从句中又包含一个省略了关系词which或that的定语从句，修饰these approaches。 【译文】我并不认为这些是要牢记在心的成就一名好经理的仅有的方法，或者自称这些是最重要的因素。
本文是一篇“信息传播型”论述文。文章围绕主题“What Makes a Good Manager”介绍了如何成为一名优秀经理的方法。第一段作者明确提出写作目的：介绍几种帮助经理们提高效率的方法；第二到第六段分别从五个方面进行论述帮助经理提高效率的五个方面；第七段再次点题：希望所提观点你可以帮助经理们进行出色的管理。 答案解析 全文翻译 21.【解析】选[B]。本段落中holding onto 最近我写了成为一名优秀雇员的一些somebody，keep this person on the job对应选要素，使得很多人来咨询有关优秀经理的特项[B]中的hire carefully, 而replace him or 质。当然，成为一名优秀的经理并没有神奇move him对应[B]中的be willing to fire,故选公式可以遵循，但如果你是一名经理的话，择[B]。 www.beiwen.com
下面的方法将会帮助你提高效率。 17
学英语 找长喜 22.【解析】选[F]。本段落中一系列关键词[21]要审慎地选择合格员工，有魄力辞语giving everybody his or her own office, 退不胜任的员工 你需要一支出众的团队，因为不管管理moving everybody into open space, financial 一支平庸的队伍只能带来平凡incentives, providing an information system 得多么成功，都是围绕如何创造一个有力的工作环境展的业绩。一个普遍的错误就是坚持用一个不开论述的，故[F]为正确答案。 合格的员工。很容易坚持用此人，是因为他23.【解析】选[E]。本段中采用总述、分述、在自己的工作上干得并不是很差。但是一名再总结的结构模式，第一句话中的“what 优秀的经理会换掉他，或者将他安排在一个constitutes success，how... measure their 更加胜任的职位上去承担更多的责任。 achievements”，以及和最后一句话中的[22]创造有力环境，提高工作效率 “what will it take, what’s needed” 都点明论述的，故选项[C]正确；但如果只是抓住段落中间部分的goals must be realistic，这是一个特别的挑战因为它需要根据独立办公室可以最大限度地提高生产力，有时候为大家提供开放的工作空间也可以实了主旨，即都是围绕define success的焦点不同的情况采取不同的措施。有时候给员工有时候可以通过经济手段来推unachievable goals, what we expect from 现这个目标，employees的信息，则没有从整体上把握段动生产力，通常要综合运用各种手段来提高落主旨，以偏概全，容易被选项[C]干扰。 生产力。一个总是能够提高生产力的要素就24.【解析】选[A]。本段落中同样出现了很是提供信息系统来激发员工。 多的线索词，如：interacting with people， [23]为雇员定义成功 personal contacts，relationships，personal 向员工们阐明如何成功以及如何衡量friendship等等都涉及到与同事间的交流接他们的业绩。目标必须现实，不可能达到的触，故选[A]。 25．【解析】选[D]。本段落中多次提到decision 这个词，且本段倒数第三句提到人们讨厌indecisive的领导，由此看出本段主决，故选项[D]正确。 目标只会对团队有害。在我的公司中，除了日常的团队会议和经理员工之间的一对一的座谈会之外，我们还通过定期的团体聚会和日常收发电子邮件的方式进行交流，表达择了另一家而不是我们公司的产品，我们要仔细地分析情况。我们对我们的员工说，“下次我们要赢。怎样才能成功?需要哪些要素?” [24]真心喜欢你的同事，善于交流 这是很难假装的。如果你不是真心地与员工交流，那么就很难把他们管理好。你必须同组织内的员工进行广泛的接触，你需要同大量的人包括你自己的员工建立联系——不一定必须是个人的友谊关系。你必须鼓励员工告诉你事情的进展情况(是好还是坏)，反馈人们对公司以及你在公司作用的看法。 [25]不要反复做决定 花费时间和思想在第一时间做坚定的决策，从而不必再进行更改。如果你非常想重新考虑既定决策，不仅会干扰你决策的实施，而且会干扰在第一时间作决定的动机。www.beiwen.com
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要论述了作决策时要果断，不应该犹豫不我们对员工的期望。如果有评论者或顾客选 学英语 找长喜 总之如果没有真正下决心那为何要费力做决定呢?人们讨厌犹豫不决的领导所以你必须要做出选择。但是那并不意味着对每一件事又要在第一时间做出决策，也不意味着你永远无法重新考虑某一决策。 我并不认为这些是要牢记在心的成就一名好经理的仅有的方法，或者自称这些是最重要的因素。还有许多其他的方法，例如，就在一个月前，我曾经鼓励领导者们先听取坏的消息然后才是好的消息。但是这些观点可以帮助你进行出色的管理，我希望如此。
Part C 语境词汇
1.insomnia n.失眠症 2.indigestion n.消化不良 3.rhythm n.节奏，韵律 4.prophecy n.预言 5.ingrain v.使根深蒂固
6.restorative a.有恢复作用的，促进健康恢复的
7.chronic a. (疾病)慢性的；(人)久病的；长久的，不断的 8.illusive a.幻觉的，虚假的 本文是一篇涉及失眠的文章。第一段探讨了常见的造成失眠的原因；第二段论述了真正的失眠比我们所想象得要少得多，不过确实存在；第三段探讨了失眠的常见病因是情绪方面的；第四段说明有两种类型的失眠：暂时性的和真正的失眠；最后两段引用两位专家的话证明失眠是一种错觉。 答案解析 全文翻译 失眠症—这种夜间疾病—由多种26.Many of us, too, know the consequences (of excessive drinking or smoking), (which can upset the 因素促成，其中某些因素我们都知道，消化不良或者发烧类疾病等body’s rhythms), [leaving the brain active even when 诸如牙痛、非常明显的健康问题。26）我们很多人physical exhaustion has set in]. 【要点】which引导的定语从句的翻译；现在分词也都知道，过量喝酒或吸烟所产生的后短语leaving…的翻译 果是扰乱生物钟，即使当身体已经开始【句法】复合句。句子主干为Many of us ... know the 疲乏时,大脑还处于兴奋状态。 consequences ...。（1）which引导的定语从句修饰excessive drinking or smoking，采用分译后置法译成但是，真正的失眠——长期不能入睡或是长期难以享受连续的酣畅睡眠——主谓结构，可翻译为“过量喝酒或吸烟所产生的后比我们通常所想象的要少得多。躺着一果是扰乱生物钟”。（2）“leaving ... set in”指的是过个小时还睡不着时，很多人会像你一样量喝酒或吸烟所引起的后果，句中“even when”是“即使当”的意思。 误认为自己整晚都醒着。不过，真正的失眠确实存在。 【词法】（1）body’s rhythms意为“生物钟”。（2）最常见的病因是情绪方面的：忧set in意为“开始，到来”。 虑、压力、抑郁、过度操劳、烦恼。现情绪波27.In the worst cases, the bedroom and the bed, 在的问题就在于因果被混淆了。www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 indeed bedtime itself, become associated with 动会引起睡眠不足，睡眠不足又会加剧情绪波动。27）最糟糕的情况是，卧室sleeplessness, [creating a self-fulfilling prophecy]. 【要点】插入语的翻译；现在分词短语的翻译 和床，甚至就寝时间，都和失眠联系起【句法】带插入语的简单句。句子主干为... the 来，形成了失眠的自我心理暗示。 由搬家或工作上不顺利等短期忧bedroom and the bed, …become associated with sleeplessness ...。（1）indeed bedtime itself为插入语，虑所引起的暂时性失眠是受自身限制也是主语的一部分，indeed和itself都是强调的，而且往往会自动消失。28）但是，bedtime，翻译为“甚至就寝时间”。（2）creating a 长期的困难，例如失业、家人患重病、self-fulfilling prophecy现在分词短语如果直译为经历巨大的情感变化，如果得不到迅速“创造了自我实现的预言”则难以让人明白想表达解决，就会导致根深蒂固的失眠症，即什么，所以意译为“成了失眠的自我心理暗示”。 28.But long-term difficulties {such 使危机过后失眠仍将持久存在。虽然导但是as 致失眠者焦虑的主要原因消失了，unemployment, serious illness in family or big 焦虑——对失眠的焦虑——却遗留下来。emotional changes}, [not readily resolved], can cause 失眠本身加深失眠。 29）根据爱恩·奥斯瓦德教授的说insomnia (that is so ingrained that it persists even 法，失眠患者说他们几乎有一个月都没after the crisis is over). 【要点】省略句的翻译；that引导的定语从句的翻睡着过了或是得花上好几个小时才能译 入睡，其实并不是那样。用电子设备监【句法】复合句。句子主干为... long-term 控可以证实，他们常常在20分钟之内difficulties ... can cause insomnia ...。（1）not readily 就睡着了，而且能睡上6个小时。然而，resolved是省略了主谓语的条件状语从句，翻译为他承认：“他们并不是瞎抱怨，专家可“如果得不到迅速解决”。（2）定语从句是一个so ... that句型，表示结果。 【点拨】ingrained意为“根深蒂固的”，即使这个单词有点陌生，考生也能从that后的内容推导出它的意思。 29.[According to professor Ian Oswald], patients (who say they have hardly slept a moment for a month or that they always take hours to fall asleep) are wrong. 以知道一个人睡了多久，但不能判断他们的睡眠在多大程度上有助于复元。病人坚持认为自己失眠了，专家不能说他（她）没说实话,尤其是因为那些慢性失眠症患者的死亡率比平常人高1.3倍。” 无论如何，几乎在所有其他的情况下，失眠是一种错觉——是心理战胜了床铺。30）“睡眠满意者与不满意者在睡眠质【要点】who引导的定语从句的翻译 量上的差异是感觉上的，而并非实际存【句法】复合句。句子主干为... patients ... are 在。”彼得·洛克博士说。 wrong。定语从句采用“分译后置法”译成主谓结构；宾语从句顺译。 【点拨】According to意为“依照”，但后面跟着人名，所以According to professor Ian Oswald应该译为“根据爱恩·奥斯瓦德教授的说法”或“爱恩·奥斯瓦德教授认为”。 30.“It is a perceived rather than an actually difference in the quality of sleep between the satisfied and the unsatisfied sleeper,” says Dr. Peter Look. 【要点】宾语从句顺译 【句法】复合句。句子主干为“It is a perceived ... difference ...,” says Dr. Peter Look。宾语从句的翻译www.beiwen.com
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学英语 找长喜 一般按原句词序翻译。the satisfied and the unsatisfied sleeper，根据语境应该翻译为“睡眠满意者和睡眠不满意者”。
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